上市公司ERP实施前后绩效变化的实证研究——来自沪市1993-2003年的经验数据

以1993—2003年间实施ERP的92家沪市上市公司为样本企业,利用W ilcoxon秩和检验、Panel分析以及系数约束检验分析比较了公司实施ERP前后的绩效变化.研究结果表明:不能根据单一检验分析方法片面得出实施ERP是否存在信息技术的生产率悖论现象.国内企业实施ERP当年及之后1~2年绩效略有下降,但变化不显著;实施ERP之后第3年多数企业没有起到改善绩效的预期,但少数公司却利用ERP显著改善了公司绩效,少数公司实施ERP存在短期绩效下降现象.指出造成这种结果的主要原因是ERP实施成功率较低,并不是ERP本身存在信息技术的生产率悖论问题.     

Prioritization of corporate goals in Saudi Arabia: An exploratory investigation

This paper tries to fill partially the informational gap in the area of organizational goals. Data provided by four Saudi Arabian industries-namely: petrochemicals, packaging, electric & electronics, and food processing, indicate that goal-setting processes may be influenced by several factors. Profitability, growth, and social responsibility were ranked among the top four goals in all four industries. The nature of the industry and environmental factors have a strong influence on these processes. This study highlights the importance of culture for joint ventures and its impact on goal-setting in Saudi Arabia.     

Planning and Scheduling in Supply Chains: An Overview of Issues in Practice

This paper gives an overview of the theory and practice of planning and scheduling in supply chains. It first gives an overview of the various planning and scheduling models that have been studied in the literature, including lot sizing models and machine scheduling models. It subsequently categorizes the various industrial sectors in which planning and scheduling in the supply chains are important; these industries include continuous manufacturing as well as discrete manufacturing. We then describe how planning and scheduling models can be used in the design and the development of decision support systems for planning and scheduling in supply chains and discuss in detail the implementation of such a system at the Carlsberg A/S beerbrewer in Denmark. We conclude with a discussion on the current trends in the design and the implementation of planning and scheduling systems in practice.     

A dynamic ERP critical failure factors modelling with FCM throughout project lifecycle phases

Implementation of enterprise resource planning systems (ERPs) is a complex and costly task which usually results in serious failures. Numerous factors affect these projects implementation due to their size, complexity and high chance of failure. Therefore, identifying these factors in ERP projects is a critical issue. The majority of previous publications have been conducted in identifying ERP critical success factors (CSFs) rather than critical failure factors (CFFs). In order to help practitioners, this article studies the CFFs in ERP implementation projects. The implications of interdependency among failure factors are also usually overlooked by project managers due to perceived complexity in modelling and analysing influential factors. With this in mind, we have proposed a fuzzy cognitive map (FCM)-based dynamic model of ERP failure factors through project lifecycle phases. The main advantage of FCM lies in them being capable of modelling complex phenomena based on the experts’ perceptions. This tool models uncertainty and related events, imitating human reasoning. Moreover, FCMs enable the developing of forecasting exercises through simulations. Practitioners would thus assess the joint influence of ERP implementation failure factors on project outcomes. The results make known to practitioners which problems will arise if the failure factors are not treated, and how these will impact on the outcomes of projects. Therefore, the proposed approach would help them to manage ERP implementation projects in a more effective and proactive way.     

Taxonomy of ERP integrations and performance outcomes: an exploratory study of manufacturing firms

Building and deploying network capabilities of firms are crucial for sustaining competitive advantage. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems are useful to enhance such network capabilities thorough effective information flows. Their intended goals are measured in terms of production costs, operational flexibility and supply chain performance outcomes. However, the impact of ERP system implementation on firm performance has been reported as somewhat inconclusive. This study contends that a missing link in the story is the scope and extent of ERP system implementation after investigating how the extent of ERP integration is associated with the performance outcomes of manufacturing firms. The study also posits that restructuring in the organisation and supply chains are positively associated with manufacturing performance. Since ERP often entails restructuring in an organisation and supply chains, it is anticipated that restructuring plays an important role in inducing positive impact of ERP implementation to the firm. Using a global sample of 641 manufacturers, this research identifies four distinct ERP systems integration patterns, epitomised by different extents and directions of integration, and finds a significant association among the broadest degree of ERP systems integration, restructuring and plant performance improvement. The empirical results also show that restructuring takes place most actively in a firm that implement ERP with widest scope and scale.     

