生产性企业组织学习最优控制模型及其理论分析

运用最优控制理论研究生产性企业组织学习活动的动态最优决策问题.以企业的概念性学习投资率和操作性学习投资率为决策变量,累积知识量、生产率、单位成本和废品率等为状态变量,计划期内的总利润为指标函数,建立了一个最优控制模型,其特点在于规范地描绘概念性学习和操作性学习对企业累积知识量、生产率、单位成本、质量以及企业利润的动态影响.根据生产性企业组织学习和生产经营的实际情况,提出了一些定量化表达的假设和定义.在假设和定义的基础上利用最大值原理分析了所建立的模型,获得了关于动态最优概念性学习投资策略和操作性学习投资策略性质的一些结论,将这些结论与实际问题相结合,指出了在生产性企业组织学习实践上的含义.     

组织学习和学习型组织：概念、能力模型、测量及对绩效的影响

本文首先论述了组织学习模型的不断改进过程．阐明了新近提出的组织学习和学习型组织的定义和模型。然后基于此模型,建立了组织学习能力的操作性定义,开发了组织学习能力测量问卷（OLCQ：Organizational Learning Capability Questionnaire）。采用223个企业样本数据进行了统计检验。表明所建立的组织学习能力的测量模型具有良好的信度和效度．并发现组织学习能力与组织绩效之间具有显著的正相关关系。希望这一研究为今后组织学习和学习型组织的进一步研究建立了一定的基础．     

政府生产性补贴是否促进了中国企业出口?——基于制造业企业面板数据的微观计量分析

为分析生产性补贴是否对中国企业出口行为具有正向促进作用,本文选取2003~2007年中国制造业企业58649个样本企业的微观面板数据,首先采用Logit模型、FractionalLogit模型初步分析生产性补贴与企业出口行为之间的相关关系。然后,基于二者之间的相关分析结果,本文进一步使用"倾向指数匹配方法"(PSM)分析生产性补贴与企业出口行为之间的因果关系。研究发现:生产性补贴与企业出口行为之间不仅存在显著的正相关关系,而且还存在着显著的单向因果关系,即生产性补贴既是促使潜在出口企业做出出口决策、也是促使在位出口企业提升出口密集度的原因,总体而言,生产性补贴确实对中国制造业企业的出口行为产生了正向促进作用。最后,本文提出了以促进企业出口为目标的政府补贴政策实施建议。     

考虑社会学习及成本学习的新体验品定价

考虑具有成本学习的垄断企业在两阶段内销售一种新体验品，消费者通过在线评论学习产品质量信息.为研究企业定价与消费者策略互动，以及社会学习和成本学习的相互作用关系，构建了一个两阶段生产销售模型，运用理性预期均衡理论，对承诺定价和动态定价两种策略进行分析和比较.研究表明，仅当消费者策略性强且成本学习率较低时，承诺定价占优.更显著的社会学习和成本学习虽加剧了消费者的策略性等待，但仍然导致更高的企业利润.此外，对于企业盈利能力，两种学习效应之间的关系取决于评论活跃度、成本学习率和消费者策略性水平：替代关系仅发生在评论活跃度和成本学习率较低且消费者策略性较强时，否则二者表现互补关系.     

组织学习影响因素、学习能力与绩效关系的实证研究

回顾了国内外关于组织学习理论及组织学习与绩效关系方面的研究成果,基于中国201家企业调查数据,对采用定性方法提出的组织学习过程模型(6P-1B模型)进行了定量的实证研究.结果表明:6P-1B模型提出的7个方面的组织学习能力与组织绩效有紧密的正相关关系;各组织学习能力的机理要素与各组织学习能力之间有紧密的正相关关系;企业所感知的外界环境的变化程度不同、员工之间的目标正相关程度不同,使得企业在组织学习的机理要素方面的表现存在显著差异.这些研究结果对6P-1B模型的理论逻辑提供了一定的统计检验的支持,同时也给管理者提供了一些关于如何提高组织学习能力的方法和启示.     

