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1.
1. | The effects of larval rearing density and species relative proportions on life-history parameters of two necrophagous Diptera,Hemipyrellia ligurriens (Wiedemann) (Calliphoridae) andBoettcherisca formosensis Kirner and Lopes (Sarcophagidae), were investigated in mixed cultures. Larval rearing density had a significant effect on larval to adult survivorship, duration of immature development, adult size and relative performance (measured by the composite index of performance,r′) of both species. However, species relative proportions affected adult size of both flies and the duration of immature development ofB. formosensis only. |
2. | B. formosensis had a higher survivorship thanH. ligurriens in all mixed cultures and showed a similar survivorship pattern to that in pure cultures. By contrast, survivorship ofH. ligurriens was lower in mixed than in pure cultures. |
3. | H. ligurriens adults reared from mixed cultures were smaller than those from pure cultures of comparable density, butB. formosensis adults from pure and mixed cultures were of similar size. |
4. | The results suggest that competition betweenB. formosensis andH. ligurriens larvae was asymmetric and the former was the superior competior. |
5. | At low larval densities in mixed cultures, the presence ofH. ligurriens enhanced the performance (as measured byr′) ofB. formosensis, a consequence of suspected interspecific facilitation of larval growth. |
2.
Following four hypotheses on the production of soldiers were tested in thePheidole fervida colonies collected in the natural field:
The present test suggested that the last idea was most likely to the wild colonies ofP. fervida. 相似文献
1. | The proportion of new soldiers is primarily dependent on the population size of old workers. |
2. | The abundance of old soldiers reduces the proportion of new soldiers. |
3. | The production of sexuals reduces the proportion of new soldiers. |
4. | The number of soldiers is correlated with the size of defense zone. |
3.
Yoshihiro Yamada 《Researches on Population Ecology》1990,32(2):365-379
1. | Analysis of life tables of the oriental moth,Monema flavescens, obtained for 8 generations over 4 years, disclosed that the cocoon parasitoid,Praestochrysis shanghaiensis, acted as a density-disruptive factor. |
2. | The density of the host cocoon remained stable (max./min.=3.2), whereas that of the host adult varied (max./min.=14.3) although both showed similar fluctation patterns. |
3. | Stability of the host population was associated with the density-dependence in the ratio of first generation cocoons to overwintered generation moths, which was the key factor for the rate of change throughout the year. Chrysidid parasitism among the first generation cocoons ranged from 37.7 to 70.1%, and that among the second generation cocoons from 16.7 to 63.2%, each showing an inverse density-dependence and acting as the main determinant (key-factor) of the between-year variation in the density of the adult moths. |
4. | The density-dependence of the rate of change from overwintered generation adults to first generation cocoons was so strong that the parasitism on the second generation hosts had not effect on the cocoon density of the first generation. On the other hand, the density-dependence of the rate of change from first generation adults to second generation cocoons was weak, and the parasitism on the first generation hosts became the key factor for the between-year variation of the second generation cocoons. |
5. | It is suggested that the stability of the parasitoid-host system will be disrupted without three parasitism-restricting factors: asynchrony in the parasitoid attack on the second generation hosts, high mortality among parasitoid larvae of the second generation, and the high proportion of those first generation parasitoids that enter diapause. These factors are considered to be effective only in cooler parts of the distribution of the parasitoid. |
4.
Yoshihiro Yamada 《Researches on Population Ecology》1988,30(2):235-249
1. | a mathematical model is presented which predicts the expected optimal-patch-use strategy for solitary parasitoids with a limited fecundity. |
2. | The model predicts that the quality of the patches is determined by the proportion of unparasitized hosts and not by the density of those hosts, and that throughout the searching period the parasitoids should maintain the level of parasitism equal in all the patches irrespective of the host density per patch. |
3. | The spatial pattern of parasitism among field patches by a parasitoid with a low fecundity,Praestochrysis shanghaiensis, was in agreement with the prediction of the model, i.e., a similar level of parasitism in different patches was observed when the ratio of female parasitoids to hosts in the whole study area exceeded 0.07. When the ratio was less than 0.05, however, the level of parasitism per patch showed an inverse relation to the host density, and was positively correlated with the female parasitoid-host ratio. |
4. | The model assumes that the parasitoids move between patches without cost and have perfect information about patch quality. Consideration of the cost of moving and sampling bridges the gap between the observed and predicted rates of parasitism found when the female parasitoid-host ratio in the whole study area was low |
5.
