随机效应零膨胀索赔次数回归模型

索赔频率预测是非寿险费率厘定的重要组成部分。最常使用的索赔频率预测模型是泊松回归和负二项回归,以及与它们相对应的零膨胀回归模型。但是,当索赔次数观察值既具有零膨胀特征,又存在组内相依结构时,上述模型都不能很好地拟合实际数据。为此,本文在泊松分布、负二项分布、广义泊松分布、P型负二项分布等条件下分别建立了随机效应零膨胀损失次数回归模型。为了改进模型的预测效果,对于连续型的解释变量,还引入了二次平滑项,并建立了结构性零比例与解释变量之间的回归关系。基于一组实际索赔次数数据的实证分析结果表明,该模型可以显著改进现有模型的拟合效果。     

大额索赔条件下的车险费率厘定

车险费率厘定是财险公司设计产品的核心内容之一。在传统的纯保费预测模型中,通常建立复合泊松-伽玛模型,该方法没有考虑到大额索赔出现的情况。为此,提出了一种处理大额索赔的频率-强度方法。基于一组机动车损失数据,对索赔频率和索赔强度分别建模。比较不同分布的索赔频率模型,得到零膨胀负二项模型效果较好;在索赔强度建模中,得到大额索赔伽玛模型比伽玛模型效果好。实证检验了带有大额索赔的频率-强度模型在车险费率厘定中的优越性。     

负二项回归模型在过离散型索赔次数中的应用研究

索赔次数预测模型中通常考虑泊松回归模型,但当索赔次数中出现过离散问题时,泊松回归模型就不再适合。本文讨论了两种分布形式的负二项回归模型,并利用它们对一组车险数据进行了拟合,效果得到了明显改善。     

神经网络模型与车险索赔频率预测

汽车保险广受社会关注,且在财产保险公司具有举足轻重的地位,因此汽车保险的索赔频率预测模型一直是非寿险精算理论和应用研究的重点之一。目前最为流行的索赔频率预测模型是广义线性模型,其中包括泊松回归、负二项回归和泊松-逆高斯回归等。本文基于一组实际的车险损失数据,对索赔频率的各种广义线性模型与神经网络模型和回归树模型进行了比较,得出了一些新的结论,即神经网络模型的拟合效果优于广义线性模型,在广义线性模型中,泊松回归的拟合效果优于负二项回归和泊松-逆高斯回归。线性回归模型的拟合效果最差,回归树模型的拟合效果略好于线性回归模型。     

Hurdle模型在非寿险分类费率厘定中的应用

泊松回归模型是常用的索赔次数预测模型。但在实务中,索赔次数往往具有零膨胀特征,如果继续使用泊松模型会低估参数的标准误差,高估其显著性水平,从而在模型中保留多余的解释变量,产生不准确费率厘定结果。Hurdel模型是一个二阶段模型,可以将索赔次数分为两个部分来处理。因此,利用该模型的这一性质来处理费率厘定中具有零膨胀特征的索赔数据,可以有效地改善拟合效果。     

广义线性混合模型及其在非寿险信度费率厘定中的应用

近年来,国内外精算学者开始将广义线性混合模型用于信度模型费率厘定中,但他们对因变量的推广仅仅推广到负二项分布。在前人的研究基础上,将因变量进一步推广到负二项K、广义泊松、双泊松等分布,然后用极大似然估计中的限制性虚拟似然法和自适应高斯求积法对参数进行估计,最后用美国劳工补偿保险进行实证分析。结果表明:负二项K(K=1.947)广义线性混合模型对数据拟合效果最好,其次为负二项1、负二项2、双泊松、广义泊松和泊松广义线性混合模型。     

零膨胀模型在非寿险中应用

分类费率厘定中最常使用的模型之一是泊松回归模型，但当损失次数数据存在零膨胀特征时，通常会采用零膨胀模型来解决。本文讨论一些零膨胀模型在非寿险中的应用，并通过对一组汽车保险损失数据的拟合，发现零膨胀模型可以有效改善对实际损失数据的拟合效果。     

