Language ideologies and the consequences of standardization

This paper explores the effects of the standard language ideology on attitudes to language of nonlinguists and of language specialists, and considers how far linguists themselves have been affected by – and have contributed to – this ideology. The primary definition of standardization is taken to be the imposition of uniformity upon a class of objects . Attitudes to language within standard language cultures are then reviewed and contrasted with unstandardized situations, in which the boundaries of languages are indeterminate. It is therefore suggested that determinate languages, such as English, may be defined more by ideologies than by their internal structures. Some effects of standardization on the work of linguists are then reviewed. This is followed by a discussion of the importance of the process of legitimization in contributing to the standard language culture, and of the contribution of language specialists themselves to this process. Finally, certain matters arising are reviewed.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed
Wolfram, Walt and Schilling-Estes, Natalie. American English
Yamada, Haru. Different Games, Different Rules: Why Americans and Japanese Misunderstand Each Other .
Singh, Rajendra. Lectures against Sociolinguistics .
Harvey, Keith and Shalom, Celia (eds.). Language and Desire: Encoding Sex, Romance and Intimacy .     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed:
Susan Ehrlich, Representing Rape: Language and Sexual Consent
Deborah Cameron, Working with Spoken Discourse
Stefan Titscher, Michael Meyer, Ruth Wodak and Eva Vetter, Methods of Text and Discourse Analysis
Linda A. Wood and Rolf O. Kroger, Doing Discourse Analysis: Methods for Studying Action in Talk and Text
Srikant Sarangi and Celia Roberts (eds.), Talk, Work and Institutional Order: Discourse in Medical, Mediation and Management Settings
Ulrich Ammon (ed.), The Dominance of English as a Language of Science: Effects on Other Languages and Language Communities
Alexandra Jaffe, Ideologies in Action: Language Politics on Corsica
Niloofar Haeri, The Sociolinguistic Market of Cairo: Gender, Class and Education
Anita Y. K. Poon, Medium of Instruction in Hong Kong: Policy and Practice
Tariq Rahman, Language, Education and Culture
Dariusz Galasinski, The Language of Deception: A Discourse Analytical Study
Clifford Hill and Eric Larsen, Children and Reading Tests
Fern L. Johnson, Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States
Lucy Burke, Tony Crowley and Alan Girvin (eds.), The Routledge Language and Cultural Theory Reader     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed
Romaine, Suzanne. Communicating Gender
Chouliaraki, Lilie and Fairclough, Norman. Discourse in Late Modernity: Rethinking Critical Discourse Analysis
Fishman, Joshua A. (ed.). Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity
Kontra, Miklo´s; Phillipson, Robert; Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove and Va´rady, Tibor (eds.). Language: A Right and a Resource. Approaches to Linguistic Human Rights
Foulkes, Paul and Docherty, Gerard (eds.). Urban Voices. Accent Studies in the British Isles
Baron, Naomi S. Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved and Where It's Heading     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed: Stephen Whitehead and Roy Moodley (eds), Transforming Managers: Gendering Change in the Public Sector Julia O'Connell Davidson, Prostitution, Power and Freedom Su Maddock, Challenging Women Kathleen Weiler and Sue Middleton (eds), Telling Women's Lives Eileen Drew, Ruth Emerek and Evelyn Mahon, Women, Work and the Family in Europe Ian Proctor and Maureen Padfield, Young Adult Women, Work and Family     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed: Ann Brooks and Alison Mackinnon (eds.), Gender and the Restructured University Deborah Cameron, Good to Talk? Living and Working in a Communication Culture Jody Miller, One of the Guys: Girls, Gangs and Gender David D. Hall(ed.), Witch–hunting in Seventeenth–century New England: A Documentary History 1638–1693 Carla Freeman, High Tech and High Heels in the Global Economy: Women, Work, and Pink Collar Identities in the Caribbean     

Book Reviews

Rampton, Ben, Crossing: Language and Ethnicity among Adolescents
Drechsel, Emanuel J., Mobilian Jargon: Linguistic and Sociohistorical Aspects of a Native American Pidgin
Hensel, Chase, Telling Our Selves: Ethnicity and Discourse in Southwestern Alaska
Silverman, David, Discourses of Counselling: HIV Counselling as Social Interaction
Goebl, Hans; Nelde, Peter H.; Starý, Zdeněk and Wölck, Wolfgang (eds), Kontaktlinguistik, Contact Linguistics, Linguistique de contact
Baxter, Leslie A. and Montgomery, Barbara M., Relating: Dialogues and Dialectics
Lanstyák, István and Szabómihály, Gizella, Magyar nyelvhasználat – iskola – kétnyelvüség [Hungarian language use, schools and bilingualism]
Zentella, Ana Celia, Growing up Bilingual: Puerto Rican Children in New York
Fairclough, Norman, Media Discourse     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed: L.A. Reese and K.E. Lindenberg, Implementing Sexual Harassment Policy: Challenges for the Public Sector Workplace Amy Flowers, The Fantasy Factory: An Insider's View of the Phone Sex Industry Helinä Melkas and Richard Anker, Gender Equality and Occupational Segregation in Nordic Labour Markets John Denton, Organisational Learning and Effectiveness Carol Lee Bacchi, Women, Policy and Politics     

Book Reviews

Abstract

Project on Social History Curriculum. Peter N. Stearns and Linda W. Rosenzweig, eds., six volumes. Pittsburgh, Penn.: Carnegie-Mellon University, 1982, 1502 pp., 108 transparencies. Reviewed by Mildred Alpern.

Using Local History in the Classroom. Fay D. Metcalf and Matthew T. Downey. Nashville, Tennessee: The American Association for State and Local History, 1982, 284 pp. Reviewed by Gerald A. Danzer.     

