企业通过联盟进行隐性知识转移的三阶段模型

本文针对隐性知识的特征及知识在联盟中转移的过程和特点,建立了企业通过联盟进行隐性知识转移的微分动力学模型,在此基础上,进一步分析了影响联盟隐性知识转移的渐近解的主要参数控制.模型揭示了联盟中隐性知识转移的规律,指出了企业获得联盟中隐性知识的条件及隐性知识在联盟企业中传播的条件,同时也阐明了一些能改进隐性知识转移效果的途径,文中最后还分析了模型对联盟中知识管理的现实意义.     

基于知识结构的顾客知识共享激励机制研究

文章从知识结构的视角构建了基于委托——代理理论的顾客知识共享激励机制模型,创新性地分析了在信息对称和信息不对称情况下,共享知识中显性知识和隐性知识比例的变化对顾客知识共享努力水平及收益分配系数的影响,并运用MATLAB软件对该模型进行了仿真分析。研究结果表明（1）顾客的努力水平与共享知识的组成结构有关,且当显性知识和隐性知识比例均为0.5时努力水平达到最大值;（2）当知识组成结构相同时,信息不对称情况下的努力水平低于信息对称情况下的努力水平;（3）收益分配系数与共享知识的组成结构有关,且当隐性知识比例为1时收益分配系数达到最大值;（4）收益共享比例与风险规避程度成反比。基于此,提出了企业应制定基于共享知识结构的顾客知识共享评价机制和利益分配机制,并根据顾客的风险规避程度对收益分配系数进行调整,为企业知识共享激励机制的制定与实施提供了理论指导。     

基于企业集群的隐性知识转移模型

企业集群已成为企业合作的主要模式,集群的关键是要实现知识的转移,尤其是隐性知识的转移.本文提出了基于企业集群的知识转移三阶段博弈模型,分析了企业集群中隐性知识转移与企业之间距离的关系,探讨了互补性知识对隐性知识转移的影响.     

考虑遗忘机制的企业隐性知识传播SIR模型研究

隐性知识及其传播是形成现代企业核心竞争力的重要基础。本文首先构建了包含学习者、传播者和免疫者三类传播主体,且考虑遗忘机制的企业隐性知识传播SIR复杂网络模型;其次,对模型进行稳态分析,从而计算出隐性知识在企业传播开来的传播率阈值λ_c,当隐性知识传播率λ>λ_c时,考察的隐性知识能够在企业内部传播开来,否则考察的隐性知识将在企业内部逐渐消失;最后,应用Matlab对模型参数进行仿真研究。研究发现：企业内部隐性知识传播受到遗忘因素和网络结构的影响,在网络结构确定的情况下,遗忘率越大,企业内部隐性知识的传播越缓慢,甚至逐渐消失。为了提高隐性知识传播效果,企业应该定期进行干预培训,降低遗忘机制对隐性知识传播的影响。     

POM Forum: Transfer of Changing Production Know‐How

Even with the rich literature on knowledge management, we still don't know enough about how the rate of change in production‐know‐how affects the choice of mechanisms for its transfer. Codifying tacit know‐how helps, but codification becomes more challenging as the know‐how changes more frequently. Transfer of tacit know‐how becomes much more complicated when it changes often. We need more research in this area, particularly to help production and operations managers who must ultimately use the new know‐how and change their companies' production processes. The paper suggests a framework as a step in that direction. The framework focuses on the interplay between the level of codification and the rate of change of production know‐how, and identifies four zones for classifying production know‐how: “slow and codified,” “slow and tacit,” “fast and codified,” and “fast and tacit.” Examples from McDonald̂s, Club Med, Intel, and AOL are used to illustrate primary transfer mechanisms for each zone (manuals and systems, people, joint‐development, and projects, respectively). Appropriate absorptive capacities in the production units for each zone are also identified. Since the ultimate responsibility of operations managers is to improve (i.e., change) their production know‐how as fast as possible, they would be wise to adopt policies that are closer to those suited for the “fast and codified” zone. Intel and Toyota show good models.     