创业网络、创业学习与新创企业成长

创业学习是新创企业成长的重要手段。尽管创业网络蕴含了大量可供新创企业学习的知识资源,然而少有研究对创业网络、创业学习与新创企业成长绩效之间的作用机制进行探索。本文整合社会资本理论与组织学习理论,构建了创业网络、创业学习与新创企业成长绩效关系的理论模型,并通过层次回归模型和结构方程模型对理论假设进行了实证检验。结果表明,探索式学习与利用式学习对成长绩效有正向影响;正式网络与非正式网络对成长绩效有正向影响;创业学习对创业网络与成长绩效之间的关系起中介作用。研究结论对社会资本理论与组织双元理论有重要贡献,对挖掘创业网络的学习价值并实现新创企业双元发展有重要启示。     

带学习效应的双渠道供应链库存策略研究

针对具有学习行为的双渠道供应链问题,本文研究了两种分销渠道并存下的最优库存策略。有限计划期内,分销商通过传统销售和在线销售来满足下游顾客的需求。两种分销渠道下的销售单价为时变不减线性函数,当系统中各周期的生产订购固定成本以一定的概率具有学习效应行为时,分别建立了非变质产品生产存贮问题的混合整数约束优化模型以及易变质产品存贮问题的无约束混合整数优化模型,所建立模型的目标为极大化分销商总利润函数。对于这两类模型,通过分析其最优解的性质,利用将生产订购次数松弛为连续变量的技巧证明了最优解存在的唯一性。给出了最优策略的求解方法并比较了两类模型最优利润函数值的大小。最后通过数值算例对上述模型进行了验证,数值结果表明当供应链系统中存在学习效应行为时,该系统能够获得更多的利润。     

含学习效应技术采纳时间的优化模型及模拟

针对企业技术采纳时间决策的问题,考虑企业内部学习效应和外部技术演进对企业技术采纳时间的影响,并重点考虑学习效应因素,建立了一个含学习效应技术采纳时间的优化模型;给出了企业技术采纳最优时间的决策准则;分析了企业最优技术采纳时间与固定采纳成本、市场容量、学习效率、外部技术进步率和需求弹性等因素之间的关系;模型模拟验证了模型的有效性和采纳决策准则的合理性.     

组织学习、社会资本与公司创业——江苏与广东新兴企业的实证研究

在总结国内外学者有关组织学习、社会资本和公司创业研究的基础上,概括了它们之间相互关系的6个代表性模型,并通过江苏和广东两省的676家新兴企业的问卷调查数据进行了验证.结果表明,组织学习、社会资本和公司创业相互促进,但这些相互促进关系在新兴企业发展的不同阶段发挥不同的作用.在早期企业比较侧重于利用式学习、强关系和渐进式公司创业之间的促进关系;而在中期企业则倾向于在原有促进关系的基础上尝试探索式学习、弱关系和激进式公司创业;经过不断地调整,在后期各种因素之间的相互促进关系逐渐清晰和明显,并达到平衡.     

失败学习与企业绩效:组织韧性与环境动态性的作用

作为一种新型动态能力,组织韧性能够提升企业适应性、增强企业活力和获取可持续竞争优势。本文旨在探讨失败学习驱动企业绩效的新途径,实证检验环境动态性条件下失败学习、组织韧性与企业绩效之间的关系。得出结论:单环失败学习和双环失败学习能够有效提升企业绩效;反弹恢复在单环失败学习与企业绩效之间起中介作用,反超改进在双环失败学习与企业绩效之间起中介作用;环境动态性不仅强化了单环失败学习和企业绩效之间的关系,而且促进了双环失败学习和企业绩效之间的关系。研究结论揭示了失败学习驱动企业绩效的中介机制和情境条件,为经济转型背景下企业生存和发展提供了启示。     

企业文化、组织学习、创新管理对组织创新能力影响的实证研究

通过文献探讨构建理论模型,运用江苏省103家的有效问卷调查数据,研究企业文化与组织学习对组织创新能力累计是否具有影响力,并以创新管理作为条件变量导入上述因果模式中,验证其对原有影响力是否有增强效果。研究表明,企业文化与组织学习均与创新能力显著正相关,而创新管理与创新能力微弱相关;在企业文化与创新能力关系中,导入创新管理3层面后,对原有影响力有增强作用;在组织学习与创新能力关系中,加入创新管理3层面后,对原有影响力有减弱作用。     

Critical Aspects of Organizational Learning Research and Proposals for Its Measurement

Based on an extensive literature review, this paper reveals several gaps in organizational learning (OL) research that need filling before we can really talk about a theory of organizational learning or verify the traits and very existence of learning organizations (LO) as a phenomenon. The critique, however, is not targeted at any single model or theory of organizational learning, but at theory building, which constantly drifts away with new definitions and approaches that break up rather than construct a theory. Despite the fact that numerous consultation tools for turning organizations into learning models have been developed and applied, the concept of organizational learning itself still remains vague and there is an urgent need for a holistic model of OL. Too much emphasis is put on studying the learning of individuals instead of concentrating on the learning of organizations. Since the theory is highly dispersed and does not really build on earlier findings, rich empirical studies are needed in order to validate measures of organizational learning. Modelling of the organizational learning process and clarification of how learning of individuals is turned into learning of organizations is needed. This paper introduces one set of OL measures developed to study whether organizational learning occurred during the operational and business culture change process of a single case company. Suggestions for further OL research are made on the basis of experiences gained when empirically testing this model.     

