试论建立经济公益诉讼的必要性

本文界定了经济公益诉讼的概念,简述了经济公益诉讼的特征,分析了建立经济公益诉讼的依据,阐明了建立经济公益诉讼的必要性,提出了制定经济公益诉讼特别程序法的观点。     

80年代以来美国经济结构的调整

美国政府经过三次经济结构的调整,消除了巨额财政赤字,提高了美国经济的国际竞争力和综合国力,使美国经济走向了低通胀、低失业的高速经济增长轨道和跨入了新的经济时代——知识经济时代     

简析德国发动二战的经济因素

德国一战后经济遭到了巨大的破坏,经过英美的扶植和纵容,经济得到了恢复和发展,再次拥有了强大的经济实力。通过和苏联的贸易突破了经济封锁,使经济实力得到了进一步加强。又由于通货膨胀的影响为德国发动战争埋下了隐患;世界经济危机对德国的巨大冲击,使纳粹登上了历史舞台。希特勒在错误经济思想的指导下,采取种种措施,为备战发展经济,最终使国民经济完全转上了军事化道路,为再次发动世界大战作好了经济的准备。     

论经济微观结构演进的内在机制

经济组织与市场是经济运行的微观基础,经济组织的结构、市场的结构及经济组织与市场之间的相互关系构成了经济微观结构的主要内容。技术进步是经济微观结构演进的动力之源;社会分工和经济组织内部分工的发展及其相互影响,是经济微观结构演进的直接动力;技术、分工、交易费用、规模经济诸方面的相互作用,为经济微观结构不断演进提供了持续动力机制;上层建筑和意识形态决定了经济微观结构演进的路径特征。     

我国国外农业经济研究的发展道路及其有益探索——兼论国内农业改革

建国初期,国家综合经济领导部门都设有专门研究国外经济的部门,如国家计划委员会有世界经济研究局,国家统计局有世界经济统计处。1958年,它们和当时的中国科学院经济研究所的国外经济研究组,合并成立了经济研究所世界经济研究室。1964年,成立了世界经济研究所(即中国社会科学院世界经济与政治研究所的前身)。它的主要任务是为国家制定     

经济的文化化与文化的经济化

对经济与文化交融的理性研究,目前国内学术界开展得还不多。本文综合了经济人类学、马克思主义政治经济学及文化学等多学科视角,探讨了经济与文化交融的内在机制、衍进过程,揭示了经济的文化内涵和文化的经济属性。     

经济全球化与俄罗斯

经济全球化是形势所迫 ,大势所趋。俄罗斯作为一个经济大国 ,从某种意义上讲是被动卷入经济全球化浪潮的。 10年来 ,俄罗斯在融入经济全球化的进程中遇到了诸多制约因素。为此 ,俄罗斯政府在总结 2 0世纪 90年代经济改革的教训的基础上于 2 0 0 1年年初制定了“俄罗斯联邦政府长期社会经济政策基本方针”(10年规划 ) ,提出了一系列强国和振兴经济的措施 ,形成了俄罗斯在 2 1世纪初期的社会经济改革战略 ,以迎接和应对经济全球化的挑战     

创业型经济:改变经济增长逻辑的经济形态

创业型经济的诞生是新创成长型中小企业推动和既有企业特别是大企业内部创业推动的结果。作为一种社会经济形态,创业型经济表现为以创新为基础创业活动的全方位发展;作为一种经济运行方式,创业型经济实现了从微观到宏观有利创业的推进机制。创业型经济改变了经济增长的逻辑:一方面,促进了经济增长由单引擎推动向双引擎推动的转化;另一方面,使创业推动由单边推动转变为双边推动,增强了经济的推动力。     

经济全球经与中国的对外开放

本文探讨了经济全球化的特征及经济全球化与中国衽开放政策的关系。论文认为,经济全球化的发展趋势是２０世纪８０年代经济国际化不断发展到高级阶段的产物,当中国开始进行经济体制改革时,正是经济全球化的趋势变得明朗化的时期,经济全球化所具有的特征使世界经济的面貌发生了开翻地覆的变化,这就决定了中国从一开始就必须把开放与改革放在同等重要的地位,成为两项基本国策。论文还追寻了邓小平社会主义初级阶段理论及他的开放     

经济增长目标策略能否为高质量发展增效？

中国实践多年的经济增长目标策略能否与新时代的高质量发展“携手共进”？文章基于经济增长核算理论计算了高质量发展指标,利用地级市及以上城市面板数据系统分析此问题。研究表明,过高的经济目标不利于高质量发展,结论通过了内生性偏误等系列稳健性检验。异质性分析发现,中央发展理念的转变促进了高质量发展;经济目标过度偏离资源禀赋、以硬约束表述经济增长目标、“层层加码”过高的地区,强化了经济增长目标约束对高质量发展的阻碍效应。机制检验发现,经济增长目标约束以倒逼资源配置拉高经济增速至目标的方式阻碍了高质量发展。上述结论为新时代优化经济增长目标策略,进而为高质量发展提质增效提供了重要线索。     

Is Combat Pay Effective? Evidence from Operation Desert Storm*

Objective. To determine whether combat pay for U.S. Army officers has been adequate to maintain troop strength during wartime in the all‐volunteer military. Methods. Data from a panel survey of 3,800 officers collected one year prior to Operation Desert Storm and again during the Iraqi engagement are used. The primary economic indicator of work disutility—the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) or tradeoff of time for money—is estimated; and the MRS‐hourly pay relationship in both time periods is determined. Results. Combat pay was found to be generally adequate to offset increases in wartime disutility. Additional payment was required for male officers in only two branch groups, and these involved relatively small numbers of personnel compared to the larger Combat Arms branches. Conclusions. We find no evidence that a market‐oriented volunteer army could not maintain adequate troop strength during wartime, at least in environments similar to that of the early 1990s when these data were collected.     