Knowledge retention in ERP implementations: the context of UK SMEs

Abstract

Knowledge retention (k-retention) is vital for various enterprise resource planning (ERP) implementations in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), though it is a highly demanding and challenging task. The aim of this paper is to investigate different types of approaches to k-retention and factors influencing k-retention in SMEs. Our study adopts a grounded theory approach with cases based on 12 ERP implementations in UK SMEs. We analyze our data using thematic analysis. The findings reveal specific elements that support the k-retention of ERP package knowledge and business process knowledge. These elements are: k-retention tools, documentation, human capital and the understanding of k-retention challenges. In addition to insights from these aspects, our study reveals two additional factors (project management and organizational culture) that influence ERP package k-retention and business process k-retention. Based on these findings, we develop an ERP k-retention (EKR) framework that can be utilized by SMEs which are considering implementing ERP systems, to facilitate knowledge retention during implementation.     

The role of social and intellectual capital in achieving competitive advantage through enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software merges a firm's data, information flows and business processes into a single package. Vendors argue that ERP provides an extremely useful strategic resource to enhance competitiveness and make it possible for a firm to leverage its other resources more effectively and efficiently. In addition, they allege that ERP encourages a system-wide perspective that is a basis for collaboration and a systems orientation. However, an examination of ERP systems using criteria established in research on resource-based views of the firm and chaos/complexity theory indicates that these claims are overstated. Observation suggests that even if ERP is necessary to coordinate complicated, multifaceted operations, it is far from sufficient to promote a strong competitive position over the long term. Moreover, ERP systems fit best within mechanistic, clockwork organizations dominated by routine, highly programmed technologies and operations, yet it is the non-routine learning and change processes found in complex, self-organizing systems that enable firms to create distinctive competitive advantages from ERP outputs. ERP makes possible deep changes in relationships, culture, and behaviors that can be crucial sources of advantage in the knowledge economy, but the structures and cultures most able to achieve this level of change are a poor fit with ERP requirements. To reconcile this paradox, we propose a dual-core, loosely coupled organization that views ERP as an enabling technology to build and augment social and intellectual capital, rather than as an information technology (IT) solution for organizational inefficiencies. Propositions for using ERP as a foundation for social and intellectual capital formation are introduced. Implications for research and practice are discussed.     

Integration of the information systems in the production process: a case study

This paper evaluates the execution of an ERP – enterprise resource planning in a production process. The changes that were made to processes to make them compatible with ERP modules and adaptations that were required by the ERP implementation are presented. The presented study is different from the normal patterns of a vertical implementation, since its application is not direct. In order to use the standard modules of the ERP system, the internal processes were embellished and the data collection steps were integrated into the production process (production orders, inventory, production, daily consumption, daily output). The case study shows that the ERP implementation caused an improvement of the processes in the areas adjacent to production (purchasing, logistics, distribution, supply and sales). In conclusion, this paper presents the main advantages and disadvantages of the ERP system implementation, as well as some considerations and recommendations for the future ERP implementations.     

Analysis of strengths and weaknesses in the National Human Resource Development systems of BRICS

National Human Resource Development (NHRD) takes a humane and long-term perspective to the human resources of each country in terms of national growth. This research evaluated the human resource development competitiveness of Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa (BRICS) countries from the perspective of NHRD. This study selected Global Human Resource Competitiveness Index to assess the NHRD of BRICS. Although it is generally considered that the BRICS countries have high growth potential with large population, this analysis showed that they have a common weakness in the balanced development and use of human resources from the perspective of NHRD. In this respect, this study compares and analyses the characteristics and strength/weakness of each BRICS country. This research can inform evaluation of policies on national human resource development. Additionally, it can provide basic data for identifying the status of the human resource development system.     