基于联合定价模型的奖惩因子的扩展与比较

信度模型是经验费率厘定的主要方法,其缺陷在于隐含的正态分布假设并不适用于索赔次数,同时也无法分析费率因子对预期保费的影响。若将信度模型与广义线性混合模型相结合,同时考虑保单已知的风险特征信息和潜在的个体风险特征信息,将正态分布假设推广到泊松分布,放宽随机效应假设,即可构建一种扩展的联合定价模型。扩展的联合定价模型不仅能解决定价过程中风险信息重叠的问题,其预测值还具有类似信度模型"收缩估计"的性质。对一组保单索赔次数数据的研究发现,扩展的联合定价模型(泊松-伽马模型)对索赔次数的拟合更加合理,解决了奖惩因子的"过度奖惩"的问题,有效改进了预测结果。     

基于累积索赔金额的最优奖惩系统

商业汽车保险的费率可以分解为先验费率和后验费率.先验费率是基于被保险车辆的先验风险特征信息(如驾驶人的性别和年龄、车辆使用性质)应用广义线性模型厘定的费率,而后验费率是基于被保险车辆的索赔经验(如索赔次数)应用奖惩系统对先验费率进行调整而得到的费率.厘定先验费率常用的广义线性模型包括索赔频率模型、索赔强度模型和累积索赔金额模型.实际应用中的奖惩系统通常基于被保险车辆的经验索赔次数对先验费率进行调整,没有考虑索赔金额的影响,也没有考虑先验信息的影响,有可能造成重复性的奖励或惩罚.累积索赔金额是被保险车辆在保险期间的索赔金额之和,既包含索赔次数信息,也包含索赔金额信息,可以更加准确地揭示被保险车辆的索赔经验信息.本文应用被保险车辆多年期的纵向累积索赔金额数据建立了一种新的奖惩系统,应用零调整逆高斯回归模型厘定先验费率,并在线性约束下用极大似然法同时估计先验费率因子和奖惩系数,避免了传统奖惩系统对被保险人可能造成的重复性奖励或惩罚,有效改进了后验费率的厘定结果.     

分位数回归在非寿险产品费率厘定中的应用

文章首先分析了非寿险产品费率厘定中的零索赔额现象;指出了线性回归模型和广义线性模型在非寿险产品费率厘定中存在的问题和不足;分析了分位数回归模型在非寿险产品费率厘定中的优点,并结合实例,给出了实证分析.结果表明,分位数回归模型更能从整体上反映出费率厘定变量之间的关系及其对索赔额的影响.     

The discrete Lindley distribution: properties and applications

Modelling count data is one of the most important issues in statistical research. In this paper, a new probability mass function is introduced by discretizing the continuous failure model of the Lindley distribution. The model obtained is over-dispersed and competitive with the Poisson distribution to fit automobile claim frequency data. After revising some of its properties a compound discrete Lindley distribution is obtained in closed form. This model is suitable to be applied in the collective risk model when both number of claims and size of a single claim are implemented into the model. The new compound distribution fades away to zero much more slowly than the classical compound Poisson distribution, being therefore suitable for modelling extreme data.     

Comparisons of some bivariate regression models

The bivariate negative binomial regression (BNBR) and the bivariate Poisson log-normal regression (BPLR) models have been used to describe count data that are over-dispersed. In this paper, a new bivariate generalized Poisson regression (BGPR) model is defined. An advantage of the new regression model over the BNBR and BPLR models is that the BGPR can be used to model bivariate count data with either over-dispersion or under-dispersion. In this paper, we carry out a simulation study to compare the three regression models when the true data-generating process exhibits over-dispersion. In the simulation experiment, we observe that the bivariate generalized Poisson regression model performs better than the bivariate negative binomial regression model and the BPLR model.     

