留守会导致亲子关系疏离吗?——来自CEPS的经验证据

基于中国教育追踪调查(CEPS)基线调查数据,本文采用IV-ordered Probit模型探讨了留守对农村儿童与父母之间亲子关系的影响及其异质性。研究发现:第一,相对于非留守儿童而言,留守儿童认为与父亲、母亲关系"很亲近"的概率分别低11.7%、16.0%;第二,母外留守导致儿童与父亲、母亲关系"很亲近"的概率低26.7%、40.6%;第三,双外留守对儿童与父母双方的关系均具有显著的负效应,留守儿童与父亲、母亲关系"很亲近"的概率分别降低了14.7%、15.8%。笔者认为应进一步强化家庭监护主体责任,充分发挥学校教育的重要作用,同时也要调动社会各方面的力量,为留守儿童的健康发展创造良好的外部环境。本文对揭示家庭内部的人际关系、完善青少年人格个性的培养具有直接意义,也对进一步促进新型城镇化背景下的"城乡一体化"发展策略以及公共服务均等化具有间接意义。     

农村留守儿童社会化及其对策研究--以家庭功能的弱化为基本视角

家庭功能的弱化是农村留守儿童社会化分析中不可忽视的视角。本文从这一视角出发,结合调查个案分析了家庭功能弱化的表现及其对留守儿童社会化的诸多影响并就留守儿童社会化问题的对策展开了分析。     

当代中国家庭变迁：特征、趋势与展望

家庭变迁是探讨中国社会变迁的重要视角。基于中国社会转型的大背景，结合历次全国人口普查数据，从家庭规模、家庭关系、家庭策略3个方面对20世纪以来特别是改革开放以后中国家庭变迁的特征和趋势进行多维度分析。研究认为，改革开放以后，中国家庭规模日益小型化，家庭代际结构转向以一代户为主，家庭类型呈现多样化趋势且以核心家庭为主；家庭关系趋向平等化和民主化，家庭生产功能日益扩大化，家庭赡养功能在城乡之间呈现不同特点，一些家庭问题开始凸显；在城乡中国和全球化背景下，家庭策略选择表现为当代中国家庭在应对复杂多元社会变迁时的主动调整与适应。未来中国家庭类型在日渐多元化的同时，将依旧以核心家庭和主干家庭为主。     

亲子分离对留守儿童的影响——基于亲子分离具体化的实证研究

针对既有留守儿童研究把留守儿童作为一个整体,忽视留守儿童内部可能存在的差异性特征,本研究从分离的形式、时间、空间、时机等多个维度来还原具体的亲子分离模式,并藉此考察不同模式的亲子分离在劳动负担、自闭倾向、厌学情绪、学习成绩和主观幸福感五个方面对留守儿童造成的影响。结果发现,在上述五个方面,不同模式的亲子分离对留守儿童所产生的影响呈现出差异。特别是,这种影响具有显著的性别效应,与母亲分离显著影响儿童的自闭倾向、幸福感等主观方面,与父亲分离对儿童的学业表现具有一定的影响。这些论点深化了目前有关留守儿童问题的研究,对农民工的家庭决策具有重要的参考价值。     

延边朝鲜族地区女性劳动力流动与留守研究

本文利用国家计生委2011年对吉林省中朝边境地区人口流动的抽样调查数据对我国延边朝鲜族地区的女性劳动力流动与留守问题进行分析。研究发现女性劳动的外流决定显著的受到家庭中学龄前儿童数量、婚姻状况及本地劳动力市场成熟程度的影响;对于本地非外出的女性劳动力其短期外出规划会受到家庭中是否已有劳动力外出等多个变量的影响,而长期外出规划则仅仅受到其当前劳动分工的影响;相对于非留守女性,留守妇女的家庭负担主要来自于抚育子女。     