Book Reviews

Critical appraisal of research studies forms a central role within the application and uptake of evidence‐based approaches within health and social care. While there are established checklists for evaluating quantitative research, this is not the case for qualitative research. This article outlines the process of developing an evaluative tool for qualitative studies, reflecting the uniqueness of the associated paradigm, and illustrates its use by reference to three qualitative research papers appraised within a systematic review of community‐based rehabilitation services. At its centre are concerns with the context of the study and the way the data are collected and analysed. Use of such an evaluative template opens the way for the quality of qualitative research to be judged in a systematic manner and for qualitative research to take its rightful place within debates over what works, where, when and how within health and social care policy and practice.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed
Jones, Mari C. Language Obsolescence and Revitalization. Linguistic Change in Two Sociolinguistically Contrasting Welsh Communities .
Savage-Rumbaugh, Sue; Shanker, Stuart and Taylor, Talbot. Apes, Language and the Human Mind .
Kurzon, Dennis. 1998. Discourse of Silence .
Blommaert, Jan and Verschueren, Jef. Debating Diversity: Analysing the Discourse of Tolerance .
Robertshaw, Paul. Summary Justice: Judges Address Juries .
Broderick, George. Language Death in the Isle of Man: An Investigation into the Decline and Extinction of Manx Gaelic as a Community Language in the Isle of Man .
Jenkins, Geraint H. (ed.). Language and Community in the Nineteenth Century: A Social History of the Welsh Language .
Czyz˙ewski, Marek; Kowalski, Sergiusz and Piotrowski, Andrzej (eds.). Rytualny chaos: Studium dyskursu publicznego .
Suleiman, Yasir (ed.). Language and Identity in the Middle East and North Africa .     

Book Reviews

This article does not have an abstract     

Book Reviews

Book reviews: Rosemary Crompton (ed), Restructuring Gender Relations and Employment: The Decline of the Male Breadwinner Susan Eisenberg, We’ll Call You If We Need You: Experiences of Women Working in Construction Fiona M. Wilson, Organizational Behaviour: A Critical Introduction Rohan Collier, Equality in Managing Service Delivery Joyce K. Fletcher, Disappearing Acts: Gender, Power and Relational Practice at Work Miriam Glucksmann, Cottons and Casuals : The Gendered Organisation of Labour in Time and Space     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed
Tannen, Deborah. The Argument Culture: Changing the Way We Argue and Debate .
Adger, Carolyn Temple; Christian, Donna; Taylor, Orlando (eds.) Making the Connection: Language and Academic Achievement among African American Students .
Shuy, Roger W. The Language of Confession, Interrogation, and Deception .
Hutchby, Ian and Wooffitt, Robin. Conversation Analysis .
Ainsworth-Vaughn, Nancy. Claiming Power in Doctor-Patient Talk .
Eco, Umberto. Serendipities: Language and Lunacy .
Beal, Joan. English Pronunciation in the Eighteenth Century: Thomas Spence's 'Grand Repository of the English Language' .
Habermas, Jürgen. On the Pragmatics of Communication .     

Book Reviews

Indonesia: the making of a culture. James J. Fox (ed.). 286pp, maps, figures, tables, bibliographies. (Vol. 1 in Indonesia: Australian Perspectives. James J. Fox, Ross Garnaut, Peter McCawley, J.A.C. Mackie (eds).) Canberra: Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University. 1980. $10.

Mekeo: inequality and ambivalence in a village society. Epeli Hau’ofa. x, 3 39pp., maps, figures, tables, plates, appendices, glossary, bibliography, index. Canberra: Australian National University Press. 1981. $19.50.

Tribal communities in rural areas. Elspeth Young, xxiii, 230pp., maps, figures, tables, bibliography. (The Aboriginal Component in the Australian Economy, no. 1.) Canberra: Development Studies Centre, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University. 1981. $9.

Women in India and Nepal. Michael Allen and S.N. Mukerjee (eds). xiii, 286pp., figures, bibliographies, index. Canberra: The Australian National University (Monographs on South Asia no. 8). 1982. $10.     

Book Reviews

Honey, John. Language is Power: The Story of Standard English and its Enemies .
Ó Snodaigh, Pádraig. Hidden Ulster: Protestants and the Irish Language .
Edwards, Derek. Discourse and Cognition .
Blaney, Roger. Presbyterians and the Irish Language .
Traill, Anthony. Extinct South African Languages Compact disk plus booklet
Kasper, Gabriele, and Kellerman, Eric (eds.). Communication Strategies: Psycholinguistic and Sociolinguistic Perspectives .     

Book Reviews

This article does not have an abstract     

Book Reviews

Shoshana Blum-Kulka. Dinner Talk: Cultural Patterns of Sociability and Socialization in Family Discourse .
Karin Aijmer. Conversational Routines in English: Convention and Creativity .
Laurel J. Brinton. Pragmatic Markers in English: Grammaticalization and Discourse Functions .
Gunther Kress. Before Writing: Rethinking the Paths to Literacy .
Martha C. Pennington. Phonology in English Language Teaching .     

Book Reviews

Gregory Guy, Crawford Feagin, Deborah Schiffrin and John Baugh (eds.). Towards a Social Science of Language: Papers in Honor of William Labov .
Anna Duszak. Culture and Styles of Academic Discourse .
Barbara Johnstone. The Linguistic Individual: Self-expression in Language and Linguistics .
Alessandro Duranti. Linguistic Anthropology . William A. Foley. Anthropological Linguistics: An Introduction .     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed:
Gunnel Tottie An Introduction to American English: A Resource Book for Students
Joan Cutting Pragmatics and Discourse
Peter Stockwell Sociolinguistics: A Resource Book for Students
Steven Clayman and John Heritage The News Interview: Journalists and Public Figures on Air