Railroad Construction and Antebellum Slave Prices*

Slave prices rose rapidly to historic highs in the late‐antebellum South. The boom in railroad construction in the South helps explain this large increase in slave prices. The economic connection between railroads and slave prices reconciles the views of traditional economic historians who thought slavery was economically irrational and the views of the new economic historians who have concluded that slavery was highly profitable. It was the massive public subsidies to railroads that explain it was public policy that provided the stimulant to slave prices, not the “peculiar” culture of the antebellum South or the planter efficient management of slave labor.     

Adjustment Problems of Graziers' Families With Low Incomes in North-Western Queensland

Social and economic conditions of graziers in North-Western Queensland in the period 1968–1972 are surveyed. The majority of those surviving economic crisis due to drought and low wool prices had either financial losses or low incomes, and their debt position worsened. A combination of socio-economic conditions causes these low-income graziers to represent a potential source of an under-educated and un-employable younger generation. Instead of sporadic help and annual grants more attention should be paid to planning for growth centres, long-term finance, re-training and stabilization of primary industries by way of exploring new markets, modernizing the marketing system, and supporting the prices if needs be.     

A critical approach to wage devaluation: The case of Spanish economic recovery

In line with the orientation of EU economic policy, the Spanish government has favoured a strategy of internal devaluation as a way of adjusting price levels within the currency union. The results of empirical studies indicate that the internal devaluation applied in Spain does not seem to have attained the desired goals in terms of reducing the relative prices of exports and consolidating a model of growth based on external demand. Indeed, the estimates drawn up show that tailwinds – the depreciation of the euro and the fall in risk premium as results of the measures taken by the ECB, greater economic activity by trading partners and the fall in the price of oil – exercised a decisive influence in the trends followed by the prices of exports and the balance of trade during the period of crisis management in Spain.     

Stabilization policies in the Greek economy: Will they work?

This paper develops and estimates a short-run model for the interaction between money, output, prices, international reserves, and the exchange rate in a managed floating system in Greece. The framework presented, which is in the spirit of the monetary approach modified to allow for adjustment lags in output and prices incorporates a policy reaction function for domestic credit. The role of inflationary expectations is taken into account. The policy question addressed in the paper by means of the model is whether current economic policies are sustainable and whether stabilization measures leading to lower inflation and smaller fiscal deficits should be pursued.     

A small forecasting model of the world oil market

An annual, small-scale econometric model of the world oil market was developed to analyze oil market conditions and oil prices for the period 1986–1991. The model determines the oil price by a market-clearing condition, given world economic activity and the strategic supply behavior of the OPEC core countries. The effects of OPEC production cut in 1987 upon oil prices are evaluated, and alternative oil price profiles are provided. A simulation experiment suggests that if the OPEC core is pressed to defend the OPEC share in oil supply, then wide price swings may become inevitable.     

The evolving risks of the 21st century and their effective management

Risk management institutions can be reinvented in the 21st century in response to the changing nature of economic uncertainties and changing information technology. The COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on the economy provide an example of new kinds of uncertainties to be managed. National and international contracts should manage risks to claims on better-defined economic aggregates and prices of factors of human capital to make for better economic measurements and better risk management opportunities. The failures of international management of the COVID-19 pandemic, including failure to control the spread of misinformation, provide lessons for such new financial arrangements     

协和会与伪满政府关系述论--以协和会改组为核心展开

协和会是日本侵略者任意炮制并强加给中国民众,由关东军进行内部指导监督,与伪满傀儡政权并列的两件御用工具之一,是一个打着建国精神招牌,奴化和愚化原住民族思想的实践组织体.它同伪满政府是伪满洲国实行殖民统治的两大支柱.为了协调协和会与伪满政府间的关系,关东军对其进行多次改组.通过改组,协和会最后已发展成为根据日本殖民统治的需要,贯彻落实各项统治政策与掠夺政策的别动队组织,由单纯的"精神母体",变成全面参与殖民地政治、经济、文化、教育等诸方面统治的工具.     

Socioeconomic Differences in the Health of Black Union Army Soldiers

This paper investigates patterns of socioeconomic difference in the wartime morbidity and mortality of black Union Army soldiers. Among the factors that contributed to a lower probability of contracting and dying from diseases were (1) lighter skin color, (2) a non-field occupation, (3) residence on a large plantation, and (4) residence in a rural area prior to enlistment. Patterns of disease-specific mortality and timing of death suggest that the differences in the development of immunity against diseases and in nutritional status prior to enlistment were responsible for the observed socioeconomic differences in wartime health. For example, the advantages of light-skinned soldiers over dark-skinned and of enlisted men formerly engaged in non-field occupations over field hands resulted from differences in nutritional status. The lower wartime mortality of ex-slaves from large plantations can be explained by their better-developed immunity as well as superior nutritional status. The results of this paper suggest that there were substantial disparities in the health of the slave population on the eve of the Civil War.