Improving operational performance through knowledge exchange with customers

Drawing upon a knowledge-based view of the supply chain, this study analyses the antecedents and consequences of tacit and explicit knowledge transfer, from the supplier's standpoint. The proposed conceptual model is tested using survey data from a sample of 218 Canadian manufacturers. Results show that the exchange of tacit and explicit knowledge in the context of a relationship between a supplier and a customer has a positive impact on the supplier's operational performance. As expected, tacit knowledge exchange appears to have a stronger impact on performance than explicit knowledge exchange. Results also confirm the importance of the level of integration and inter-firm trust for the exchange of both types of knowledge. Although many studies of knowledge transfer in the supply chain have been published to date, no empirical study has specifically examined the simultaneous effect of both types of knowledge.     

高校科研团队隐性知识共享的系统动力学分析

在继承前期研究成果的基础上,提出了高校科研团队隐性知识共享的综合理论分析框架,构建了高校科研团队隐性知识共享的系统动力学模型并进行了仿真.仿真结果表明,模型较好地反映了高校科研团队隐性知识共享的现实情况,根据仿真结果所做出的应用分析对促进科研团队中成员参与隐性知识共享,提升科研团队的知识积聚效应和创新能力具有较好的指导意义.     

Leveraging tacit knowledge in alliances: The importance of using relational capabilities to build and leverage relational capital

Effectively managing existing tacit knowledge stocks and transferring knowledge between partners contributes to firm capabilities that allow them to differentiate their goods and services from those of their competitors. Because it also helps them to provide greater value to customers, it contributes to the development of a competitive advantage. In highly competitive industries, firms need to focus on proactively managing their knowledge resources to ensure survival. However, the knowledge management process is at times complex especially because of the difficulty involved in conveying tacit knowledge. Due to its latent potential for enabling firms to achieve potential competitive advantage, how firms utilize and transfer stocks of tacit knowledge requires enhanced understanding. In specific, we explain how firms use relational capabilities to build relational capital with partners. In turn, relational capital facilitates the transfer of tacit knowledge between collaborating partners. We develop several propositions regarding the factors likely to influence the transfer of a firm's tacit knowledge resources in strategic alliances. The importance of social capital's relational dimension, relational capital, in this process is highlighted.     

Tacit Knowledge and Environmental Management

This article demonstrates tacit knowledge’s relevance in environmental management and explores how organisations can manage this knowledge. Through case studies it reveals how taking the tacit knowledge of employees into account can be particularly useful in three key areas of environmental management: the identification of pollution sources, the management of emergency situations and the development of preventive solutions. In order to take tacit environmental knowledge into account, firms must challenge the predominance of formal knowledge in the management of environmental problems and promote a climate of learning that encourages the recognition and sharing of employees’ experiences. The paper also presents a framework for the analysis of the creation, transfer and retention of tacit knowledge that is not limited to environmental knowledge management.     

Nurturing life-science knowledge discovery: managing multi-organisation networks

Advancement of knowledge is the seed of the innovation process. As innovations have become more complex, organisations are driven by an increased need to collaborate in order to combine specialist capabilities to meet emerging market needs. The life sciences are one sector where collaborative innovation is highly evident. This article examines the phenomenon of knowledge-generating networks within the life sciences. The study explores the drivers of collaborative endeavours and investigates how knowledge networks linking the capabilities of public research centres and commercially focused pharmaceutical organisations can be managed to deliver the required synergistic benefits for partnering organisations. Three case studies of functioning university–industry knowledge networks are analysed and a model reflecting their network's life-cycle phases is presented. The discussion identifies the specific challenge posed at each of the network's development stages, together with the management process required to secure sustainable knowledge creation and effective transfer of this knowledge into innovation-generating R&D.     

