北京奥运的金牌期待分析

本文从"夺取奖牌"、"关注奥运"和"奥林匹克精神"三个方面探讨了北京市民的奥运金牌期待。年龄、学历、收入、职业和户籍等五个因素对不同人群的奥运金牌期待有显著影响。最后,作者从爱国主义、生活场域及人际沟通等三个方面对不同群体的奥运金牌期待特点作出了解释。     

奥运的社会参与研究

本文认为市民的广泛参与是成功举办2008年北京奥运会的坚实基础。通过数据分析与资料的梳理,作者发现:北京市民眼里的奥运会是一场"欢乐的盛会";赛场与家是他们观看奥运赛事的首选场所;市民在奥运参与方式上表现出了以传者为主导、非正式性与消遣性的特点。最后,作者建议以奥运的社会参与为契机培养中国公民的公共参与精神。     

沟通的桥梁—非营利的北京奥运经济研究会

20 0 8年奥运会要动员组织全民参与 ,特别是第三部门在其中扮演重要角色。第三部门发展程度如何 ,是评价一个社会成熟度的重要内容。北京奥运经济研究会作为第三部门中的非营利组织 ,其作用一是为社会提供合格的产品与服务 ,包括研究对策、咨询服务等内容 ;二是沟通政府与市民的桥梁。     

Why do richer democracies survive?—The non-effect of unconventional political participation

Since Seymour Lipset's (1959) seminal article on the social prerequisites of democracy, many scholars have found a strong empirical correlation between increases in per capita income and democracy. Given this strong connection however, an important gap in the literature remains—what are the pathways linking wealth and democracy? This paper attempts to establish the validity of one of the possible paths by testing the three-fold relationship between per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP), unconventional political participation and democratic consolidation. Despite finding a strong positive correlation between per capita GDP and the consolidation of democracy, this research reveals that unconventional political participation is not mediating this effect.     

The Right Side of the Tracks: Affluent Neighborhoods in the Metropolitan United States*

Objectives. We describe the geography, population composition, and housing stock of extremely affluent neighborhoods and evaluate the extent to which conclusions about these neighborhoods differ across definitions of affluence. Methods. Using Census 2000 data on tracts in the 100 largest U.S. metropolitan areas, we compare neighborhoods at the very top of the income distribution (highest 2 percent) to their counterparts in lower‐income categories. The distributions for median household income, median family income, per‐capita income, and the household income ratio allow us to define affluence in alternative ways. Results. Contrary to past findings, rich neighborhoods are no longer concentrated in the Northeast, and they exhibit substantial proportions of foreign‐born and Asian residents and average labor force participation rates. Other of their characteristics (e.g., educational level, professional‐managerial employment, housing size and value) seem more predictable. Although certain results vary depending on how affluence is defined, the majority do not. Conclusion. Our analysis lays an empirical foundation for future work on affluent neighborhoods, which have received scant research attention. It also makes a conceptual contribution, demonstrating that such neighborhoods stand out irrespective of the definitional approach taken.     

Income and Power Inequality as Determinants of Environmental and Health Outcomes: Some Findings*

Objective. The article corrects for two main shortcomings in conventional economic analyses of environmental change. First is the overemphasis placed on income growth, and general disregard for other socioeconomic factors. Second is economists' often oversimplified view of the environment, where distinctions between environmental necessities such as potable water and so‐called environmental luxuries are ignored. I test for the effectiveness of power inequality in explaining access to sanitation and safe water as well as their health consequences. Methods. I develop a two‐stage model seeking first to explain changes in the environmental variables and then population health. I employ ordinary least squares regressions on international cross‐sectional data. Results. Some dimensions of power inequality outperform per‐capita income as possible determinants of population health. Neither power inequality nor income is clearly superior at explaining environmental quality. Conclusion. The study casts further doubt on the importance of per‐capita income in explaining environmental and health outcomes.     

Reexamining the Economic Costs of Marital Disruption for Women

Objective . Changes in labor force participation and returns may have lessened divorce's traditionally severe economic consequences for women. Method . We use recent data from the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) to analyze the economic well-being of women whose marriages ended between the first and second waves of data collection. Results . Comparing pre- and postmarital median per capita income shows that marital disruption now has much more modest economic consequences for women than in years gone by. A multivariate analysis suggests that their higher postdivorce incomes can be primarily attributed to labor force participation and human capital. Conclusions . These findings suggest better life chances for divorcèes and their children.     

