上行下效:工作场所宽恕的涓滴模型北大核心CSCDCSSCI

宽恕作为一种积极地应对冲突与冒犯的策略,受到了学术界的广泛关注。以往研究对员工宽恕的影响因素有过一些探讨,但少有研究从领导视角来考察其对员工宽恕的影响。基于此,本研究根据社会学习理论,构建了领导宽恕通过影响员工宽恕,进而作用于员工的同事信任以及工作满意度的涓滴模型。采用问卷调查法,以47名直属主管和276名员工为样本,运用多层线性模型、相关分析、验证性因子分析等方法进行统计分析。跨层次分析结果表明:领导宽恕对员工宽恕有积极的影响;员工宽恕对同事信任与工作满意度均有显著的正向作用;员工宽恕在领导宽恕与同事信任以及工作满意度之间起中介作用。     

员工工作满意度调查问卷的有效性及民营企业员工工作满意度影响因素研究

本研究选取我国浙江杭州和广州深圳市各一中型民营企业员工共780人作为被试,采用自编的民营企业员工满意度调查问卷(问卷由8个分量表构成,共61个项目)探查我国民营企业员工的工作满意度情况及其影响因素.结果表明:(1)民营企业员工满意度调查问卷的信度系数r为0.9555,内容效度和结构效度的相关系数均达到了可接受水平,是一个可接受的满意度调查问卷;(2)民营企业员工满意度调查问卷的维度"培训与发展"、"高层管理"、"所在部门"和"客户服务"对员工的满意度具有较大的影响,而"直接主管"、"薪资与福利"和"工作目标与绩效"等对员工满意度几乎没有什么影响;(3)民营企业B(深圳)的员工在所有八个分量表上的工作满意度均显著地满意于民营企业A(杭州)的员工的工作满意度;(4)无论是在总体水平上还是在各个分量表上,男员工的工作满意度均显著地高于女员工的工作满意度;(5)在总体水平上,在企业服务两年以上的员工(下简称为"老员工")的工作满意度显著地高于在企业工作2年以下的员工(下简称为"新员工")的工作满意度.具体地说,老员工在"所在部门"和"高层管理"两个维度上的工作满意度显著地高于新员工,而在"工作目标与绩效"、"直接主管"、"培训与发展"、"薪资与福利"以及"客户服务"等维度上,两者没有显著的差异.     

在华日资企业员工工作满意度调查——与在华美资企业比较

员工工作满意度是影响企业整体绩效、员工心理健康和生活质量的重要衡量指标,与员工的缺勤、离职倾向、工作倦怠等行为有着密切的关系。笔者调查了在华日、美企业员工的工作满意度状况,并通过独立样本T检验比较了日、美企业员工在工作满意度方面的差异。     

挑战-阻碍性压力源与工作投入和满意度的关系

工作压力一直受到实践者和研究者关注,是组织行为和人力资源管理等学科研究的重要问题.以中国企业员工为样本,采用探索性和验证性因子分析法对挑战性压力源和阻碍性压力源的二维结构观点进行检验,运用层级回归分析方法分析这两类压力源与员工工作投入和整体工作满意度的关系.研究结果表明,压力源的二维结构同样适合于中国企业员工样本,并不是所有的压力源都会带来消极影响,挑战性压力源与员工的工作投入和整体工作满意度显著正相关,而阻碍性压力源与员工工作投入和整体满意度显著负相关.最后对研究结果和未来研究方向进行讨论和说明,该结果不仅在一定程度上丰富了压力管理研究内容,也为企业的管理实践提供指导思想.     