高绩效工作系统、组织学习能力与企业绩效的关系研究

以往对组织学习能力进行研究的较多,但同时涉及前因及后果变量,从系统的角度对其进行的研究相对较少。本研究导入系统的观点,建立起以高绩效工作系统为前因变量,以企业绩效为结果变量的研究模型;对782个中国企业样本的实证研究结果表明,组织学习能力在高绩效工作系统和企业绩效之间起部分中介作用。本研究为高绩效工作系统以及组织学习能力的相关理论研究提供了新的视角,提示企业应与现代管理方式接轨,注重组织学习能力与各项人力资源管理实践相互协同的作用。     

Vehicle Procurement Policy for Humanitarian Development Programs

This article aims to identify optimal vehicle procurement policies for organizations engaged in humanitarian development programs and to derive general insights on the characteristics of these policies. Toward that end, we follow an inductive approach. First, we study the operations of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in three representative countries: Sudan, Afghanistan, and Ethiopia. Using a linear programming (LP) model primed with field data provided by the ICRC, we calculate the optimal vehicle fleet size and compare it with the policies actually implemented. Second, drawing from results of the LP model, we develop a stylized quadratic control model and use it to characterize the general structure of the optimal policy under different demand scenarios and operational constraints. After demonstrating that the results of the control model are consistent with those of the LP model in the specific context analyzed, we discuss the optimal policies and the applicability of the former as a practical tool for strategic asset planning.     

Supply Chain Learning and Spillovers in Vendor Managed Inventory

Despite extensive literature on the value of supply chain collaboration programs, little research has examined the issue from the perspective of organizational learning. Using a unique, operational level dataset, we empirically examine the learning curves through which performance improvements are realized under vendor managed inventory (VMI). Performance is measured at the downstream distributor locations by examining inventory levels after controlling for customer service performance (stockouts). We identify and assess three sources of learning: a supply chain dyad's self‐learning, learning spillovers from electronic data interchange (EDI), and learning spillovers from other supply chain dyads. We find that self‐learning, learning spillovers from EDI, and learning spillovers from other supply chain dyads, all have positive and significant impacts on a distributor's inventory performance. In addition, we find that self‐learning may exhibit a U‐shaped learning curve (i.e., performance first improves and then plateaus or declines). These findings suggest that the various learning experiences with VMI and EDI can lead to improved performance over time, but the path to improvement may be complex.     

Pricing Strategies under Behavioral Observational Learning in Social Networks

The increasing pervasiveness of social networks allows users to share purchase behaviors with their online friends. In this study, we examine optimal pricing strategies of a monopolistic firm using an analytical model that accounts for behavioral observational learning in social networks. We show that a seller could potentially control the information available to future customers and induce behavioral observational learning, using an information‐revealing pricing strategy. This result suggests that offering introductory discounts is not always an effective method to boost purchases in social networks. It could prevent the behavioral observational learning that would increase future customers' willingness to pay.     

AN ECONOMIC PRODUCTION QUANTITY MODEL WITH LEARNING AND FORGETTING CONSIDERATIONS

The focus of this work is on the effects of learning on economic production quantity in batch production systems. We assumed that both unit variable manufacturing time and setup time follow a learning curve. We modified the classical Economic Production Quantity model to incorporate these two types of learning phenomena. We also incorporated the forgetting effect in our model so that a fraction of the learning is lost between consecutive lots. We developed a dynamic program to obtain the optimal solution to the problem. We investigated the nonincreasing lot size property and used it to improve the efficiency of our dynamic program. We consider a special case of the model in which all lot sizes are assumed equal. After theoretical treatment, we carried out a computational study of the effect of assuming equal lot sizes on the optimal solutions. The results of our examples strongly indicate that the assumption of equal lot sizes not only simplifies the determination of the optimal solutions, but also provides close approximations to the optimal solutions.