Shun'ichi Makino 《Researches on Population Ecology》1989,31(1):1-10
1. | Losses in workers and reproductives due to the ichneumonid parasitoidLatibulus sp. were determined in a haplometrotic, temperate paper wasp,Polistes riparius, during a 5-year study. |
2. | Fifty-four to 79% of pre-emergence nests were parasitized on worker brood, resulting in a worker loss of 25–31% on average. Worker brood reared in outer cells were much more often parasitized than those in central ones, possibly because outer cells are more accessible to the parasitoid. Infestation of worker brood was not random but aggregated among nests. |
3. | Seventy-eight to 100% of nests were parasitized on reproductive brood, and lost 10–34% of reproductives. |
4. | The number of emerged workers positively correlated with that of reproductives produced and that of cells made during the season. This suggests that worker loss reduces reproductive output of colonies. Hence, the parasitoid can reduce colonial reproductive output not only by killing reproductive brood but by reducing worker force. |
6.
1) | In this study, we have developed a new method to estimate population parameters and applied it to a concrete example on the situation that there are two fisheries resources which are depleted only by catch, and that these two resources are not caught equally because of the difference of prices. |
2) | Switching function, which is originally used to describe the effort allocation that one predator eats two preys, has been introduced. We have constructed a model of fishery in which each fisherman pursues economical optimum. |
3) | The population size of two species at the beginning of the fishing season, catchability coefficient and parameters of switching function are estimated by the criterion of minimum error sum of squares between CPUE (catch per unit effort) of data and that by model. |
4) | We have applied it to the diver fishery of abalone in Ojika Island, Nagasaki Prefecture. The model describes well the situation during the season that CPUE of the less expensive species increases gradually as the population of the other species is depleted. |
7.
Edward Groenland 《Social indicators research》1990,22(4):367-384
The paper reports on a study of indicators of well-being, including objective indicators of well-being, global, affective indicators of well-being, and indicators of socio-economic well-being. Socioeconomic well-being is (narrowly) defined as that part of the individual's universal well-being which is strongly related to money and material means.It was hypothesized that these 3 classes of indicators of well-being have different meanings for the various groups of people on social security. Therefore, data were collected from a Dutch, nationally representative sample of 3 categories of individuals drawing benefits, namely: people receiving social benefits; unemployed, and disabled people, and a group of people in work. Hypotheses were tested regarding the following issues:
相似文献
1. | the structure of the concept of well-being; |
2. | predictors of happiness; |
3. | well-being and social security. |
8.
In studying the complex determinants of human fertility, social scientists have given little attention to population density,
although reproduction has been shown to be density-dependent for a wide variety of other species. Using fixed effects models
on the time series of 145 countries and controlling for key social and economic variables, we find a consistent and significant
negative relationship between human fertility and population density. Moreover, we find that individual fertility preferences
also decline with population density. These findings suggest that population density should be included as a variable in future
studies of fertility determinants.
相似文献
Wolfgang LutzEmail: |
9.
This study reviewed three philosophical accounts of happiness, and then tested those accounts with the Asiabarometer surveys
conducted in six Confucian societies during the summer of 2006. Statistical analyses of these surveys reveal that East Asians
tend to experience happiness to a greater extent when they experience enjoyment together with achievement and/or satisfaction.
The preponderance of such multi-dimensional conceptions in all those societies poses a direct challenge to a single dimensional
account of happiness in the West. The analyses also reveal that positive assessments of interpersonal relationships matter
more than the amount of knowledge or wealth in living a happy life in Confucian societies.
相似文献
Doh Chull Shin (Corresponding author)Email: |
Takashi InoguchiEmail: |
10.
The changing nature of wage inequality 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Thomas Lemieux 《Journal of population economics》2008,21(1):21-48
The paper reviews recent developments in the literature on wage inequality with a particular focus on why inequality growth
has been particularly concentrated in the top end of the wage distribution over the last 15 years. Several possible institutional
and demand-side explanations are discussed for the secular growth in wage inequality in the United States and other advanced
industrialized countries.
相似文献
Thomas LemieuxEmail: |
11.
In a model on population and endogenous technological change, Kremer (1993) combines a short-run Malthusian scenario where income determines the population that can be sustained, with the Boserupian insight that greater population spurs technological change and can therefore lift a country out of its Malthusian trap. We show that a more realistic version of the model, which combines population and population density, allows deeper insights into these processes. The incorporation of population density also allows a superior interpretation of the empirical regularities between the level of population, population density, population growth, and economic development at aggregated and disaggregated levels.
相似文献
Thorsten NestmannEmail: |
12.
Allison M. Williams Nazeem Muhajarine James Randall Ronald Labonte Peter Kitchen 《Social indicators research》2008,85(1):97-110
This paper examines volunteerism across three neighbourhood types that are differentiated by socio-economic status (SES) in
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The three neighbourhood types are defined as Low, Middle and High SES. The study used data
collected from two telephone surveys (n = 968 in 2001, n = 997 in 2004) using random-digit dialling, together with in-depth interview data collected from a selected set of survey
participants (n = 90). Neighbourhood type and length of residence are shown to have a strong bearing on volunteerism. The interview data
illustrates that the quality of volunteer activity that residents engage in differs across neighbourhood types.