父母外出对农村留守儿童的影响研究

城市化进程中,农村人口的不完全流动产生了大量留守儿童。父母外出对这些儿童的学习生活造成不利影响。一方面,已有的流出地环境极大地制约着留守儿童的生存发展;另一方面,留守家庭成员也会通过积极、消极抑或是不自觉的行动来回应现实需求。因此在分析父母外出对家庭结构和个人所带来制约的同时,进一步考察父母外出后家庭成员能动因素的作用就显得尤为重要。本文利用2013年CEPS调查数据对农村留守儿童的身心健康、认知水平、学习成绩和综合发展状况及影响因素进行回归分析。研究发现母亲外出的流动安排对农村留守儿童造成极不利影响;良好的家庭经济状况和氛围、家庭及个人的自致性因素都显著正向影响农村留守儿童的综合发展;学校和朋辈群体环境中阻碍因素的影响大于支持因素;性别差异主要体现在留守男生的身心健康状况和认知水平优于留守女生,但留守女生的成绩和综合发展能力更好;农村留守儿童与非留守儿童的主要差异在于身心健康。基于此,解决留守儿童问题应兼顾眼前和长远利益,减少发展代价;公共政策和制度设计应嵌入家庭视角,自觉顺应人口流动家庭化趋势;强化家庭责任、发掘能动性,联结多方资源为农村留守儿童建立友好支持环境。     

代际支持的家庭主义基础:独生子女改变了什么?——基于内蒙古调查数据的实证研究

家庭主义是反馈式代际关系的文化规范基础,强制性约束因素和自主性弹性支持因素构成了家庭主义的两个主要维度.本文利用问卷调查资料对家庭主义各要素的影响情况进行实证分析,研究结果发现:家庭主义有利于提高亲代家庭获取照料资源的机会,但是作用方式在独生子女与多子女家庭之间存在明显差异.家庭主义对代际关系的影响正在从以约束性为主的模式转变为以弹性支持为主的模式,逐渐演变为一种非规范性的、非刚性的、以子代和亲代资源、需求状况为基础的互动模式.家庭人口结构和外部社会经济条件所导致的资源结构上的变化为家庭主义的变迁提供了可能条件.     

重庆丰都县高家镇开展“三关爱”暖心工程

随着经济的不断发展,城镇化水平的提高,农村劳动力大量转移,留守妇女、留守儿童、留守老人问题随着凸显,成为外出务工人员的后顾之忧。为解决这一问题,重庆市丰都县高家镇党委、政府、镇计生协会实施了对留守人员的"三关爱"暖心工程。针对"留守儿童",成立"代理家庭"。由镇、村、社干部、计生工作人员、计生协会会员与留守儿童组成"代理家庭",做留守儿童的"代理爸爸"、"代理妈妈",并     

我国家庭养育成本的研究述评与前景展望北大核心CSSCI

伴随着我国经济发展、社会变迁和人们生育观念的转变,家庭养育成本日益成为低生育时代育龄群体生育决策最为重要的影响因素之一。通过梳理与分析20世纪90年代以来家庭养育成本的相关文献资料,发现家庭养育成本研究的文献数量总体上呈递增趋势,并形成了研究内容丰富、方法多样、结论可靠的系列成果,相关研究方向主要集中在三个方面:一是在西方新家庭经济学理论基础上,对养育成本的概念界定及其测量;二是利用全国性或地方性调查数据,对养育成本的基本现状及其影响因素展开分析;三是从个体、国家和社会层面分别讨论养育成本与生育意愿及行为、生育率和生育政策间的相关关系与后果。尽管既有研究为更好理解家庭养育成本规律及其后果提供了参考,但还存在家庭养育成本概念测量多元且不一致、养育成本分担主体责任界限模糊、理论解释机制缺乏新意、实证调查数量偏少等不足。在未来的一段时间内,应从以下五个方面进一步深化家庭养育成本相关研究:第一,构建科学合理的养育成本测量指标体系,统筹考虑家庭、国家和社会层面长期投入的各项直接成本和间接成本;第二,正确认识我国养育成本责任分担主体的非均衡状态,剖析养育成本的责任分担模式与政策启示;第三,探讨养育成本与生育意愿和行为间的内在关系,深入分析养育成本对生育率和生育政策的作用机制;第四,重点关注女性机会成本,建立健全女性机会成本的补偿机制与体系;第五,开展实证调查,验证与评估相关生育政策的有效性。     