An exploratory study of the influence of the IS function and organizational context on business process reengineering project initiatives

To help evaluate the risk of process reengineering failure and enhance the prospect of its success, three potential sources of influence on BPR initiatives and success are examined in this study. These include the innovative capacity of the organization, IS maturity and strategy-IS interface. It was found that while factors related to IT maturity and influence such as experience in mainframe and client/server computing may facilitate the decision to reengineer, they are not critical in the later stages of the initiative. On the other hand, factors having significant relationships beyond the initial decision include variables pertaining to innovative capacity of the organization and strategy-IS interface. These findings suggest that technical IT competence as a critical enabler is necessary but not sufficient for reengineering success. Based on study findings regarding the innovative capacity of the organization, guidelines for reengineering risk assessment are proposed. In addition, implications of the findings, limitations of the study and opportunities for further research are also discussed.     

信息技术战略价值及实现机制的实证研究

为研究信息技术战略价值及其实现机制,基于企业资源观、竞争战略理论和核心能力理论,构建了信息技术资源、信息技术应用能力、战略层面的信息系统能力、环境动态性和企业绩效之间关系的研究模型,应用结构方程模型对233家中国企业的调查问卷进行数据分析和模型拟合.研究结果表明信息技术资源和信息技术应用能力都无法直接影响企业绩效,其战...     

An Intranet based system as an enabler in effective project management and implementation of quality standards: A case study

This paper reports on the development of an Intranet based system, as an enabler in project management and implementation of a quality standard (ISO9001:2000) at Tyco Fire & Integrated Solutions Oil Gas & Marine Europe, a subsidiary of Tyco International a worldwide Engineering Conglomerate, (Referred to as TFIS). The system enabled stakeholders to follow standard project protocols, playing an important role in creating integration between different sub-sections. This paper discusses the strategic relevance of the system in achieving desired business outcomes, by making the organisation more responsive, agile and increasing the accountability of stakeholders involved in managing projects.     

高绩效工作系统与组织绩效:中国连锁行业的实证研究

本文分析了一项对中国83家连锁企业的人力资源实践状况的最新调查。本文对管理人员和生产人员及其不同的人力资源实践类型进行了区分,同时基于人力资源实践的组合,使用聚类分析划分了它们的高低水平组别。本文在高水平组别中,分析了人力资源实践的不同组合对公司绩效的影响。论文的研究结果增加了我们在高绩效工作系统方面的知识,为经理人员规划有效的人力资源管理战略提供了重要的启发。     

制造业企业信息技术应用水平的评价方法探讨

本文对制造行业企业IT应用水平的评价方法进行了探讨,提出了一种根据企业特性采用层次分析法确定IT应用对企业竞争力指标的贡献,进而根据企业的具体情况确定IT应用水平等级的综合评价方法。     

Application of a Risk Analysis Tool to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Outbreak in Saudi Arabia

The Grunow–Finke assessment tool (GFT) is an accepted scoring system for determining likelihood of an outbreak being unnatural in origin. Considering its high specificity but low sensitivity, a modified Grunow–Finke tool (mGFT) has been developed with improved sensitivity. The mGFT has been validated against some past disease outbreaks, but it has not been applied to ongoing outbreaks. This study is aimed to score the outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia using both the original GFT and mGFT. The publicly available data on human cases of MERS-CoV infections reported in Saudi Arabia (2012–2018) were sourced from the FluTrackers, World Health Organization, Saudi Ministry of Health, and published literature associated with MERS outbreaks investigations. The risk assessment of MERS-CoV in Saudi Arabia was analyzed using the original GFT and mGFT criteria, algorithms, and thresholds. The scoring points for each criterion were determined by three researchers to minimize the subjectivity. The results showed 40 points of total possible 54 points using the original GFT (likelihood: 74%), and 40 points of a total possible 60 points (likelihood: 67%) using the mGFT, both tools indicating a high likelihood that human MERS-CoV in Saudi Arabia is unnatural in origin. The findings simply flag unusual patterns in this outbreak, but do not prove unnatural etiology. Proof of bioattacks can only be obtained by law enforcement and intelligence agencies. This study demonstrated the value and flexibility of the mGFT in assessing and predicting the risk for an ongoing outbreak with simple criteria.     

