外包信息系统脆弱性评价模型研究

针对外包信息系统脆弱性评价问题,从技术脆弱性和管理脆弱性两个方面提出了信息系统脆弱评价指标体系。在此基础上,给出外包信息系统脆弱性评价流程,构建基于技术脆弱性和管理脆弱性的二维评价矩阵模型。最后通过一个制造企业的电子商务外包案例说明该评价模型的科学性和有效性。     

Shop floor characteristics influencing the use of advanced planning and scheduling systems

The purpose of this article is to investigate how the manufacturing process, the shop type and the data quality, i.e. the shop floor characteristics, influence the use of advanced planning and scheduling (APS) systems in production activity and control (PAC). The methodology implemented is a multiple case study at three case companies. Each company has different shop floor characteristics, but all use a scheduling module in an APS system, which supports production scheduling. A theoretical framework is developed suggesting how APS system are used in the PAC activities, and which major aspect to consider. The case analysis shows that the scheduling module in APS system, foremost supports sequencing and dispatching. In particular, the shop type is influenced by the decision of how often the APS runs and what freedom is given to the shop floor. The manufacturing process influences how the dispatch list is created. Contrary to the literature presuming that APS systems are most suitable in job shop processes, it is found that the manufacturing process is not a crucial factor when deciding whether APS systems are an appropriate investment. It is found that the level of data quality needed in the APS system depends to a large extent on how the dispatch list is used. For example, is the dispatch list used as a guideline, not a regulation, the need for accurate data in the module is reduced. This article extends the previous literature concerning APS systems by analysing how APS systems influence PAC as a whole and increase the understanding of the challenges of using APS systems in PAC.     

Managing Perishables with Time and Temperature History

We address the use and value of time and temperature information to manage perishables in the context of a retailer that sells a random lifetime product subject to stochastic demand and lost sales. The product's lifetime is largely determined by the temperature history and the flow time through the supply chain. We compare the case in which information on flow time and temperature history is available and used for inventory management to a base case in which such information is not available. We formulate the two cases as Markov Decision Processes and evaluate the value of information through an extensive simulation using representative, real world supply chain parameters.     

Shop floor control system for tool rooms

A shop floor control system (SFCS), which is the most important component of any production control system, ff has a direct e ect on the productivity of a tool room. The SFCS presented in this paper aims at streamlining various tool room activities, such as process planning, operations scheduling, loading, progress monitoring, and performance monitoring. The system discussed in this paper is characterized by simplicity and is user friendly. Basic information, consisting of three types of information (order details, process details, and part details), is input through interactive dialogue sessions. On-line updating of the process information is carried out, again through interactive dialogue sessions. The basic input to the system along with the on-line updating enables a number of useful and important reports and documents to be generated ff by the system for e ective control of the shop floor. The reports generated include operations scheduling, process sheet, part list, ffi job card, load pending report, e ciency report, etc. This SFCS is developed for a medium sized tool room in an automotive company and its successful implemention reduced paperwork and improved resource management and has resulted in productivity. It can be said that this system offers a first venture into computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) for a tool room.     

多人从经验中学习模型研究：基于信息和分析方法不对称视角

当前,日益复杂且动态变化的形势和环境对多人从过往事件中不断学习、积累应对经验、快速迭代应对措施等提出了更高的要求。然而,在多人从经验中学习时,常出现由于不同个体间不了解彼此掌握的信息和会使用的分析方法而导致的莫衷一是、讨论进程拖沓、无法及时达成结论等现象。本文将个体间不了解彼此掌握的信息和/或会使用的分析方法的现象概括为“不对称”,并采用理论构建的方法,聚焦于多人从经验中学习的过程,以“信息”和“分析方法”为维度,构建基于信息不对称性和分析方法不对称性的二维矩阵,提出多人从经验中学习时会存在信息不对称且分析方法不对称、信息不对称且分析方法对称、信息对称且分析方法不对称,以及信息对称且分析方法对称四种情况,并指出信息和/或分析方法的不对称性会降低多人从经验中学习的效率,构建了基于不对称性视角的多人从经验中学习过程机制模型。随后,从“意愿”和“能力”两个方面,提出了降低信息和分析方法不对称性的实践方法,建立了降低不对称性的多人从经验中学习的实践方法库。本文针对多人从经验中学习时,由于信息和/或分析方法的不对称性而导致的问题进行探索,并为提升学习效率提供了理论基础和实践指导。     

Building information modelling in construction: insights from collaboration and change management perspectives

A case study is used to obtain the experiences from a contractor and their subcontractors involved with constructing the landmark Perth Stadium, which required a building information model (BIM) to be delivered for the purpose of asset management. Insights about ‘how’ the adoption of a BIM influenced the practice of collaboration and change management within the project are obtained. It was revealed that having limited experience and knowledge to deliver a model for asset management often resulted the project team ‘muddling through a problem’. This was not necessarily due to a shortage of training, but a lack of BIM knowledge, which inadvertently influenced every day practice. The research presented builds on the extant body of works that have examined how the construction industry can effectively acquire the benefits of BIM for asset management. It also highlights the need to incorporate education and learning into a project’s BIM implementation strategy.     

