试析宣传教育工作的服务职能

试析宣传教育工作的服务职能○叶素君王素华郝景隆增强计划生育宣传教育工作的服务意义，明确计划生育宣传教育工作的服务职能，提高计划生育宣传教育工作的水平，是适应新形势、完成新任务的需要，也是实现计划生育工作思路和工作方法“两个转变”的重要途径。人是可持续...     

在实践中不断探索做好计划生育宣传教育的新办法

计划生育宣传教育是一项最广泛的群众性工作,是推行计划生育的首要任务和中心环节,是做好计划生育工作,严格控制人口增长,全面落实基本国策,实现人口控制目标的思想基础.怎样深入细致地做好这一工作,是一个不断实践、探索和不断创新的过程.一、从实践中探索计划生育宣传教育的基本规律实践中,我们感到要做好计划生育宣传教育,必须明确以下几个问题,一是必须明确计划生育宣传教育工作的出发点和落脚点.计划生育宣传工作的出发点首先应放在严格控制人口增长,实现人口控制目标,促进社会生产力发展上.计划生育宣传教育的落脚点最终要达到改变群众的生育观念,实现群众自觉实行计划生育的目的.为此,计划生育宣传教育必须坚持为经     

深化村级计划生育宣传教育工作的思考

深化村级计划生育宣传教育工作的思考李锡禄孙慧（山东省计生委宣教处济南２５００００）计划生育工作的重点在农村，而做好农村计生工作的关键在村级。宣传教育是做好计划生育的首要环节，如何深化村级宣传教育工作，以提高计划生育工作质量和工作水平是当前认真研究的一...     

关于宣传教育工作的几点思考

宣传教育是计划生育的首要工作。我国推行计划生育就是从宣传教育入手的。怎样才能使计划生育宣传教育工作做到常抓不懈，常做常新，越做越好，是我们经常都要研究和考虑的一个重要课题。应当说，经过多年的计划生育宣传教育工作的实践，我们已经创造和积累了许多宝贵的经...     

农村计划生育宣教工作思考

近年来,农村计划生育工作随着农村经济结构、农村人口知识结构、农村干部群众工作与生活方式的变化而产生了重大变化,因此,计划生育宣传教育也必须不断改革与创新。乡村作为计划生育加快“两个转变”的重点实验区,计划生育宣传教育工作的创新,是积极推进计划生育工作综合改革的重要步骤,因此,有必要对当前农村计划生育宣传工作现状进行认真分析和深入思考,认真探讨新形势下农村开展计划生育宣传教育工     

在计划生育宣传教育的经常化上下功夫

近年来,浙江省萧山县计划生育委员会努力使计划生育宣传教育工作经常化,做了不少工作,取得了成效,也积累了一些经验.计划生育宣传教育,包括各种舆论的、形象的宣传教育手段,还包含着理论培训、以及结合实际工作开展的思想教育,所以这是一个内涵比较丰富的概念.它的根本作用是提高人们的思想认识,增强人们实行计划生育的自觉性.计划生育是一项长期的综合性的工作,因此需要广泛地开展宣传教育、     

发挥社会教育优势 搞好基础知识教育

发挥社会教育优势搞好基础知识教育王众人口与计划生育基础知识教育（以下简称“基础知识教育”）是当前计划生育经常性宣传教育工作的主要形式和内容。搞好这项工作，对千计划生育宣传教育乃至整个计划生育工作都是非常重要的。基础知识教育是计划生育工作的一个组成部分...     

总结经验 明确任务 狠抓落实 进一步深化新时期计划生育宣传教育工作

总结经验明确任务狠抓落实进一步深化新时期计划生育宣传教育工作国家计生委副主任杨魁孚在全国计划生育宣传教育工作会议上的报告（１９９７年５月８日）这次全国计划生育宣传教育工作会议，是在迎接党的十五大胜利召开和香港回归祖国的前夕，在我国社会主义现代化建设和...     

浅谈计划生育标语口号的特性、种类和写作

浅谈计划生育标语口号的特性、种类和写作窦天祥，陈兰香在计划生育工作“三为主”方针中，头一条就是以宣传教育为主。计划生育工作中的“四大服务”，也是把宣传教育放在首位。在计划生育宣传教育诸多形式中，标语口号是最为醒目而最受人们广泛关注和应用的。一、计划生...     

试论新时期深化计划生育宣传教育工作的基本思路

做好计划生育宣传教育工作似乎是老生常谈，不是新的要求，但是实践中要求实创新却是永恒的主题。站在世纪之交，展望面向２１世纪的计划生育宣传教育工作，我们面临着新时期种种问题的挑战和难得的机遇。很显然，明确新时期深化计划生育宣传教育工作的基本思路是首先要解...     

