我国农村老年照料问题及对策建议——兼论老年照料的基本类型

根据老年照料的主体不同,将老年照料划分为亲情模式、友情模式、自愿者模式、市场模式和福利模式。通过对2011年7月在湖北京山和钟祥进行的抽样调查的资料分析,发现当前农村老年照料中存在的突出问题表现为照料模式单一、部分老年人的照料需求得不到满足、老年生活照料问题有不断严重的趋势。导致农村老年人生活照料问题的主要原因在于亲情模式不断弱化,而福利模式等其他模式没能及时跟进补充。建议在继续发挥家庭照料作用的同时,加强福利模式在农村老年照料中的作用,同时,积极培育老年照料市场,调动多种资源形成老年照料的合力。     

中国农村老年人口照料现状分析

在人口老龄化及城市化的背景下,中国农村老年人的照料问题是一个值得关注的重要问题。2006年全国性的调查数据发现,近百分之十的农村老年人自报日常生活需要照料,虽然他们绝大多数都能得到或多或少的照料,但仍有一半以上的人存在照料担忧,这反映出照料的稳定性和充分性难以保障。同时农村老年人对社区照料的"服务需求"和"已利用的服务"之间存在着很大差距。     

解决老年照料问题的思路及对策

老年人照料问题日益严峻。本文在对老年照料问题的供给和需求进行分析的基础上,指出解决现阶段老年照料问题必须走政府、社会、家庭和个人相结合之路。     

美国远距离老年照料及其借鉴意义

随着人口老龄化程度不断加剧,老年问题在我国日益引起社会的关注.在我国传统社会中,老年人养老在家庭进行,养老支持基本上由家庭成员(主要是子女)提供.但在现代社会,这种养老方式日益受到挑战,特别是人口迁移流动的增加导致老年人与成年子女分住两地的现象越来越普遍,而这种代际的空间隔离一定程度上会阻碍老年人获得来自成年子女的照料支持.探索解决这一问题的方法在我国具有重要的现实意义.本文将考查美国的"远距离照料"及其对中国的借鉴意义.     

家庭老年照料对女性照料者健康的影响研究

本文基于中国健康与营养调查1991²009年的面板数据,利用面板工具变量估计模型分析从事家庭老年照料对女性健康的影响。研究发现:从事照料活动使女性过去四周患病率显著提高5.51%2009年的面板数据,利用面板工具变量估计模型分析从事家庭老年照料对女性健康的影响。研究发现:从事照料活动使女性过去四周患病率显著提高5.51%¹7.04%,自评健康状况"一般"和"差"的概率分别提高0.24%和0.10%。照料活动对于女性健康的影响存在城乡、家庭结构和居住模式上的差异。城镇地区女性从事照料活动对健康的影响明显高于农村地区;家庭中兄弟姐妹数量少于3人的女性因照料老年人导致过去四周患病率显著增加7.63%;对于与父母(公婆)同住的女性,提供照料使她们过去四周患病率上升6.66%;提供照料帮助还对不与父母(公婆)同住的女性有显著影响,使其自评健康水平下降7.41%。此外,高强度照料活动对健康的负面影响更大。     

家庭老年照料对女性就业影响的异质性

基于1993—2011年"中国健康与营养调查"数据,本文采用IV-Probit和IV-Tobit方法控制内生性问题,从多个维度探讨家庭老年照料对女性劳动参与率和劳动时间的影响.总体而言,家庭老年照料会使女性劳动参与率下降4.5％,每周劳动时间减少2.7小时.分区域看,家庭老年照料对农村女性劳动参与率和劳动时间的影响大于城镇女性;从居住方式看,与父母(公婆)同住对女性劳动参与率的影响较大,但对劳动时间的影响相对较小;从家庭结构看,当兄弟姐妹数量较多时,家庭老年照料不会对女性就业造成影响;就是否照顾儿童而言,与仅照顾老人的女性相比,同时照顾儿童和老人的女性劳动参与率和劳动时间双双下降.另外,年龄和受教育程度对女性劳动参与率和劳动时间的作用也存在一定的差异性.基于实证结果,本文提出了相应的政策建议.     

