Eco-efficient supply chain networks: development of a design framework and application to a real case study

This paper presents a supply chain network design framework that is based on multi-objective mathematical programming and that can identify ‘eco-efficient’ configuration alternatives that are both efficient and ecologically sound. This work is original in that it encompasses the environmental impact of both transportation and warehousing activities. We apply the proposed framework to a real-life case study (i.e. Lindt & Sprüngli) for the distribution of chocolate products. The results show that cost-driven network optimisation may lead to beneficial effects for the environment and that a minor increase in distribution costs can be offset by a major improvement in environmental performance. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge on eco-efficient supply chain design and closes the missing link between model-based methods and empirical applied research. It also generates insights into the growing debate on the trade-off between the economic and environmental performance of supply chains, supporting organisations in the eco-efficient configuration of their supply chains.     

上下游联合减排与低碳宣传的微分博弈模型

低碳经济环境下,下游零售商宣传上游制造商的减排行为以获得更好的市场绩效,是供应链管理实践中常见的合作形式.文章假设消费者需求受产品减排量和零售商低碳宣传的影响,在考虑到产品减排量受制造商减排努力影响且在多周期连续生产时具有动态变化特征的情况下,构建了零售商和制造商的3种微分博弈模型.研究发现,在一定条件下,成本分担契约可以实现制造商、零售商和整个供应链系统利润的Pareto改善;当制造商的边际收益足够大时,成本分担契约对制造商利润的Pareto改善效果越明显,制造商越有动力利用成本分担契约激励零售商进行低碳宣传.这将为供应链上下游制定合作策略及供应链低碳化的管理实践提供一定的参考价值.最后,通过算例对模型进行了分析.     

An application of the integrated AHP-PGP model for performance measurement of supply chain management

The performance measurement problem has gained great attention in business and operations management literature. The first objective of this study is to determine the required performance measures and to develop a model for performance evaluation, based on these selected measures using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) methodology. The second objective is to explain how an integrated AHP-PGP (pre-emptive goal programming) model can be used in performance measurement while optimising the overall performance. An integration of AHP and multi-objective PGP is used to consider both quantitative and qualitative performance measures in optimising the overall performance of the system. The integrated model is presented with a real-world application using source data provided by a survey conducted in India. Findings demonstrate that the integrated AHP-PGP model can be useful to all supply chain industries in their day-to-day performance measurement decisions.     

基于协作的供应链优化模型

协作供应是供应链系统中的一个常见问题. 近期的一篇文献针对供应链物资需求的特 点,提出了多点协作供应的数学模型,并且给出了相应求解方法,该文称之为“启发式方法”. 现 进一步研究表明,该方法是最优的,并非是启发式的. 这一结论完善了前期研究成果,并使算法 的运用更具理论基础.     

供应链分销系统双层优化模型

分销渠道决策在整个供应链管理中非常关键,因为它直接影响着其它的市场决策. 从供 应链集成的角度出发,利用双层规划模型描述了二级分销网络优化问题,充分考虑了网络决策 部门及客户双方的自身及共同利益. 同时设计了启发式求解算法,最后用简单算例验证了模型 及其算法的有效性.     

Development and validation of a lean supply chain management measurement instrument

It is widely argued that to be competitive, a company not only needs to focus on internal aspects but on the entire supply chain. Lean supply chain management has become a means of enhancing competitiveness by improving efficiency and increasing flexibility at all stages of the supply chain. This research develops and validates a lean supply chain management measurement instrument. A two-phase approach is used for scale development and refinement. In the first phase, a literature review is conducted to identify definitions of lean supply chain management and agile supply chain management and their corresponding measurement items. In the second phase, the lean supply chain management measurement instrument is validated using survey data based on scales developed in the first phase by 59 scholars with experience in lean management and/or supply chain management. The results provide a structured and comprehensive measure of lean supply chain management indicating that there are two differentiated dimensions in the measurement instrument: one related to the operational aspects of lean supply chain strategy implementation and the second related to lean supply chain planning.     