打开领导有效性的黑箱:领导行为和领导下属关系研究

学者一直从领导者和领导下属交换两个视角进行领导研究,但两种研究从来没有整合,领导行为到领导有效性之间一直是一个不为人知的黑箱。本文整合两种视角,运用中国医药企业的615个样本检验了领导行为、领导下属交换对领导有效性的影响,发现:(1)变革型领导有助于员工绩效、满意度、额外努力和组织承诺的增加;权变性奖励有助于员工绩效的增加;例外管理导致员工满意度的降低;放任型领导导致员工绩效和满意度的降低。(2)变革型领导既通过领导下属交换的提升引起员工绩效、满意度和组织承诺的增加,又直接引起额外努力的增加;权变性奖励(例外管理、放任性领导)完全通过领导下属交换的提升(降低)引起员工绩效、满意度和组织承诺的增加(降低)。文章最后讨论了本研究的局限和有必要继续研究的课题。     

提高员工工作满意度机制的系统分析:和谐管理理论的启示与价值

在企业经营管理实践中,如何提高员工的工作满意度是企业激励员工、进行有效的人力资源管理、保证企业长远发展的关键问题。针对这一问题,本文在回顾和分析现有关于工作满意度理论和实践的基础上,利用和谐管理理论提供的复杂管理问题的解决之道,即主题导向下的双规则互动耦合思路对于解决该问题的有益启示和帮助,结合某设计院提高员工工作满意度的实践,从优化完善相关制度与机制、营造能充分发挥员工能动性的工作氛围,以及围绕提高工作满意度这一主题的整合三个方面形成有机系统,从而构建了基于和谐管理理论的提高工作满意度的管理体系,为这一问题的解决提供了新的思路。     

参与式领导行为的作用机制:来自不同组织的实证分析

分析参与式领导行为的作用机制对领导行为研究和组织激励有重要的现实意义。本研究考察了参与式领导行为通过心理授权的中介作用影响员工满意度和组织承诺的作用机制。通过对事业单位行政工作人员、企业一线员工和科研机构的科研人员3组样本共545人进行问卷调查,结果显示:首先,基于激励模型的参与式领导行为作用机制的假设得到验证;其次,不同类型组织中参与式领导行为的作用机制不同,对行政员工而言,参与式领导行为通过工作意义和工作影响力影响员工的满意度,通过工作意义影响员工的组织承诺;对企业一线员工而言,参与式领导行为通过工作意义和工作影响力影响员工的满意度,通过工作意义、工作自主性和工作影响力影响员工的组织承诺;对于普通科研人员,参与式领导行为通过工作意义和工作自主权影响员工的满意度,通过工作意义、工作能力和工作影响力影响员工的组织承诺。     

组织学习及其作用机制的实证研究

组织学习的结构和作用机制是组织学习研究中的两个迫切需要解决的基本问题.根据访谈、编码和预试,对来自全国不同地区43家企业的982名管理者和员工的问卷调查数据进行了分析.探索性和验证性因素分析结果表明,中国企业的组织学习包括组织间学习、组织层学习、集体学习、个体学习、利用式学习、开发式学习六个因素.多层线性模型(HLM:hierarchi-cal linearmodeling)结果表明,组织学习集体层面的四个维度通过个体学习影响员工的满意度和情感承诺;在组织层学习水平高和利用式学习水平低的组织里面,满意度、情感承诺对离职意向的预测力更强.多层回归分析结果表明,组织学习通过组织创新来影响组织财务绩效.这些结果对组织学习的研究和管理实践都有很重要的启发.     

浅析现代企业发展和员工工作满意度的关系

随着工作满意度这一概念的提出,企业发展过程中越来越重视对员工工作满意度的分析研究,员工的工作满意度与企业的发展也息息相关。本文通过分析影响员工满意度的一些基本因素,并根据这些因素来提出提升员工满意度的方法,简单分析了现代企业发展中,企业和员工满意度之间的关系,以及员工的工作满意度对企业的意义。     