长期护理保险对老年家庭照料的影响

如何缓解家庭照料压力、弥补老年照护人力资源短缺是中国积极应对人口老龄化国家战略面临的重大现实问题。文章使用中国健康与养老追踪调查（CHARLS）2011、2013、2015、2018年数据，并与相应年份地区统计年鉴数据匹配形成四期面板数据，采用渐进双重差分方法考察长期护理保险对家庭照料的影响。研究结果表明：（1）长期护理保险显著挤出了家庭提供的老年照料时间，使试点地区失能老人家庭提供的日均照料时间下降44.8%，显著缓解了家庭照料服务的压力。（2）从动态效应看，长护险的政策效应表现出一定程度的滞后性，且随时间变化呈增强趋势。（3）长护险对缓解重度失能老人的家庭照料压力更为显著，城镇地区的政策效应强于农村地区。（4）长护险对家庭照料时间的挤出并没有伴随着家庭转移支付的显著下降，但减少了子女提供的陪伴和情感联络。（5）长护险对家庭照料时间的挤出并没有以损害中老年人的健康为代价，且降低了其医疗服务的利用，一定程度上改善了中老年人的健康。文章认为，长期护理保险制度在缓解家庭照料压力的基础上，应重视对家庭照料功能的支持，促进子女对老年父母的陪伴和情感联络。随着长护险制度不断扩面，着重推动农村地区...     

正式照料抑或非正式照料:照料模式对高龄老人临终照料成本的影响

本文基于2014～2018年中国老年人健康影响因素跟踪调查数据(CLHLS),尝试探究了机构照料、社会照料和家庭照料3种照料模式对我国高龄老人临终照料费用和天数的影响.结果发现,家庭照料和社会照料均与较高的临终照料费用与临终照料天数显著相关,但机构照料仅与较高的临终照料天数显著相关.此外,临终老人的照料依赖程度对于不同...     

我国老年照料服务体系构建及需求量预测——以上海为例

快速老龄化和独生子女家庭结构给我国老年照料服务带来严峻挑战,文章拟构建一个以家庭和社区为基础的照料服务体系来应对这一问题,并对其服务压力进行预测。将五种照料资源整合成为六种可以流转的照料模式,形成完整的照料体系,并采用中国健康与养老追踪调查数据(CHARLS)估算老年人口对每种照料模式的需求比例,加入独生子女政策的影响,以上海为例模拟老年照料服务需求量和结构的变化趋势。结果显示,上海老年照料服务需求总量在2020年前会经历一个快速增长阶段,相对于传统的养老体系,新体系的发展使养老和护理床位需求量分别减少约70%和75%。     

老年人照料需要与照料费用最新研究述评

本文结合我国的研究现状就当前发达国家特剐是美国在老年人照料需求和照料费用研究领域的进展和发现作了简单介绍和述评。     

中国养老服务模式研究

随着社会老龄化程度的不断提高,养老服务越来越受到社会的重视。本文首先对人口老龄化的中国特色进行了研究,接着对我国人口快速老化带来的养老服务问题进行了宏、微观分析,最后提出构建中国特色的养老服务模式：以政府为主导,以社区为依托,以公益性为基础,以转变认识为前提。     

老年人口居住安排与居住意愿研究

文章基于2011年中国社会状况调查数据,分析城乡老年人口居住安排现状及居住意愿。研究结果表明,老年人口家庭规模日益缩小,老年空巢家庭数量不仅在城市大幅提高,农村的独居老人家庭比例也在持续上升。在老年人理想居住方式方面,能否自理对老年人的养老意愿产生很大影响。在生活可以自理时,老年人以居家养老为主,希望独居的比例较高;在生活不能自理时,城市老人希望到机构养老和与子女同住的比例提高。此外,婚姻状况、教育程度、居住地类型、生活费来源等对养老的居住安排有显著影响。     

医疗保障:农村老年保障的重点

随着人口老龄化的加速 ,农村老年人的医疗服务需求日趋增长。因农村合作医疗解体而造成的农村医疗保障制度的缺损严重影响了农村老年保障医疗服务需求的满足。政府和社会应采取有效措施 ,建立和完善农村老年医疗保障制度 ,以满足农村老人的医疗服务需求。     

On population aging in China

By 2040, the proportion of the elderly in China's population will be 20.9%. 3 problems that must be discussed are 1) the cost of supporting this large number of elderly people, 2) the relative decrease in the working population, and 3) the increased problems of older people. In 2040, the proportion of the working population will be 63.5% of the population, the aged will form 20.8% of the population, and children will form 15.7%. In 1982, the proportions were 61.6% working ages, 4.9% elderly, and 33.6% children. Expenditures on dependent aged people in the future will balance that on children now because elderly people do not remain consumers as long as children do and children's educations, cost more than health care for the elderly does. The standstill or decrease in the absolute number of people will lead to a stop in the growth of the absolute number of the working population. Production will then depend on the quality rather than the quantity of population. A low standard of living and backward social welfare facilities are problems in caring for the aged in China today. What is now being practiced in China in caring for the aged is a combined system of care by the individual, the collective, and the state. The overwhelming majority of the rural elderly are supported by their families, while the majority of the urban elderly are supported by the collective.     