石油储备价值研究:基于供应链视角

石油储备是应对石油供应链危机的重要途径.构建了反映石油供应链运营的线性规划模型,利用该模型模拟供应链发生不同程度的供应危机和价格危机时,30 d、60 d和90 d的石油储备在应对需求及价格危机中的作用.研究结果表明:当需求及价格发生较大幅度上升时,供应链石油储备可以有效抑制需求及价格上升引起的运作成本上涨,且不同规模...     

Product universality and design for supply chain management

We describe our experience of developing models in which the principles of design for supply chain management (DFCM) have been implemented for new product development at Hewlett-Packard Company (HP). This experience arises from the development of a new product that is scheduled to be released in 1995. A key design decision faced by the product development team was whether to use a universal module or regionally dedicated modules to satisfy global market requirements. We describe a wide range of factors—including manufacturing and logistics costs—that could be used to support the design decision; these factors associated with product and process design contribute to tolal supply chain costs. We review the analytical model used to evaluate the cost and service implications of the two design alternatives. Finally, we discuss qualitative considerations that might influence the eventual decisions as well as the lessons learned from this real world experience.     

Exploring the factors of achieving supply chain excellence: a New Zealand perspective

The objective of the paper is to analyse supply chain (SC) excellence from the practitioners’ perspective in the New Zealand (NZ) context. The extant literature does not focus on achieving this excellence with the contemporary factors of this dynamic field. The study is an exploratory one using the structured Delphi technique to understand the ground level experience of the practitioners on the constructs of supply chain excellence. In this paper, we have administered three poll rounds to gather insights from the SC practitioners on the various enablers and barriers that impact supply chain excellence in the NZ environment. Seven supply chain management constructs are explored for their relationships with barriers and enablers in achieving the excellence in supply chains. The outcomes reveal that the people relevant issues (i.e. SCM knowledge education and supply chain culture) are more significant than other technical and operational factors. However, the influences from specific NZ business environment issues become far less important than a few years ago. This paper seeks the integration of practice-based views with the academic supply chain literature and original contributions from the NZ context.     

供应链中二级分销网络的优化设计模型

从供应链的集成和协调的角度出发 ,提出了在多工厂、多产品、多客户环境下 ,考虑需求分配的二级分销网络优化设计模型 .模型体现了在设计分销网络时 ,根据制造企业各分厂的生产能力和各客户区 (需求地 )对不同产品的需求情况 ,合理的将对产品的需求分配到各个分厂 ,制定相应的生产计划 ,以降低生产和分销环节的总费用 .文中还讨论了采用启发式算法同传统的分枝定界法相结合以提高问题的求解速度 ,并给出了一个数值例子 .     

关联供应链网络级联失效机理及鲁棒性研究

为了分析复杂关联供应链网络在遭遇干扰事件时的鲁棒性,研究关联网络层内和层间级联失效机理.通过随机规则生成供应链无向信息层网络和有向物理层网络,描述并分析由α、β、σ等参数表征的节点负荷、容量等网络结构特性.针对存在边流量约束的情况,提出相应的失效负荷分流策略;通过构建极大簇函数,判断关联供应链网络中经分流策略后仍具运作功能的有效节点,并依据供应链信息层网络和物理层网络间一对一匹配的关联关系,构建时变失效迭代状态方程,从而有效描述关联网络间的动态失效传递.最后,在不同参数控制下,对初始单个节点故障和多个节点故障两种情况下的关联供应链网络综合鲁棒性进行数值仿真分析.按节点度从大到小、从小到大、随机3种方式去除多个节点,结果表明在β=0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 4种参数下,按度从小到大方式去除多节点,其引发的关联网络级联失效规模较之其它两种方式大;同时发现关联供应链网络在多节点去除情况下,其级联失效较之单层网络具有明显的一级相变特性,即少量的节点移除就会导致整个关联供应链网络崩溃.     