农村留守妇女家庭联合决策模型及政策含义

本文在贝克尔的理论框架下构建了我国农村留守妇女家庭共同决策模型,研究了农村留守妇女家庭劳动时间配置与家庭福利间的关系。研究显示,家庭综合收入最大化是家庭福利最大化的关键,在当前约束条件下,女方选择留守,丈夫外出打工是家庭福利最大化的无奈选择。本文提出从促进农村经济发展、培训留守妇女与统筹城乡劳动力就业市场等方面出发,寻求解决这一问题的途径。     

我国留守儿童状况研究

留守儿童已经成为倍受关注的重要课题 ,但是 ,有关留守儿童的基本信息却一直模糊不清。利用 2 0 0 0年人口普查抽样数据 ,本文对我国留守儿童的规模、结构、分布、家庭类型和受教育状况等基本情况进行了研究。     

Sri Lankan female domestic workers overseas: mothering their children from a distance

Sri Lanka is one of three countries in Asia, along with the Philippines and Indonesia, where women migrants constitute between 60 and 70% of legal migrants; these female migrants are mainly employed overseas as domestic workers. Since the 1980s, the out-migration of Sri Lankan females for employment abroad surpassed that of males and the major destination has been countries in the Middle East. The majority of these women are married and have at least one child; they leave their children in the care of other family members in their absence. While they usually make arrangements to accommodate the spatial separation forced by migration, their migration poses many challenges to themselves and their children left behind. Recently, the issue of children left behind by migrant mothers has attracted growing attention from policy makers in Sri Lanka. Since the social and emotional ramifications of mothering from a distance and how these mothers cope with them are inadequately investigated, this article uses data collected from a 2008 survey of 400 Sri Lankan female migrant families to examine the effects of mothers’ migration on how they are mothering their children from a distance, and how they perceive the effects on their children. The article concludes with some suggested policy recommendations.     

New realities of the American family

The demographic, social, and economic characteristics of American families have changed dramatically over the past few decades. While the male breadwinner/female homemaker model was long traditionally typical,l contemporary families may be openly made up of single-parents, remarried couples, unmarried couples, stepfamilies, foster families, extended or multigenerational families, or 2 families within 1 household. Families are now most likely to have 3 or fewer children, a mother employed outside of the home, and a 50% chance of parental divorce before the children are grown. These trends are common not only in America, but in most industrialized nations around the world. In fact, family trends are so fluid that the US Census Bureau and workplace policy find it difficult to keep pace. This report presents and discusses social and demographic trends behind the ever-changing face of the American family. Households and types of families are further defined, as are the living arrangements of children, young adults, and the elderly. Marriage, divorce, and remarriage trends, age at marriage rates, and interracial marriage are then discussed. Next examined are declining family size, teenage parents, contraception and abortion, unwed mothers, and technological routes to parenthood. The changing roles of family members and family economic well-being are discussed in sections preceding closing comments on the outlook for the American family.     

Parental Divorce and Children’s Schooling in Rural Malawi

A growing body of literature has examined the impact of different types of family structures on children’s schooling in sub-Saharan Africa. These studies have investigated how living arrangements, gender of the household head, parental death, and paternal migration are related to schooling. Although many sub-Saharan African countries have high divorce rates, very few studies have explored the impact of parental divorce on children’s schooling. The present study uses three waves of data from the Malawi Longitudinal Study of Families and Health (MLSFH) to investigate the effect of parental divorce on children’s schooling and the possible mechanisms driving this relationship. Unlike prior studies, this study uses child-level fixed-effects models to control for selection into divorce. Results show that parental divorce is associated with lower grade attainment and a larger schooling gap, defined as the number of years a child is behind in school (among children currently attending school). Although no association exists between parental divorce and current school attendance, girls affected by divorce are significantly less likely to be attending school. Differences in economic resources, maternal coresidence, or maternal psychological well-being do not explain the relationship between parental divorce and children’s schooling.     