北京奥运会与和谐伦理精神

奥运会包含了强烈的生命伦理精神与社会伦理精神。2008年北京奥运会从人与人、人与社会、人与自然角度,对奥运会进行了新理解,是奥运会理念发展的新阶段,充分彰显了和谐的时代意义。从整体来看,北京奥运会突出了人与自然的和谐;突出了人与社会的和谐;突出了人与自我的和谐。在当前,要以北京奥运会为契机,弘扬和谐精神,推进社会与人的发展。     

人文奥运与奥林匹克的赛场文化

20 0 8年在北京举办奥运会 ,那时将使全世界人民的目光焦点对准北京。奥林匹克的赛场文化一直是奥林匹克的重要组成部分。现代人所要求的社会性格和现代体育 ,特别是现代竞技体育所提倡的观念是一致的。奥林匹克赛场就是这样吸引着全世界不同种族、不同肤色、不同制度、不同信仰、不同贫富的人纷纷涌向它。     

The impacts of housing factors on deprivation in a world city: The case of Hong Kong

Hong Kong is a typical example of a world city that faces escalating poverty and housing problems. Problems related to housing are crucial in determining deprivation. By means of hierarchical linear regression on a representative survey of Hong Kong residents in 2014, this study examines the impacts of household income and housing factors on the deprivation of residents in Hong Kong. The study indicates that income level has a crucial effect on the deprivation level of households; whereas housing cost per capita, living area per capita, and living quarter problems significantly influence deprivation. A small interacting effect exists between household income and housing factors, which do not influence the independent effects of living area per capita and living quarter problems on deprivation. For the public rental housing residents, only the effect of living quarter problem on deprivation is significant, whereas for private rental housing residents, living area per capita and living quarter problem have a significant effect. Among all the models, housing expense per capita is a significant factor only in model for overcrowded households. The study recommends that improving the maintenance and renovation schemes for public and private housing with poor living environment is a good strategy to improve housing conditions and deprivation. The study suggests that anti‐poverty policies must consider strategies and measures that can improve the housing factors, including housing expenses, living density and living quarter maintenance problems, especially for those residents with high living density, such as those living in bed spaces, cubicles, and subdivided flats.     

2008年北京奥运会建设的安全防灾问题研究——兼议公众奥运安全文化教育的思路

20 0 8年的北京奥运会要“举办成为一届历史上最出色的奥运会”。据此 ,本文从北京奥运场馆规划战略的可持续发展要素中的安全问题入手 ,论证了安全减灾是实现“一流奥运”的重要保障条件 ,并从综合减灾的多侧面研究了“安全奥运”观指导下的规划管理思路     

Global Economy and Gender Inequalities: The Case of the Urban Chinese Labor Market*

Objectives. This article examines the effects of economic globalization on gender inequalities in urban China. It argues that the significance of economic globalization on gender inequality depends on its impact on job queues in the labor market of a country. Methods. Using both individual‐ and city‐level data, and a series of multilevel linear and logistic models, we analyze the effects of three city‐level variables on the gender gap in income: foreign direct investment (FDI) per capita, growth rate of FDI, and opening up to overseas investment early on. We also examine gender differences in employment in high‐paying foreign‐invested firms, and in lower‐paying export‐oriented manufacturing. Results. We find no variation in gender gap in income among cities of varying levels of FDI, growth rates of FDI, or whether they were among the earliest to open up to international investment. Women are more likely to be employed in export‐oriented manufacturing industries that offer lower wages and are less likely to work in high‐paying foreign firms and joint ventures. Conclusions. These results suggest that economic globalization profoundly influences gender inequalities by changing the nature of job queues, and men and women are sorted and matched into jobs accordingly. Economic globalization contributed to and perpetuated a gendered distribution of male and female workers in the Chinese urban labor market in the late 1990s.     