中国MIS领域教师科研状况研究

对高校MIS领域的107位教师进行了问卷调查。数据表明,该领域的教师将减少管理信息系统的开发项目,增加在管理信息系统基础理论研究上的投入;管理研究的主题越来越与国际学术界的主流接近一致;在基础理论研究上的投入程度与该领域教师的学校收入占个人总收入的比例呈正相关关系。然而,与预期不一致的是,对论文质量如对于被检索的论文或核心论文的强调并不会对该领域教师的研究投入产生显著的影响,且该领域教师海外的学术经历和归国学者的回流并没有对研究方法的选择特别是转向实证研究产生明显的影响。最后,针对上述结果的可能原因进行了分析,给出了相应的建议。     

An exploratory study of manufacturing strategy practices of machinery manufacturing companies in India

This paper presents findings of a survey on manufacturing strategy practices adopted by the Indian machinery manufacturing companies (IMMC). Based on the survey, three companies have been selected for detailed case studies. Their experiences in the manufacturing strategy process are analyzed. Although the companies represented diversity in terms of product type, sales volume, and geographic location, they share several commonalties including use of advanced manufacturing technologies and use of several improvement techniques. The process of strategy formulation varied among the companies in terms of participants, complexity and degree of formalization. Competitive priorities, order winners and critical success factors are also identified for these companies. Based on strategic manufacturing issues, manufacturing competence index and business performance index for the companies has been worked out.     

企业规划与信息系统规划战略一致性实证研究

以战略匹配模型(SAM) 及其在企业活动中的过程模型为研究对象,探讨了企业规划(BP) 和信息系统规划( ISP) 战略一致性程度与企业内外环境、企业所采取的竞争战略方向、ISP 的战 略地位以及IT 对企业业绩的贡献等因素间的关系,并运用中国企业数据进行了实证分析. 结 果表明,企业高层的战略规划意识以及利用IT 整合企业资源的能力与BP2ISP 战略一致性程度 和企业业绩密切相关,是企业获取竞争优势的重要因素.     

油田电力系统综合资源规划中的组合预测方法研究

综合资源规划方法(Integrated Resources Planning,简称IRP)和需求方管理技术(Demand Side Management,简称DSM),源于能源消耗量居世界首位的美国。综合资源规划方法的出现,标志着人类在提高能源使用价值的思维方式上步入了一个崭新的时代,预示着更高更经济地利用能源,更大地满足人们日益增长的物质、文明、环境的要求,已列入21世纪人类活动的一个重要领域。与传统的电力系统规划方法不同的是综合资源规划方法在考虑供应侧资源的同时也考虑需求侧的资源,即在需求侧方面采取一些节电措施,包括季节性的削峰填谷措施,因此仅仅预测每年的最大负荷是不够的,还应预测每年的负荷曲线,同时还必须考虑采取某些措施之后,对负荷需求的影响。显然后者比前者更困难。本文讨论了综合资源规划中负荷预测的组合方法,并部分应用于大庆油田电力系统的规划中。本研究对综合资源规划方法的应用方法研究和实际的应用具有相当重要的指导和参考价值。     

Impacts of Information and Communication Technology Implementations on Employees' Jobs in Service Organizations in India: A Multi‐Method Longitudinal Field Study

India is an important frontier for economic growth, investments, and development. The service sector, like the manufacturing industry, in India is booming. Following the trend of their western counterparts, service organizations in India are implementing enterprise‐level information and communication technologies (ICTs) to support service processes. In this paper, we used socio‐technical systems theory to develop hypotheses about the effects of ICTs on the five job characteristics, i.e., skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback, in the job characteristics model (JCM) in a service organization (a bank) in India. We also tested the entire JCM that relates job characteristics to job satisfaction and job performance via various mediators and moderators. In a 32‐month longitudinal field study of 1743 employees, we gathered one wave of data before an ICT implementation and two waves after the implementation. We found that, although the ICT enriched employees' job characteristics, employees reported significantly lower job satisfaction and job performance. To understand this puzzling finding, we conducted a qualitative study and identified four contextual forces that contribute to these results and hinder successful implementation of ICTs in the service sector in India and, possibly, other developing countries: environmental barriers, learning difficulty, culture shock, and employee valuation.