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1.
Brad Lowell Stone 《The American Sociologist》2008,39(1):68-85
Orthodox neo-Darwinians have typically sought to explain human pro-social behavior by invoking kin altruism and reciprocal
altruism, principles that explain the pro-social behavior of non-human species. These principles, however, do not account
for those features of our species that are most unique and of greatest importance to sociologists—our group identities and
behavior, our cognitive and behavioral plasticity, our capacity for social learning and cumulative culture, among other things.
This article describes the efforts of “dual inheritance” theorists to overcome the deficiencies of orthodox neo-Darwinism
by developing an evolutionary theory of culture, a theory that also seeks to account for human “groupishness,” intelligence,
language use, empathy, morality and religion. The article asserts that dual inheritance theory accommodates most of the traditional
research interests of sociologists while proving a robust explanatory framework and that sociologists are positioned especially
well to contribute to the study of the evolution of culture. 相似文献
2.
Makoto Hogetsu 《The American Sociologist》2000,31(3):5-14
This article discusses the characteristics, problems, and future direction of sociology in Japan. The core problem of the
discipline is the disparity between theories and empirical studies. That is, sociologists in Japan are not yet accustomed
to the practice of integrating both conceptual inquiry and empirical methods—which has resulted in futile research that is
unable to influence social policies. This article explores this problem by surveying historical and institutional circumstances
that have surrounded sociologists since the founding of the discipline. The issues discussed include: the birth of the discipline,
the rule of the academy by prominent universities, the system of funding, and the practice of recruitment. By suggesting problems
that should be dealt with by today’s sociologists, the article indicates the road that sociologists must follow to rise above
their “TV commentator” image and take on more influential social roles as professional experts. 相似文献
3.
Lisa Stampnitzky 《Qualitative sociology》2011,34(1):1-19
“Terrorism” has proved to be a highly problematic object of expertise. Terrorism studies fails to conform to the most common
sociological notions of what a field of intellectual production ought to look like, and has been described by participants
and observers alike as a failure. Yet the study of terrorism is a booming field, whether measured in terms of funding, publications,
or numbers of aspiring experts. This paper aims to explain, first, the disjuncture between terrorism studies in practice and
the sociological literature on fields of intellectual production, and, second, the reasons for experts’ “rhetoric of failure”
about their field. I suggest that terrorism studies, rather than conforming to the notion of an ideal-typical profession,
discipline, or bounded “intellectual field,” instead represents an interstitial space of knowledge production. I further argue
that the “rhetoric of failure” can be understood as a strategy through which terrorism researchers mobilize sociological theories
of scientific/cultural fields as both an interpretive resource in their attempts to make sense of the apparent oddness of
their field and their situation, and as schemas, or models, in their attempts to reshape the field. I conclude that sociologists
ought to expand our vision to incorporate the many arenas of expertise that occupy interstitial spaces, moving and travelling
between multiple fields. 相似文献
4.
Marcel Fournier 《The American Sociologist》2002,33(1):42-54
Quebec sociology and Quebec society are categorically distinct from other sociologies and countries. Both are “communities,”
both have French-speaking majorities, and both exist in Anglo-Saxon environments. As well, Quebec sociology has always been
and continues to be obsessed by the national question. Interpretations proposed by sociologists—predominantly French-speaking—of
and about the Quebec Question have never been independent of the struggles in which they have taken place. In fact, sociological
readings of nationalism in Quebec appear to be a direct consequence of their social position and relationship with political
power. Through the prism of sociology, the French-speaking collectivity in Canada has been, successively and simultaneously,
characterized through categories of race, ethnic group, society, and nation. 2
This article presents five ways in which sociologists have represented Quebec society. First, the Pioneers: Léon Gérin and
Marius Barbeau, or the Quebec “Difference” as a handicap. Second, the characterization of Quebec through race, territory,
and soul. Third provides the external perspectives of Miner and Hughes. Fourth will examine the Laval (Quebec) School. Finally,
this article will examine Quebec Society as either an ethnic or civic nation. Each theme has been set chronologically in specific
periods of Quebec sociology: the Pioneers (Part 1 and 2, before 1940); the institutionalization of academic sociology (Part
3 and 4, 1940-1969); and the “nationalization” and professionalization of sociology (Part 5, 1970 to the present). 相似文献
5.
Johanna Foster 《Sociological Forum》1996,11(3):523-547
Despite the many angles from which the biological phenomenon now known as “the menstrual cycle” has been addressed, no work
explicitly focuses on how social groups actually draw lines around and mentally partition these complex biological processes
into discrete temporal units. This paper examines not the meaning of “the menstrual cycle,” per se, but hegemonic Western
culture's intersubjective notions of how to carve up this inherently unstructured phenomenon in the first place. Although
sociologists of cognition have still to consider this sociomental structuring of “the menstrual cycle” as a case of mental
cartography, and sociologists of time have still to consider “menstrual time” as a case of sociotemporality, I conclude that
the mental mapping out of what constitutes the elements of this rhythm is a highly social act with serious implications for
women's lives. 相似文献
6.