Maternal Education, Birth Weight, and Infant Mortality in the United States

This research determines whether the observed decline in infant mortality with socioeconomic level, operationalized as maternal education (dichotomized as college or more, versus high school or less), is due to its “indirect” effect (operating through birth weight) and/or to its “direct” effect (independent of birth weight). The data used are the 2001 U.S. national African American, Mexican American, and European American birth cohorts by sex. The analysis explores the birth outcomes of infants undergoing normal and compromised fetal development separately by using covariate density defined mixture of logistic regressions (CDDmlr). Among normal births, mean birth weight increases significantly (by 27–108 g) with higher maternal education. Mortality declines significantly (by a factor of 0.40–0.96) through the direct effect of education. The indirect effect of education among normal births is small but significant in three cohorts. Furthermore, the indirect effect of maternal education tends to increase mortality despite improved birth weight. Among compromised births, education has small and inconsistent effects on birth weight and infant mortality. Overall, our results are consistent with the view that the decrease in infant death by socioeconomic level is not mediated by improved birth weight. Interventions targeting birth weight may not result in lower infant mortality.     

The Demographic Promise of Expanded Female Education: Trends in the Age at First Birth in Malawi

The expansion of female education has been promoted as a way to postpone the age at first birth. In sub‐Saharan Africa, the first cohorts to benefit from policies that expanded access to education are now reaching adulthood and beginning childbearing. I investigate whether the expansion of education in Malawi, which implemented a free primary education policy in 1994 and subsequently expanded secondary schooling, has led to a later age at first birth and whether the education gradient in fertility timing has remained stable over time. Despite increases in female grade attainment over the past twenty years, the age at first birth has not changed. Using instrumental variables analysis, I find a significant negative association between grade attainment and age at first birth, suggesting that the deterioration of school quality and the shift in the age pattern of enrollment that accompanied educational expansion may have compromised the transformative potential of education.     

Does antenatal education affect labour and birth? A structured review of the literature

ObjectiveTo undertake a structured review of the literature to determine the effect of antenatal education on labour and birth, particularly normal birth.MethodOvid Medline, CINAHL, Cochrane and Web of Knowledge databases were searched to identify research articles published in English from 2000 to 2012, using specified search terms in a variety of combinations. All articles included in this structured review were assessed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).FindingsThe labour and birthing effects on women attending antenatal education may include less false labour admissions, more partner involvement, less anxiety but more labour interventions.ConclusionThis literature review has identified that antenatal education may have some positive effects on women's labour and birth including less false labour admissions, less anxiety and more partner involvement. There may also be some negative effects. Several studies found increased labour and birth interventions such as induction of labour and epidural use. There is contradictory evidence on the effect of antenatal education on mode of birth. More research is required to explore the impact of antenatal education on women's birthing outcomes.     

What are the determinants of delayed childbearing and permanent childlessness in the United States?

This paper presents estimates of delayed childbearing and permanent childlessness in the United States and the determinants of those phenomena. The estimates are derived by fitting the Coale-McNeil marriage model to survey data on age at first birth and by letting the parameters of the model depend on covariates. Substantively, the results provide evidence that the low first birth fertility rates experienced in the 1970s were due to both delayed childbearing and to increasing levels of permanent childlessness. The results also indicate that (a) delayed childbearing is less prevalent among black women than among nonblack women; (b) education is an important determinant of delayed childbearing whose influence on this phenomenon seems to be increasing across cohorts; (c) education is positively associated with heterogeneity among women in their age at first birth; (d) the dispersion of age at first birth is increasing across cohorts; (e) race has an insignificant effect on childlessness; and (f) education is positively associated with childlessness, with the effect of education increasing and reaching strikingly high levels for the most recent cohorts.     

Changes in fertility patterns can improve child survival in Southeast Asia

This analysis of 1988 Philippine Demographic Survey data provides information on the direct and indirect effects of several major determinants of childhood mortality in the Philippines. Data are compared to rates in Indonesia and Thailand. The odds of infant mortality in the Philippines are reduced by 39% by spacing children more than two years apart. This finding is significant because infant mortality rates have not declined over the past 20 years. Child survival is related to the number of children in the family, the spacing of the children, the mother's age and education, and the risks of malnutrition and infection. Directs effects on child survival are related to infant survival status of the preceding child and the length of the preceding birth interval, while key indirect or background variables are maternal age and education, birth order, and place of residence. The two-stage causation model is tested with data on 13,716 ever married women aged 15-49 years and 20,015 index children born between January 1977 and February 1987. Results in the Philippine confirm that maternal age, birth order, mortality of the previous child, and maternal education are directly related to birth interval, while mortality of the previous child, birth order, and maternal educational status are directly related to infant mortality. Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines all show similar explanatory factors that directly influence infant mortality. The survival status of the preceding child is the most important predictor in all three countries and is particularly strong in Thailand. This factor acts through the limited time interval for rejuvenation of mother's body, nutritional deficiencies, and transmission of infectious disease among siblings. The conclusion is that poor environmental conditions increase vulnerability to illness and death. There are 133% greater odds of having a short birth interval among young urban women than among older rural women. There is a 29% increase in odds for second parity births compared to third or higher order parities. Maternal education is a strong predictor of infant survival only in the Philippines and Indonesia. Adolescent pregnancy is a risk only in Indonesia. Socioeconomic factors are not as important as birth interval, birth order, and maternal education in determining survival status.     