Multi-echelon supply chain network design in agile manufacturing

In this paper, we consider a supply chain network design problem in an agile manufacturing scenario with multiple echelons and multiple periods under a situation where multiple customers have heavy demands. Decisions in our supply chain design problem include selection of one or more companies in each echelon, production, inventory, and transportation. We formulate the problem integrating all decisions to minimize the total operational costs including fixed alliance costs between two companies, production, raw material holding, finished products holding, and transportation costs under production and transportation capacity limits. A Lagrangian heuristic is proposed in this paper. Optimizing a Lagrangian relaxation problem provides a lower bound, while a feasible solution is generated by adjustment techniques based on the solution of subproblems at each iteration. Computational results indicate the high quality solutions with less than 5% optimality gap are provided quickly by the approach in this paper. Further, compared to initiative managerial alternatives, an improvement of 15% to 25% is not unusual in certain cases for the proposed approach.     

Quantifying the effectiveness of VMI and integrated inventory management in a supply chain with uncertain lead-times and uncertain demands

This article considers the inventory management problem in a supply chain with uncertain replenishment lead-times and uncertain demands. The optimal integrated inventory management (IIM) policy is developed using stochastic dynamic programming theory. The IIM policy is contrasted with two pull-type vendor-managed inventory policies (VMI-1 and VMI-2) and a traditional retailer-managed inventory policy (RMI). Computational results show that in such stochastic supply chains, IIM performs about 23, 15, and 3% better than the optimised RMI, VMI-1 and VMI-2 policies, respectively, while two VMI policies are about 8 and 20% better than the best RMI. The basestock-based VMI-2 is a very good form of VMI. The ANOVA analysis reveals that the replenishment lead-times have the largest effect on the relative performance between IIM and other policies. Numerical examples demonstrated that the IIM policy has good structural properties and can be characterised by a set of switching curves.     

A sustainable second-generation biodiesel supply chain network design problem under risk

This paper presents a multi-objective possibilistic programming model to design a second-generation biodiesel supply chain network under risk. The proposed model minimizes the total costs of biodiesel supply chain from feedstock supply centers to customer centers besides minimizing the environmental impact (EI) of all involved processes under a well-to-wheel perspective. Non-edible feedstocks are considered for biodiesel production. Variable cultivation cost of non-edible feedstock is assumed to be non-linear and dependent upon the amount of cultivated area. New formulation of possibilistic programming method is developed which is able to minimize the total mean and risk values of problems with possibilistic-based uncertainty. To solve the proposed multi-objective model, a hybrid solution approach based on flexible lexicographic and augmented ɛ-constraint methods is proposed which is capable to find appropriate efficient solutions from the Pareto-optimal set. The performance of the proposed possibilistic programming method as well as the developed solution approach are evaluated and validated through conducting a real case study in Iran. The outcome of this study demonstrates that high investment cost is required for improving the environmental impact and risk of sustainable biodiesel supply chain network design under risk. Decision maker preferences are required for suitable trade-off among total costs, risk values and environmental impact.     

惩罚机制下供应链企业碳减排投入的演化博弈

针对气候变暖下消费者愿意对低碳产品支付更高价格的情境,以及供应链碳减排投入的外部正效应问题,考虑由上游企业的供应商与下游企业的制造商组成的二级供应链,论文研究了供应商与制造商的碳减排投入行为与策略.依据供应商与制造商采用不同的行为策略的支付矩阵,建立了供应商与制造商碳减排投入的演化博弈模型,并分析得到供应商与制造商减排投入行为的演化稳定策略.结果表明:供应商与制造商的碳减排投入策略与双方碳减排投入收益比密切相关,当双方碳减排投入收益比不断变化时,出现多种演化稳定均衡.针对在碳减排投入中供应商或制造商的“搭便车”行为问题,分析了契约与惩罚机制下的演化博弈结果.最后,给出了数值模拟,验证了模型的有效性.     