基于超网络视角的产业集群升级研究

依据创新能力对集群升级内涵进行了诠释。根据知识和社会关系水平将集群升级转化为由社会网络、显性知识网络和隐性知识网络互动的超网络。运用变分不等式理论和最优化问题的关系,求得网络的洽合流和超网络的均衡状态。探究了集群规模、数量等变动所导致的网络中流和超网络均衡状态的变化,直至最终实现集群升级。最后结合案例分析网络互动的现实意义及今后研究方向。     

External knowledge search,absorptive capacity and radical innovation in high-technology firms

Open innovation and absorptive capacity are two concepts based on the idea that companies can leverage the knowledge generated externally to improve their innovation performance. The aim of this paper is to analyse the joint effect of open innovation and absorptive capacity on a firm's radical innovation. Open innovation is expressed in terms of external search breadth and depth strategies and absorptive capacity is described by distinguishing between potential and realized absorptive capacity. In order to test our hypotheses, we carried out empirical research in firms operating in high-technology industries. The results indicate that internal routines and processes for absorbing external knowledge help explain radical innovation as they show a significant effect of potential and realized absorptive capacity. Also, there is a moderating effect of absorptive capacity on open innovation. Specifically, potential absorptive capacity exerts a positive effect on the relationship between external search breadth and depth and radical innovation. Realized absorptive capacity moderates the influence of external search breadth. These findings confirm the complementary nature of absorptive capacity and open innovation search strategies on radical innovation.     

Unveiling the black box of IJV innovativeness: The role of explicit and tacit knowledge transfer

This paper explores the relationships between the tacit knowledge, explicit knowledge, and innovativeness of International Joint Ventures (IJVs) based on knowledge-based and learning theories. In the context of IJVs, the relationship between knowledge (explicit and tacit) transfer and innovativeness is still complicated by many challenges. We conducted a survey of 199 IJVs in South Korea. A structural equation model was used to test hypothesized linkages. Our results confirm that explicit knowledge transfer is positively associated with innovativeness. The explicit knowledge transferred from the foreign parent to the IJV has a stronger impact on innovativeness than tacit knowledge does. Additionally, tacit knowledge proved to not exhibit a direct impact on the innovativeness of IJVs. The results provide strong support for the mediating role of explicit knowledge in the relationship between tacit knowledge transfer and an IJV's innovativeness. Finally, the strength of the relationship between only explicit knowledge transferred from a parent firm and an IJV's innovativeness increases with international work experience.     

控制,吸收能力与知识转移——基于离岸IT服务外包业的实证研究

离岸IT服务外包是一个知识密集过程,从海外客户到国内供应商的有效知识转移是成功的关键。然而,针对客户的不同控制模式和供应商的吸收能力对显性和隐性知识转移的不同影响,以及这两种知识转移对绩效影响的实证研究还极其有限。本文基于一项问卷调查,发现客户的正式控制对显性知识转移的影响比非正式控制的作用更强。隐性知识转移比显性知识转移更依赖于供应商的吸收能力,显性知识转移对隐性知识转移有积极促进作用。研究还显示,正式控制对离岸IT服务外包绩效有直接影响,但知识转移对外包绩效的影响并不显著。     

Effects of intellectual capital and university knowledge in indigenous innovation: evidence from Indian SMEs

Abstract

Intellectual capital and collaboration with universities are vital knowledge management practices for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to innovate and improve the effectiveness of their operations. This study investigates empirically the impacts of intellectual capital and university knowledge on indigenous innovation and how business and institutional environments affect the relationships. The research model is tested using moderated regression analysis and data collected from 150 SMEs in India. The results show that intellectual capital and university knowledge improve indigenous innovation, both individually and interactively. The effect of intellectual capital in indigenous innovation is amplified by dysfunctional competition whereas the effect of university knowledge in indigenous innovation is attenuated by environmental uncertainty. In addition, we find that indigenous innovation is positively associated with business performance. The impact of indigenous innovation on business performance is enhanced by dysfunctional competition but reduced by environmental uncertainty.     