相似文献
Peter KitchenEmail: |
13.
The earned income tax credit and fertility 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
Government programs designed to provide income safety nets often restrict eligibility to families with children, creating
an unintended fertility incentive. This paper considers whether dramatically changing incentives in the earned income tax
credit affect fertility rates in the USA. We use birth certificate data spanning the period 1990 to 1999 to test whether expansions
in the credit influenced birthrate among targeted families. While economic theory would predict a positive fertility effect
of the program for many eligible women, our results indicate that expanding the credit produced only extremely small reductions in higher order fertility among white women.
相似文献
Stacy Dickert-Conlin (Corresponding author)Email: |
14.
Decades of research in countries of the Global North have revealed distinct environmental injustices whereby industrial hazards
tend to be located in poor and minority neighborhoods; few studies have investigated similar relationships between humans
and hazards in the Global South. This study uses conventional quantitative environmental justice methodology to investigate
spatial relationships between residential socio-demographics and maquiladoras (i.e., final assembly plants) in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. When predicting maquiladora density using percent children and social
class in a spatial error regression model, we find that percent children was a positive and significant predictor, while social
class was not significant. Adding formal residential development to the model, social class becomes a negative and significant
predictor. Formal residential development and percent children are also positive and significant. As is the case in the Global
North, relationships between neighborhood characteristics and transnationally operated maquiladoras along the northern border of Mexico are linked to urban development.
相似文献
Sara E. GrineskiEmail: |
15.
Empirical studies in the migration literature have shown that enclaves (networks) negatively affect the language proficiency
of migrants. Most of these studies do not address the choice of location as a function of language skills. Using data on Mexican
migration to the US, we show that migrants choose smaller networks as their English language proficiency improves.
相似文献
Ira N. Gang (Corresponding author)Email: |
16.
How important is homeland education for refugees’ economic position in The Netherlands? 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
We use data on refugees admitted to The Netherlands that include registration of education in their homeland by immigration
officers. Such data are seldom available. We investigate the quality and reliability of the registrations and then use them
to assess effects on refugees’ economic position during the first 5 years after arrival. The most remarkable finding is the
absence of returns to higher education.
相似文献
Aslan ZorluEmail: |
17.
James Brumbaugh-Smith Heidi Gross Neil Wollman Bradley Yoder 《Social indicators research》2008,85(3):351-387
The National Index of Violence and Harm (NIVAH) tracks levels of violence and harm in the United States and identifies trends over the study period 1995–2003. NIVAH is comprised
of nineteen variables in the areas of interpersonal, intrapersonal, institutional and structural violence and harm as experienced
by people in the U.S. Two composite indexes are formed to describe overall trends in the realms of personal and societal violence.
In addition to describing the Index’s construction and most recent conclusions, various methodological issues and their impacts
on index findings are investigated.
相似文献
James Brumbaugh-SmithEmail: |
18.
Sílvio Rendon 《Journal of population economics》2007,20(3):669-686
In this paper, I measure the contribution of knowing Catalan to finding a job in Catalonia. In the early 1980s, a drastic
language policy change (normalització) promoted the learning and use of Catalan in Catalonia and managed to reverse the falling trend of its relative use vs Castilian
(Spanish). Using census data for 1991 and 1996, I estimate a significant positive Catalan premium: the probability of being
employed increases between 3 and 5 percentage points if individuals know how to read and speak Catalan; it increases between
2 and 6 percentage points for writing Catalan.
相似文献
Sílvio RendonEmail: |
19.
Stephen Machin 《Journal of population economics》2008,21(1):1-19
In this paper (my keynote talk from the 2006 ESPE conference), I discuss the recent upsurge in research on the economics of
education that has occurred, especially in Europe. I discuss the reasons for the increased interest and present some examples
from my recent research in the area. The paper concludes that the increased research interest seems likely to be sustained
for some time to come.
相似文献
Stephen MachinEmail: |
20.
David L. Carr 《Population and environment》2007,29(2):83-101
This case study examines the link between marine resource management, and the universal contraceptive use among married couples in the lobster-fishing village of Punta Allen, located in the Sian Ka’an Biosphere
Reserve, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Several reasons appear to contribute to small desired and actual family sizes. Some of these
include a medical clinic staff effective in promoting family planning, cooperative and private resource ownership, changing
cultural attitudes, geographical limitations to population and economic growth, and a desire to conserve the environment for
aesthetic and economic motives. Lastly, families desired to preserve a sustained balance between benefiting from lobster harvests
today and safeguarding this marine resource for their children in the future.
相似文献
David L. CarrEmail: |