宽恕的代价：领导宽恕、员工道德推脱与工作场所越轨行为的关系研究

以往大多数研究探讨领导宽恕的积极影响，而忽视了其负面影响。本文探索了领导宽恕与员工工作场所越轨行为之间的关系，并分析了员工道德推脱的中介作用和员工共情的调节效应。本文以306名员工与71名部门主管为样本，采用多层线性模型、跨层次有调节的中介效应等方法进行统计分析。研究结果表明：(1)员工共情在领导宽恕与员工道德推脱之间起调节作用。当员工共情水平较低时，领导宽恕对员工道德推脱有正向影响；而当员工共情水平较高时，两者的相关不显著。(2)当员工共情水平较低时，领导宽恕通过员工道德推脱的中介作用，进而正向影响员工越轨行为。而当员工共情水平较高时，道德推脱的间接效应不显著。     

Wage Determination in Post-War Italy

ABSTRACT: A bargaining model is proposed and tested in order to explain the irrelevance of the general labour market conditions to wage settlements in the post-war Italian economy. The model is a “right to manage model”, but the solution cannot be improved, being both on the labour demand curve and on the contract curve. The reason for such an outcome is that both firms and unions have priorities, and distinguish the labour force between insiders and outsiders. Different definitions of insiders are used, but in the postwar Italian economy the employees and ex-employees of the industrial sector appear to be the share of the labour force which have been better protected by both contractual parties.     

Organizational Identity and Employer Image: Towards a Unifying Framework*

This study aims to bridge two research streams that have evolved relatively apart from each other, namely the research streams on organizational identity and on employer branding (employer image). In particular, we posit that it is crucial to examine which factors company outsiders (applicants) as well as company insiders (employees) associate with a given employer. To this end, this study uses the instrumental–symbolic framework to study factors relating to both employer image and organizational identity of the Belgian Army. Two samples are used: a sample of 258 Army applicants and a sample of 179 military employees. Results show that both instrumental and symbolic perceived image dimensions predict applicants' attraction to the Army. Conversely, symbolic perceived identity dimensions best predict employees' identification with the Army. Results further show that employees also attach importance to outsiders' assessment of the organization (construed external image). Theoretical and practical implications for managing organizational identity and image are discussed.     

Union Wage Setting,Employment and Investment: a Survey of Theory and Empirical Evidence

Abstract. This paper provides a survey of recent theoretical and empirical research on union wage setting, employment and investment. The basic models of union wage setting and employment are presented in a unified framework. The distinction between insiders and outsiders is introduced as an extension of the basic models. Empirical evidence on union preferences and on the performance of the various models is accessibly ordered. Finally, attention is paid to the effects of strategic behaviour between union and firm on wages, employment and investment.     

国有企业的外部人控制问题

在中国国有企业改革和发展的过程中 ,大家都注意到内部人控制问题。但是 ,内部人控制问题在世界各国现代企业都可能出现 ,在不同产权制度下的所有权和经营权分离的企业都时有发生 ,而在中国由计划经济向市场经济转轨过程中 ,国有企业的内部人控制问题发生与外部人控制问题紧密相关。对于大家没有集中注意到或没有明确提出的中国国有企业的外部人控制问题 ,本文试从理论基础、概念要点和案例说明等方面进行论述。     

The Career Advancement Prospects of Managers and Professionals: Are MIS Employees Unique?

The present study examined the career advancement prospects of MIS and non-MIS employees, as well as the relationships of career advancement prospects with job performance evaluations, job satisfaction, career satisfaction, and organizational commitment for MIS and non-MIS professionals and managers. Participants included 134 MIS professionals and managers and 397 non-MIS professionals and managers of a large communications company. The results provided no evidence that MIS employees experience more restricted career advancement prospects than non-MIS employees. In addition, job performance evaluations generally had positive effects on career advancement prospects; career advancement prospects had a number of positive effects on job satisfaction, career satisfaction, and organizational commitment; and job satisfaction and career satisfaction had positive effects on organizational commitment. These findings are related to prior research, suggestions for future research are offered, and implications for the management of MIS employees are identified.     