家庭生育选择行为的经济学分析

本文认为人口增长的主要决策权分散在社会各个家庭单位,家庭选择孩子数量与质量。家庭生育孩子是由孩子报酬(包括非货币报酬与货币报酬)和成本差额确定的,家庭生育孩子遵循一系列经济选择过程,并对这些选择过程展开经济学分析。现代社会可以通过对生育选择行为的各个变量施加影响,使得家庭自动实施优生优育知识,达到合意的人口增长率。     

Growing up with single mothers: Occupational attainment of daughters in the early 20th century

Growing up in female-headed households has long been considered disadvantageous for children. We examine the relationship between family structure and occupational attainment in 1920, accounting for selection into the labor force. The results indicate that the attainment of daughters in mother-headed households was not significantly lower than that of their counterparts in male-headed households. Mothers’ resources alleviate some of the disadvantage experienced by working daughters. Family size and ethnicity are strongly associated with daughters’ occupational attainment, regardless of the household head's sex. The results suggest that prevailing gender norms restricted the jobs available to women in the early 20th century, regardless of their family type.     

Selection and the Marriage Premium for Infant Health

Previous research has found a positive relationship between marriage and infant health, but it is unclear whether this relationship is causal or a reflection of positive selection into marriage. We use multiple empirical approaches to address this issue. First, using a technique developed by Gelbach (2009) to determine the relative importance of observable characteristics, we show how selection into marriage has changed over time. Second, we construct a matched sample of children born to the same mother and apply panel data techniques to account for time-invariant unobserved characteristics. We find evidence of a sizable marriage premium. However, this premium fell by more than 40 % between 1989 and 2004, largely as a result of declining selection into marriage by race. Accounting for selection reduces ordinary least squares estimates of the marriage premiums for birth weight, prematurity, and infant mortality by at least one-half.     

The influence of mumber and ages of children on residential mobility

Married couples without children are more geographically mobile than those with children, at least through age 45. Among husband-wife couples with children, ages of children exercises a consistent mobility differential; when age of family head is controlled for, families with children under 6 years old only are the most mobile both within and between counties, followed by those with children under 6 and 6–17 years old, and followed in turn by families with children 6–17 years old only. The relationship between number of children and the probability of moving within counties has a reverse J-shape for family heads at each age under 45; after age 45 the relationship assumes a more normal J shape. Number of children is inversely related to the probability of migrating (moving between counties) for husband-wife families in which the husband is under 35; after age 35 the relationship is erratic. The effect of ages of children generally holds for each size of family. Female family heads with children are generally more geographically mobile than male family heads (wife present) at the same age and with the same number and ages of children present.     

Socio-Cultural Dispositions and Wellbeing of the Women Left Behind: A Case of Migrant Households in Nepal

The concept of wellbeing is gaining popularity in the study of quality of life and cultural significance of living. The paper aims to contribute to our understanding of objective and subjective wellbeing by exploring the perceptions of women left behind by out-migrating husbands on their quality of life in a transnational social field. The paper uses both qualitative and quantitative research methods. Its primary focus is on the life stories of the four women left behind by their migrant husbands, complementing by quantitative data obtained from a survey among 277 households. Taking an example from Nepal's eastern terai, the paper shows that additional income from remittances has increased the objective wellbeing of the women left behind, but it may not have increased their subjective wellbeing. Hence, it is concluded that improved objective wellbeing of a woman does not necessarily translate into her (improved) subjective wellbeing. The subjective experiences are rather complex, multi-faceted and context specific depending on the family situation, socio-cultural disposition and prior economic situation of the actors involved.