医院信息化信息维度分析

通过文献资料的研究，希望能够对医院信息化的信息维度做一个全面的认识；方法：本文主要采取的研究方法是文献分析法，通过对前人的研究成功的学习了理解，得出自己的认识；结果：快速可靠地获取信息、处理信息、交换信息和利用信息是医院信息化建设的关键：结论：信息活动的各个环节通常包括信息的收集、加工、传输、储存、维护、使用、反馈等一系列的活动。     

Application of the Net Present Value Criterion in Random and Flow Shop Scheduling*

While the majority of the literature on shop scheduling has emphasized time-based performance criteria such as mean flow time, lateness, and tardiness, the primary goal of management should be the maximization of shop profitability. In this research the net present value (NPV) criterion is introduced to measure shop profitability. This measure combines aspects of job flow time and inventory holding costs into a single measure. A simulation model of a job shop is used to examine the performance of a variety of time- and value-based scheduling rules. These rules are evaluated with respect to the NPV criterion in both random and flow shop environments. The results suggest that priority rules that utilize monetary information about jobs yield a higher NPV than many time-based rules in most situations, with little sacrifice in job tardiness. A well-researched time-based rule, critical ratio, also provides excellent performance when the shop is heavily loaded.     

Shop Floor Control When Tacit Worker Knowledge is Important

We investigate a shop where the workers and supervisors have tacit knowledge of how to operate efficiently and where efficiency is important to providing capacity to meet demand. This tacit knowledge includes setup dependencies between products as well as which worker or machine is best suited for a particular product. We discuss a real‐world shop where this is the case. Management expects workers and supervisors to use their knowledge to schedule efficiently by monitoring their performance based on standards. The question that we explore is how management should control for due date performance in light of the discretion given to the workers and supervisors to sequence jobs on the basis of efficiency. We explore management control of due date performance through the use of order review and release (ORR) and management expediting. We find that although ORR is quite effective at reducing work‐in‐process (WIP) inventories, it may foster very late deliveries in a shop such as this. In fact, under such conditions, deftly executed expediting with no ORR at all can be far more effective at supporting all deliveries. Even improving ORR into a hybrid by actively updating path efficiencies (observed from supervisor/worker scheduling) did not support a change to this conclusion. Conversely, when conditions are created where tacit knowledge plays a reduced role or utilization is decreased, ORR delivers in a timely manner. The interaction between utilization, WIP levels, and worker knowledge all help dictate the appropriate control methodology.     

车间成本控制——IE+ABC方法的应用研究

本文对车间成本控制进行了深入研究笔者在综述IE和ABC理论的基础上,提出了一种新的成本控制体系IE+ABC成本控制系统,即:按成组技术把车间划分为适应不同零件加工的制造单元;对产品进行工作分解;正确定义活动和成本动因;准确计算成本。从而能够方便、快捷地获得不同层次成本;动态地追踪和分析成本信息;为管理决策提供依据;实现全面控制成本的目的。笔者通过实例证明这种方法是有效的。     

Implementing lean information management: the case study of an automotive company

Worldwide modern organisation is continuously crossed by a great number of information but frequently information is not accurate, the needed information is not generated or it cannot be easily identified and, more, the information cannot flow through the whole organisation. This paper proposes the application of lean thinking in the field of information management. In the areas of manufacturing and production, the lean thinking is well known but usually the importance of a holistic approach is neglected and the improvement involves only the production and logistic areas and there is not a specific focus on the lean information management. We applied lean thinking to information management in order to improve the performance of an automotive company. We analysed the as-is company condition, we identified the present muda and we introduced the necessary changes. Then, we verified the modification efficiency through the calculation of a performance index. The paper proposes an interesting and exhaustive case of lean information management application and it highlights the possible improvement of such approach. The results of this study are not sector specific: they are not only applicable by other automotive industries, but they can also be extended to many other sectors.     

信号成本与服务外包供应商信号传递关系的博弈模型

由于服务外包市场的信息不对称性和不完美性,外包商难以清楚了解供应商的能力,使得服务外包供应商选择市场出现逆向选择。为解决非对称信息条件下服务外包供应商选择市场运行的低效问题,本文利用信号博弈建立了信号成本与外包供应商信号传递关系的数学模型,并通过案例分析说明了该模型对管理的指导意义。     

Implementing an RFID-based manufacturing process management system: Lessons learned and success factors

A growing number of organisations are using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to improve their manufacturing processes. A case study approach is used to explore the development of an RFID-based manufacturing process management system in a garment factory in China. The results indicate that both technology push and need pull factors influence the garment factory's intention to adopt RFID technology. The technology push factors include relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, extendibility and the cost of the technology, whereas the need pull factors include competitor and customer pressure. We identify eight factors for the successful implementation of an RFID-based manufacturing process management system, namely, vendor selection, organisational motivation, cost/benefit evaluation, top management support, user involvement, the extent of progress supervision, staff competence and training, and policy, structure and operating process compatibility. This in-depth case study details the organisation's experience and identifies the challenges it faces and important issues in the development and implementation of the system. Implications for academics and practitioners are discussed.     