现代奥运会对举办城市公共游憩空间扩展影响的研究述评——兼论对2008年北京奥运会的借鉴意义

本文述评了国内外对现代奥运会的举办城市公共游憩空间扩展影响的研究,以“奥运设施更重要的功用是奥运会后服务于公众的公共游憩空间”这个观点为主线,探讨了对2008年北京奥运会的借鉴意义。     

Another legacy of the COVID-19 pandemic: Income divergence

The uneven economic recovery from the pandemic-induced global recession of 2020 is expected to disrupt a multi-decade trend of per capita income convergence between advanced and emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs). This stands in contrast to the global recession following the global financial crisis. Should downside risks to the global recovery, in particular financial market stress, materialize, they are likely to set back growth in EMDEs more than in advanced economies in part because of the more limited policy space remaining in EMDEs, and would further widen per capita income divergence.     

居民收入倍增目标探析

胡锦涛同志在党的十八大报告中提出,到2020年,城乡居民人均收入比2010年翻一番。也就是说,全国居民收入,2020年比2010年增加一倍,即实现居民收入倍增目标。这个目标体现了科学发展观的根本要求,是转变发展方式的需要,是经济发展的根本动力。实现居民收入倍增目标,存在许多困难,必须采取相应对策。     

The impact of adult and non-adult mortality on development: Two centuries evidence from a panel of industrial countries

This study examines the effects of adult and non-adult mortality on the long-run level of income in a heterogeneous dynamic and cross-sectionally dependent panel. Employing data for 20 countries between 1800 and 2010, it is found that (i) while non-adult mortality has no long-run effect on GDP per capita, reductions in adult mortality lead to statistically and economically significant increases in the long-run level of per capita income; (ii) there are no significant differences in the long-run effects of adult mortality and non-adult mortality on GDP per capita before and after the onset of the demographic transition; and (iii) mortality in middle adulthood has the greatest impact on economic development, whereas early adulthood mortality and mortality in later adulthood have little to no impact on the long-run level of per capita income.     

论奥运科技如何产业化

2008年北京奥运会是一场竞技体育的盛会,也是一场高新科技的展示会。将奥运科技产业化是奥运会后开发利用奥运财富的重要内容。本文在对奥运科技进行分类综述的基础上,提出了奥运科技产业化潜力的识别指标体系,以及奥运科技产业化或推广应用的体制、方式和模式,并就奥运科技如何产业化提出了具体的建议。     

人文奥运的思想渊源及影响

“人文奥运” ,从人文的视角审视奥林匹克运动的发展 ,既涉及体育伦理的理念 ,也涉及经济全球化中的文化问题。人文奥运拓展了蕴含在奥林匹克运动中人文思想的适用范围 ,从社会更广阔的层面上提出了人文的问题。人文奥运突破了奥林匹克运动人文理念的适用范围 ,在人文内涵上有所丰富和发展。奥林匹克运动虽然从一开始就包含着人文思想 ,然而自觉地从人文的视角审视奥林匹克运动的发展 ,当属中国北京     

Food Assistance Programs and Outcomes in the Context of Welfare Reform*

Objective. Food assistance programs play an important role in meeting the basic needs of low‐income households. We consider how the Food Stamp Program (FSP), labor force participation, and food insecurity status affect outcomes of low‐income households under different program designs and economic conditions. Methods. Data from the Survey of Program Dynamics allow estimation of the effects of participation in FSP, labor market participation, and food insecurity on each other. To obtain estimates of behavioral relationships, we apply a simultaneous equation model and make a set of plausible assumptions about identification to implement the instrumental variable estimation. Results. Food insecurity has a positive effect on FSP participation, while labor force participation reduces FSP participation. Furthermore, FSP participation is more responsive to changes in the amount of program benefits than to changes in nonlabor income. Labor force participation has no direct effect on food insecurity; although not statistically significant, the effect of FSP participation on food insecurity is positive. A higher wage rate decreases FSP participation and increases participation in the labor force. Conclusion. The structural approach, which relies on particular identifying assumptions, allows us to explicity examine linkages among food program participation, labor force participation, and well‐being, measured in terms of food insecurity. The results provide evidence that among low‐income households, program parameters affect FSP participation, but no evidence that the food assistance reduces food insecurity.     

北京2008年奥运会三大主题探析

本文对北京 2 0 0 8年奥运会的绿色奥运、科技奥运、人文奥运三大主题进行了初步研究 ,结果表明 :为人类文明的发展做出重大贡献的奥林匹克运动 ,正面临着新的机遇和挑战 ,北京 2 0 0 8年奥运会的三大主题 ,将为奥林匹克运动翻开崭新的一页 ,也将为中国社会的发展注入新的活力。