新型社会保障制度—日本的护理保险制度

在日本 ,随着人口老龄化的不断进展和老年人口的急剧增长 ,老年人的护理需求日益膨胀。为了解决这一严峻的现实问题 ,日本从 2 0 0 0年 4月 1日开始实施护理保险制度。护理保险制度为解决老年人的护理问题提供了新的保障和可能性 ,但是将不可避免地加重国民和国家的财政负担 ,其具体实施过程也将面临众多困难     

Ethnic disparities in social and economic well-being of the immigrant aged in Australia

The paper examines ethnic differences in the social and economic well-being of the immigrant aged in Australia and the factors affecting older immigrants’ well-being as measured by a number of indicators. The data analysis is guided by the concept of the ‘Third Age’ as the basis for a more positive approach to the discussion of ageing and as a life-cycle stage of independent living in old age, focusing on the pursuit of an active retirement and the absence of core activity restrictions. Data from the 2006 population census on living arrangements, need for assistance with daily activities, income, participation in paid work and volunteering, and provision of care to other family members are used to examine the social and economic well-being of the immigrant population aged 65 and over identified by their country or region of origin and in comparison with the Australian-born aged. Policy implications of the research findings are discussed.     

Population aging raises questions for policymakers

This issue of Asia-Pacific Population and Policy examines the size of the elderly population in Asia and projections for the next 50 years. It discusses some of the characteristics of Asia's elderly population. Information is based on a study of population momentum and population aging at the East-West Center prepared by the UN for the 32 countries in East, Southeast, and South Asia with populations of 150,000 or more. Demographic analysis revealed that the population aged 65 and above are projected to increase during 2000-50 by about 3% per year; of all Asians aged 55 and older, roughly one-half are now between the ages of 55 and 64, about one-third are between 65 and 74, and almost one-sixth are 75 and above. In most countries of Asia, older women are outnumbered by older men. Among the population aged 55 and above, there are about 90 men for every 100 women and among those aged 75 and above, there are only about 70 men for every 100 women. This analysis of demographic data suggests that the elderly population will expand dramatically in Asia over the next 50 years. This changing situation poses a challenge for policy makers in the provision of personal care and financial support for Asia's growing elderly population.     

城市社区照顾模式研究

在全球老龄化背景下,社区照顾逐渐成为了一种主流的养老模式。我国人口的老龄化与高龄化、家庭照顾功能的弱化使老年人的日常生活照顾问题凸显,发展城市社区照顾已成共识。通过对老年人日常生活照顾需求的分析,在社区照顾理论与起源的基础上,提出目前我国已具备发展城市社区照顾的基本条件,探索出城市社区照顾发展的目标模式。     

Public Policy,Health Care and Older Women

For the first time in history, long life has become a problem. The most serious problem facing the older generation is the availability and affordability of health care. While the life expectancy of both men and women cbntinues to increase, the older population of the U.S. is becoming increasingly feminine. In the last two decades there has been a dramatic fall in poverty among the aged, yet for many elderly persons and especially older women, Social Security benefits barely keep them above the poverty level. Access to medical care has improved with Medicaid and Medicare, but not to the extent the aging population had anticipated. Proposals for universal health care have been put forth by politicians, legislators and professional organizations, some of which acknowledge the unique health problems of aging women while others are discriminatory to the aged in general and women in particular. Many believe women must assert themselves if their health care needs are to be adequately and fairly addressed. To this end, more women than ever are becoming involved in the political process, running for and being elected to local, state and national offices. It is anticipated that these women will be sensitive to the health care needs of older women and put forth efforts to develop and implement policies which address these needs.     

中国老年人口高龄化趋势及原因的国际比较分析

进入本世纪 ,在人口老龄化速度加快的同时 ,老年人口将呈现高龄化趋势。本文运用历次人口普查资料 ,对我国老年人口年龄结构及高龄老人规模变动趋势、成因及所带来的影响进行了分析。通过国际比较 ,对我国老年人口高龄化程度及高龄老年人口状况有一较客观的认识。与发达国家相比 ,我国老年人口高龄化进程在很大程度上受出生人口队列影响 ,同时死亡率下降的作用在逐渐增大。老年人口高龄化趋势将使孤寡老人及老年妇女问题尤为突出。