Corporate Diversification,Information Asymmetry and Insider Trading

The literature suggests that corporate diversification destroys firm value. This value destruction is usually considered to be a consequence of managers' pursuing diversification strategies to benefit themselves rather than to increase firm value. This paper provides evidence that casts doubt on this agency theory‐based explanation for corporate diversification. Evidence based on insider trading suggests that managers themselves consider their diversification strategies to be value‐increasing. Specifically, it is documented that corporate insiders (directors) purchase more of their firms' shares in the open market when corporate diversification is high. Moreover, insiders purchase more when the level of diversification discount is high, suggesting that they disagree with outside investors' undervaluation due to diversification. It is also found that the market reaction to insiders' purchases is positively related to corporate diversification. This result suggests that outsiders consider the amount of favourable information contained in insiders' purchases to increase with the extent of corporate diversification.     

Common Value Auctions with Insider Information

Bidding is studied in first-price common value auctions where an insider is better informed than other bidders (outsiders) about the value of the item. With inexperienced bidders, having an insider does not materially reduce the severity of the winner's curse compared to auctions with a symmetric information structure (SIS). In contrast, super-experienced bidders, who have largely overcome the winner's curse, satisfy the comparative static predictions of equilibrium bidding theory: (i) average seller's revenue is larger with an insider than in SIS auctions, (ii) insiders make substantially greater profits, conditional on winning, than outsiders, and (iii) insiders increase their bids in response to more rivals. Further, changes in insiders' bids are consistent with directional learning theory (Selten and Buchta (1994)).     

How Is Power Shared in Africa?

Is African politics characterized by concentrated power in the hands of a narrow group (ethnically determined) that then fluctuates from one extreme to another via frequent coups? Employing data on the ethnicity of cabinet ministers since independence, we show that African ruling coalitions are surprisingly large and that political power is allocated proportionally to population shares across ethnic groups. This holds true even restricting the analysis to the subsample of the most powerful ministerial posts. We argue that the likelihood of revolutions from outsiders and coup threats from insiders are major forces explaining allocations within these regimes. Alternative allocation mechanisms are explored. Counterfactual experiments that shed light on the role of Western policies in affecting African national coalitions and leadership group premia are performed.     

Who benefits from benefits? Empirical research on tangible incentives

Although a broad field of literature on incentive theory exists, economic research on employer-provided tangible goods (hereafter called benefits) is still in its infancy. The empirical study by Oyer (Res Labor Econ 28:429–467, 2008) is one of few exceptions focusing empirically on the dispersion of tangible incentives. In our study, we test some of his findings by drawing on a German data set. We use two waves of the German Socio-Economic Panel data (2006, 2008) to analyze the occurrence of benefits and their effects on employees’ satisfaction. Our results provide evidence for economic as well as psychological explanations. Looking at differences in firms’ and employees’ characteristics we find that cost efficiency concerns, the purpose to signal good working conditions and the aim to ease employees’ effort costs are evident reasons to provide benefits. Furthermore, analyzing the impact of tangible and monetary incentives on satisfaction and employees’ feeling of being acknowledged by employers, we find different motivational effects. Our results support the psychological explanation that benefits are evaluated separately from other monetary wage components and are more likely to express employers’ concern for their employees and recognition of their performance.     

Analysis of Job Satisfaction: The Case of Japanese Private Companies

The scope of economic theory expands if we consider that working provides people with both pecuniary compensation for its disutility and job satisfaction. This study empirically analyzes the job satisfaction of employees in Japanese private companies using a multivariate ordered probit model. In particular, we examine the effects of a big economic shock, such as the Lehman shock, on job satisfaction, as well as the effects of differences in gender and employment status. We estimate the model using a Bayesian analysis and a multivariate ordered probit model using the Markov chain Monte Carlo method. We show that non‐pecuniary aspects of jobs play an important role in job satisfaction.