Internal networking and innovation ambidexterity: The mediating role of knowledge management processes in university research

This article focuses on public organizations to contribute to research on knowledge management processes, a field that until recently has focused primarily on private entities. Specifically, we analyse the mediating role of knowledge transfer and knowledge absorption in the relationship between the internal networking created in university research groups and innovation ambidexterity. Based on six hypotheses, the conceptual model is tested through a structural equations model with mediation effects. The data analysed come from 249 directors of Spanish public university research groups. The results show that the internal networking formed in university research groups has a positive and significant relationship to knowledge transfer and knowledge absorption, but we obtain different results for the relationship between knowledge transfer and knowledge absorption in the presence of innovation ambidexterity. Only knowledge absorption has a positive and significant influence on innovation ambidexterity. The most interesting results involve the mediating role of knowledge absorption in the relationship between internal networking and innovation ambidexterity. These results support the conclusion that directors of university research groups should promote development of knowledge absorption processes in order to stimulate innovation ambidexterity and thus to achieve ambidextrous innovative performance.     

Analysing intangible resources and managing knowledge in a supply chain context

This paper reports the initial empirical work (and related findings) which has been carried out in a UK Government funded project titled `The Development of Partnership Strategies and the Management of Knowledge which Underpins Capabilities'. The companies collaborating in the research were Cellnet plc, Flymo Ltd and four of their strategic suppliers. This paper describes the validation of a technique for analysing the role of intangible resources in the development of partnership strategies. The technique codifies the tacit knowledge which a company's managers have of their company's strengths thereby enabling this understanding to be communicated to partners and used as a basis for joint strategic development. The paper goes on to outline a technique which is currently being tested for managing the knowledge associated with inter-organisational innovation.     

组织学习与技术转移绩效的关系研究

选择珠江三角洲地区157家制造型企业为研究对象,构建结构方程模型,深入探讨技术授收双方互动和知识创新分别对组织学习与技术转移绩效关系的调节与中介作用。结果显示:组织学习对技术转移绩效具有显著的正向影响;技术授收双方的互动在组织学习对技术转移绩效的影响中起调节作用;知识创新在组织学习对技术转移绩效的影响中起部分中介作用。这些结论有助于理解组织学习影响技术转移绩效的机理,使组织学习理论能够更好地指导技术转移实践。     

知识链视角下开放式创新主体的联盟策略研究

创新联盟是开放式创新的实践基础,选择适宜的合作伙伴缔结创新联盟是组织面对的重要决策问题。本文以组织间知识转移为线索,考虑一个由知识源、知识转化中介与信息服务机构组成的知识链,以知识产权交易为合作机制设计序贯博弈模型,分析了不同的联盟策略对组织的知识创造与创新收益的影响。研究表明:缔结创新联盟能够产生双赢效应,即同时提高联盟内部成员与非联盟成员的知识创造及创新收益;知识链在集中决策时的整体创新收益与知识创造均高于分散决策;由知识源与信息服务机构组建创新联盟是分散决策下知识链的最优联盟策略。研究结论有助于揭示开放式创新的知识转移对组织联盟策略的作用机理。     

面向开放式团队知识创新的动态标签关联网研究

知识创新是企业提高核心竞争力最重要的手段之一。当今世界经济一体化,全球创新方向正在向开放式创新转变。开放式创新环境下,跨组织、跨地域的开放式创新团队成为知识创新的主要载体。社会化标签能够使团队成员按照自己对知识的认知方式进行知识交互与协作,有利于促进开放式团队知识创新。但是由于标签标注的自由性,如何建立标签之间的关联关系以更有效地支持开放式环境中基于标签的知识管理与知识创新成为该领域的关键议题。本文研究并提出了面向开放式团队知识创新的动态标签关联网方法,并对该方法进行了应用研究,通过比较实验组和对照组的应用结果,可以发现面向开放式团队知识创新的动态标签关联网方法能够动态地展示标签之间的关联关系,从而支持开放式环境中的团队知识创新。