Integrating performance and risk aspects of supply chain design processes

Abstract

Supply chain design is a complex and relatively poorly structured process, involving choosing many decisional parameters and it usually requires consideration of numerous sources of uncertainty. Many conventional processes of supply chain design involve taking a deterministic approach, using point estimates, on important measures of supply chain effectiveness such as cost, quality, delivery reliability and service levels. Supply chain disruptions are often separately considered as risks, both in the research literature and in practice, meaning that a purely traditional risk management and risk minimization approach is taken. We have developed and applied an approach that combines the intellect and experience of the supply chain designer with the power of evaluation provided by a Monte Carlo simulation model, which uses decision analysis techniques to explicitly incorporate the full spectrum of uncertain quantities across the set of alternative supply chain designs being considered. After defining and setting out the general decision variables and uncertainty factors for 16 distinct supply chain design decision categories, we then apply that approach to combine the decision-makers’ heuristics with the probabilistic modeling approach, iteratively, to achieve the best of both elements of such an approach. This novel approach to fully integrating performance and risk elements of supply chain designs is then illustrated with a case study. Finally, we call for further developmental research and field work to refine this approach.     

A framework for food supply chain digitalization: lessons from Thailand

Abstract

The promise of digitalization is enormous and nowhere is it more critical than in its potential to transform food supply chain. Consumers have become more educated and are demanding real-time updated information on foods they consumed through digital media. They are also increasingly demanding to know if the foods they consume are environmentally and socially sustainable or not. As a result, food product traceability, safety, and sustainability issues have become crucial concerns to food retailers, distributors, processors, and farmers. Digitalization allows food supply chains to be highly connected, efficient, and responsive to customer needs and regulation requirements. However, digitalizing a traditional food supply chain is challenging and resource demanding. This is more so for developing countries where moving food from farms to consumers can take months as it travels through an array of middlemen. Unfortunately, little is available in the existing literature on food supply chain digitalization. So far, current researchers mainly explore the benefits of digitalization. Using cases in three companies, this paper explores the practices, challenges, and opportunities faced by Thailand food manufacturers in digitalizing their food supply chains. A framework for food supply chain digitalization is proposed and its implications for research and practices are discussed.     

上下游企业间的研发协作与产销竞争共存研究

供应链内上下游企业间的研发合作广泛存在,但研究并不多.考虑供应链内联合研发与产销竞争共存时的企业策略及谈判能力、技术溢出等因素的影响.与横向研发协作不同的是,即使在较低的技术共享水平下,链内联合研发仍具有较高的投资水平和生产规模.在伙伴选择过程中,与自己谈判能力相近的企业进行联合是最优的.而就是否提高技术共享水平,上下游成员却始终存在冲突;进而,指出只有在整体协调能力较强时联盟才能具有较高的技术共享水平.     

The benefits of a cross-docking delivery strategy: a supply chain collaboration approach

In this study, two models are developed to co-ordinate both production and distribution in order to reduce the relevant costs in a supply chain. According to the functions of the distribution centre, there is a distinction between an inventory co-ordination point and an inventory storage point. The former is a cross-docking strategy, and the latter is a traditional warehousing strategy. The manufacturer has distinct production processes when co-operating with the distribution centre. Case study analysis is used to illustrate the models developed, in which the following conclusions can be obtained: the cross-docking distribution strategy will result in tremendous savings in the total system cost for the supply chain. This study makes two important contributions to the production, and logistics literature. First, the range of applications was extended by studying a new combinatorial problem that incorporates cross-docking in a supply chain environment. Second, computational performance with cross docking was evaluated. The benefit delivery policy for a distribution centre was found by means of integrating manufacturer production planning and a distribution centre delivery policy.     

具竞争零售商的再制造闭环供应链模型研究

在制造商领导、零售商领导以及市场无领导者3种力量结构下建立了具竞争零售商的再制造闭环供应链博弈模型,研究和对比了不同力量结构对回收率、零售价、渠道成员利润、渠道总利润的影响.研究结果表明:回收率在市场无领导者时最高,在零售商领导时最低.零售价在制造商领导时最高,最小是市场无领导者结构.从环保、消费者利益和整个行业的利润来看.无领导者的市场结构最优.然而,制造商和零售商均有动机成为领导者.在具领导者的市场结构下,从环保的角度看,制造商领导的市场结构更优,但消费者和整个行业偏好零售商领导的市场结构.