GEE-based zero-inflated generalized Poisson model for clustered over or under-dispersed count data

The zero-inflated regression models such as zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP), zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) or zero-inflated generalized Poisson (ZIGP) regression models can model the count data with excess zeros. The ZINB model can handle over-dispersed and the ZIGP model can handle the over or under-dispersed count data with excess zeros as well. Moreover, the count data may be correlated because of data collection procedure or special study design. The clustered sampling approach is one of the examples in which the correlation among subjects could be defined. In such situations, a marginal model using generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach can incorporate these correlations and lead up to the relationships at the population level. In this study, the GEE-based zero-inflated generalized Poisson regression model was proposed to fit over and under-dispersed clustered count data with excess zeros.     

Data Dispersion: Now You See It… Now You Don't

Poisson regression is the most well-known method for modeling count data. When data display over-dispersion, thereby violating the underlying equi-dispersion assumption of Poisson regression, the common solution is to use negative-binomial regression. We show, however, that count data that appear to be equi- or over-dispersed may actually stem from a mixture of populations with different dispersion levels. To detect and model such a mixture, we introduce a generalization of the Conway-Maxwell-Poisson (COM-Poisson) regression model that allows for group-level dispersion. We illustrate mixed dispersion effects and the proposed methodology via semi-authentic data.     

索赔次数的开放式混合泊松分布研究

本文建立了索赔次数的多风险类别混合泊松模型。首先,考虑索赔次数的零膨胀、厚尾性和异质性等特征,建立风险类别待定的开放式混合泊松模型,开放式结构使该模型对实际数据的多样特征和风险类别具有良好的自适应性;其次,定义混合权重参数的iSCAD惩罚函数,实现对权重参数的筛选;最后,借助EM算法求得模型参数,实现对各风险类别下索赔次数的估计。借助iSCAD惩罚函数,给出最优混合数,避免传统混合模型中主观选择的弊端,克服传统混合模型中结构复杂、参数估计没有显式表达式、估计结果不便于解释等问题。基于三组风险特征多样数据的实证分析,本文发现该模型可以显著改进现有模型的拟合效果。     

Bayesian analysis of two overdispersed poisson regression models

Shookri and Consul (1989) and Scollnik (1995) have previously considered the Bayesian analysis of an overdispersed generalized Poisson model. Scollnik (1995) also considered the Bayesian analysis of an ordinary Poisson and over-dispersed generalized Poisson mixture model. In this paper, we discuss the Bayesian analysis of these models when they are utilised in a regression context. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods are utilised, and an illustrative analysis is provided.     

贝叶斯非线性混合效应模型及其应用研究

由于常用的线性混合效应模型对具有非线性关系的纵向数据建模具有一定的局限性,因此对线性混合效应模型进行扩展,根据变量间的非线性关系建立不同的非线性混合效应模型,并根据因变量的分布特征建立混合分布模型。基于一组实际的保险损失数据,建立多项式混合效应模型、截断多项式混合效应模型和B样条混合效应模型。研究结果表明,非线性混合效应模型能够显著改进对保险损失数据的建模效果,对非寿险费率厘定具有重要参考价值。     

Generalized Poisson–Lindley linear model for count data

The purpose of this paper is to develop a new linear regression model for count data, namely generalized-Poisson Lindley (GPL) linear model. The GPL linear model is performed by applying generalized linear model to GPL distribution. The model parameters are estimated by the maximum likelihood estimation. We utilize the GPL linear model to fit two real data sets and compare it with the Poisson, negative binomial (NB) and Poisson-weighted exponential (P-WE) models for count data. It is found that the GPL linear model can fit over-dispersed count data, and it shows the highest log-likelihood, the smallest AIC and BIC values. As a consequence, the linear regression model from the GPL distribution is a valuable alternative model to the Poisson, NB, and P-WE models.