出生率变化对高等教育的影响研究

建国以来,我国出生率发生了重大转变,随着90年代以来人口出生率的逐年下降,我国高等教育将面临学生数量下滑趋势,未来高等院校将会出现生源不足的困境。但是,由于目前我国高等教育入学率还比较低,加之政府财政时高等教育支持的力度也还有很大提升空阅,因此,尽管出生率会不断下降,但对高等院校整体上生存不会受太大的影响。     

Acquiring a new birth outlook is an important content of school education]

Besides good administration and technical measures, a new birth outlook from the general public is also very important for all work on population control. Through education, the people will learn to transform their traditional birth outlook to a modern one, based upon the interests of the nation. All schools have the important mission of establishing a new birth outlook through the political, legal, moral, and scientific education of the next generation. Educational methods should be variable and active, step by step through all school levels. Different contents and measures should be taken to educate the elementary school students in order that they may understand national policy, the equality between male and female, and the need to obey laws and regulations. In secondary education, emphasis should be given to the knowledge of population science, general health hygiene, human sexuality, common sense in health care for young people, and the relationship between human lives and the natural environment. For college students, because they are close to marrying age, special attention should be given to the practice of late marriage, late child-bearing, birth control, population policy, and studies of population science. Scientists and educators should cooperate to develop a complete system of educational materials to be used at various educational levels. A new birth outlook among the young generation will be created as a result of school education.     

Is the Association Between Education and Fertility Postponement Causal? The Role of Family Background Factors

A large body of literature has demonstrated a positive relationship between education and age at first birth. However, this relationship may be partly spurious because of family background factors that cannot be controlled for in most research designs. We investigate the extent to which education is causally related to later age at first birth in a large sample of female twins from the United Kingdom (N = 2,752). We present novel estimates using within–identical twin and biometric models. Our findings show that one year of additional schooling is associated with about one-half year later age at first birth in ordinary least squares (OLS) models. This estimate reduced to only a 1.5-month later age at first birth for the within–identical twin model controlling for all shared family background factors (genetic and family environmental). Biometric analyses reveal that it is mainly influences of the family environment—not genetic factors—that cause spurious associations between education and age at first birth. Last, using data from the Office for National Statistics, we demonstrate that only 1.9 months of the 2.74 years of fertility postponement for birth cohorts 1944–1967 could be attributed to educational expansion based on these estimates. We conclude that the rise in educational attainment alone cannot explain differences in fertility timing between cohorts.     

Perspectives on antenatal education associated with pregnancy outcomes: Systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundMany studies on the relation between maternal health and infant health, including the effect of structured antenatal education, have been published and expanded over the years.AimInvestigate the impact of various antenatal education programmes on pregnancy outcomes to aid the development of future guidelines related to maternal and foetal health.MethodsBibliographic databases (Cochrane, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Korean Studies Information Service System) were searched up to November 2018, following the PICO criteria: population (pregnant women), intervention (antenatal education), comparison (not specified), and outcome (maternal and foetal outcome including physical or mental health components).FindingsWe included 23 eligible studies consisting of 14 controlled trials and 9 observational studies. The maternal physical outcomes depending on participation in antenatal education were not significantly different; however, the caesarean birth rate was lower in the antenatal education group (relative risk, RR, 0.90; 95% confidence interval, CI, 0.82–0.99), as was the use of epidural anaesthesia (RR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.74–0.96). The maternal mental health outcomes of stress and self-efficacy significantly improved in the antenatal education group, although there was no difference in anxiety and depression. The foetal outcomes of birth weight or gestational age at birth were also not different between the groups.ConclusionAntenatal education can reduce maternal stress, improve self-efficacy, lower the caesarean birth rate, and decrease the use of epidural anaesthesia; however, there is limited evidence of its effects on maternal or foetal physical outcomes. Therefore, antenatal education should be standardised to elucidate its actual mental and physical health effects.