REPETITIVE LOTS: FLOW-TIME REDUCTIONS THROUGH SEQUENCING AND DYNAMIC BATCH SIZING

This paper presents a new integrative concept for job sequencing, dispatching, and lot sizing. The interrelation between these procedures and their impact on flow-time performance is examined in a capacitated production environment. Generally, lot-sizing decisions are made without regard to shop conditions and do not consider their impact on job sequencing procedures. The repetitive lots (RL) concept (developed and tested in this paper) attempts to integrate these decision processes. RL uses a number of features which have not been considered jointly in either the lot-sizing or job-dispatching/sequencing literature. These include operation batch sizes which vary by operation, transfer of work within the shop in quantities less than operation batch size, and the use of overlapped operations. A simulation model is used to analyze flow-time characteristics in a hypothetical production system. Traditional measures of flow-time performance are compared to a set of nontraditional measures which capture the interaction between lot sizing and the sequencing procedure used.     

基于OWG算子的不同形式偏好信息 的群决策方法

具有不同形式偏好信息的群决策是决策分析及群决策支持系统研究的一个新课题,它对 于进一步提高群决策支持系统的实用性和灵活性方面具有重要意义. 针对这类群决策分析,提 出了一种具有效用值、序关系值、模糊互补判断矩阵、互反判断矩阵等4 种形式偏好信息的群 决策方法. 在该方法中,首先给出了将不同形式的偏好信息均转化为互反判断矩阵形式的计算 公式;然后基于OWG算子将各决策者的偏好信息集结为群的偏好并进行方案的优选;最后给 出了一个算例.     

需求不确定条件下的制造商订单分配模型

制造商的订单分配作为供应链模型微观层面的重要组成部分,对提升整个供应链效率有很大影响,但需求层面的不确定因素加大了订单分配的难度。以按比例分配为原则,讨论在需求不确定条件下完全信息与不完全信息两类多供应商-单制造商的订单分配模型。重点研究完全信息条件下各方的分散决策和集中决策,由于后者能避免各参与方对其他决策方的边际影响,所以能够实现供应链总利润的最大化;其次又将不完全信息引入模型,讨论制造商如何通过折算因子结合已有信息对供应商的私人信息进行估计,进而做出决策。最后以需求服从正态分布为例对两类模型进行验证。     

实时交通信息作用下公交多公司博弈研究

研究了提供公交车实时到站信息服务,对乘客出行行为的影响以及公交公司在基于自身利润最大化目标下,决策是否提供信息进行分析.模型中假设,理性的出行者随机到达车站或者利用公交信息提前规划自己的行程.计划出行的人数依赖于公交车的发车频率以及提供信息的质量的高低.基于固定需求的乘客出行分析,研究了公交公司在选择是否提供信息和设定运营频率以最大化利润.得到不同运营策略的公交公司的发车频率及最优利润.发现乘客利用信息成本越低,公交公司在提供信息方面越积极,公交公司可能在降低社会总成本的情况下落入“囚徒困境”.如果乘客利用信息的成本较高,而信息提供成本较低,则可能出现一家公交公司提供信息而另一家通过增加服务频率来差异竞争的均衡结果.     

Flow shop scheduling by transportation model

This paper describes the classical problem of scheduling n jobs on m machines in a flow shop. A schedule evaluation algorithm is presented, which for job-pairs, generates a schedule evaluation matrix. The matrix is the input data to a transportation problem, the solution of which gives near-optimal jobsequence and makespan. The performance of the algorithm is discussed.     

预测信息披露与盈余管理

本文从信息披露的角度出发,通过一个委托-代理模型分析预测信息的披露与盈余管理的关系。我们的分析认为,由于我国上市公司管理层披露的预测信息在一定程度上减少了管理层与投资者间的信息不对称程度,且管理层故意错误地披露预测信息需要承担额外的成本。因此,在一定的条件下,管理层披露预测信息将有利于减少管理层盈余管理行为。相关的实证研究数据也证实了我们的结论。     

Development of simulation-based production execution system in a shipyard: a case study for a panel block assembly shop

The management of a panel block shop in a shipyard is a complex process that entails the largest amount of work and in which many decisions are involved. Shipbuilders have considered the process as a bottleneck since every panel for every ship must be processed through the shop. The objective of this research is to carry out a materials flow analysis to maximise process productivity and to place simulation optimisation technology in the hands of decision makers, such as production planners and supervisors. In this article, a production execution planning system is proposed for panel block operations utilising discrete-event simulation and simulated annealing. The simulation model was validated using a real production scenario and the comparison showed a very favourable agreement between the actual panel shop and the simulation model. The proposed system supports production planners by general dispatching rules and optimisation to make better scheduling decisions on the shop floor. The system will provide a complete schedule that is at least as clear and accurate as any schedule currently obtained.