Michael DeCesare 《The American Sociologist》2006,37(1):51-67
Since academic sociology’s birth in this country, sociologists have not been shy about publicly praising and ridiculing the
discipline. Though sociologists have been the primary participants in the seemingly endless debates about sociology’s proper
subject matter, methods, and purpose, there is another group that has also struggled over the past 95 years to formulate a
conception of the discipline—high school sociology teachers. At this point, we know virtually nothing about what the thousands
of high school teachers who offer sociology each year, actually think about the discipline. This paper uses questionnaire
and interview data collected from high school sociology teachers to examine their thoughts on four topics: (1) sociology’s
strengths, (2) its weaknesses, (3) whether high school students are capable of understanding the discipline, and (4) appropriate
course objectives. The results indicate that high school teachers view sociology quite differently from academic sociologists,
and that their conceptions are based primarily on “textbook sociology.” I conclude by discussing the far-reaching implications
of teachers’ current thinking about the discipline.
I wish to thank Larry nichols for offering helpful comments on an earliar draft of this paper. 相似文献
7.
Jack Niemonen 《The American Sociologist》2010,41(1):48-81
This paper identifies the common themes in 245-plus refereed articles on whiteness studies that were published in academic
journals after 1992 in an attempt to assess the implications of whiteness studies for the discipline of sociology. Of special
interest is the relationship between whiteness studies and Michael Burawoy’s call for public sociology. I argue that the emerging
field of whiteness studies identifies itself as a public sociology that is infused by the moral vision of critical sociology.
Nevertheless, the field does not accept professional sociology as Burawoy defined it. The ontological, epistemological, and
soteriological foundations of whiteness studies encourage the field to pander to one segment of the public—the marginalized—and
condemn another segment of the public—“privileged whites,” thus rendering impossible a democratic dialogue on one of the most
basic social issues of our time. Conflating Western epistemology with whiteness encourages a misreading of American social
scientific work on race relations, thus opening the door to a so-called hermeneutics of suspicion. The result is not an innocuous
“pop” sociology, but a partisan sociology, whose implications should caution sociologists against an uncritical embracing
of public sociology. 相似文献
8.
Joel Best 《The American Sociologist》2001,32(4):5-22
The journalist Tom Wolfe draws heavily upon sociology in his works, yet sociologists have largely ignored his writings. This
article argues that Wolfe’s journalism presents a coherent vision of contemporary society which emphasizes the importance
of what has become a neglected sociological concept—status. Wolfe argues that economic expansion after World War II fostered
the emergence of new “statusspheres,” and encouraged status competition. Wolfe treats issues of religion, character, and politics
within the framework of status. His work should remind sociologists of the importance of status and the role of irony as a
stance for sociological analysis.
The author thanks Anne Bowler, Kathleen Lowney, and Lawrence T. Nichols for their helpful comments on an earlier draft of
this paper. 相似文献
9.
Many sociologists have suggested that the dominant paradigm in sociology ignores the environment, which accounts for the fact
that environmental sociology is poorly represented in sociology’s mainstream journals. The purpose of this article is to test
this assumption empirically by examining the coverage of environmental sociology in nine mainstream sociology journals from
1969 through 1994. The nine journals are separated into two tiers, representing higher and lower prestige journals. Each environmental
article is categorized by its area (attitudes and behaviors, environmental movement, political economy, risk, and “new human
ecology”) and whether it involves “sociology of the environmental issues” (the application of standard sociological perspectives
to environmental issues) or “core environmental sociology” (the examination of societal-environmental relationships). We find
that less than two percent of all articles published in the sampled journals in the twenty-five-year period of study were
environmental, and that the higher tier journals were less likely to publish environmental articles than were the lower tier
journals. Environmental articles were more likely to be part of “core environmental sociology” after 1981 than they were “sociology
of the environmental issues,” which suggests a greater recognition among both environmental sociologists and journal reviewers
that human societies are ecosystem-dependent. The number of environmental articles increased in the 1990s, portending a fruitful
period for sociologists specializing on the environment. We argue that the broader field of sociology can benefit by recognizing
the linkages environmental sociology has to other sociological specializations and that, ultimately, sociology needs to be
able to address environmental variables in order to understand society.
Naomi T. Krogman’s primary interest is in stakeholder framing of environmental disputes and natural resource policy change.
She is currently a research sociologist at the Center for Socioeconomic Research at the University of Southwestern Louisiana
and adjunct faculty in the Department of Sociology, University of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette, LA 70504-0198.
JoAnne DeRouen Darlington is a research sociologist focusing on social change and community sustainability emerging from the
disastrous interactions between society and the environment. She is currently employed with the Natural Hazards Research Center,
Campus Box 482, Boulder, CO 80309. 相似文献
10.
Michael Lynch 《The American Sociologist》2012,43(1):67-75
This essay is an appreciation of Melvin Pollner’s distinctive sociological approach to topics that are usually associated
with philosophy. Pollner’s dissertation and early writings took up the theme of “mundane reason,” which he defined as an incorrigible
presumption of a real world that is implicit in everyday conduct. Pollner addressed mundane reason, and the reciprocal idea
of “reality disjunctures”—momentary divergences between perceptual accounts of the “same” mundane reality—by describing routine
exchanges in traffic court and confrontations between doctors and patients in psychiatric settings. Pollner’s work anticipated
current enthusiasms for developing novel “ontologies” in social and cultural studies of science, medicine, and other subjects.
Although he did attempt to locate metaphysics in the midst of everyday experience, this essay suggests that his “philosophy
on the ground” radically transformed philosophical ontology into an original and imaginative way to investigate constitutive
activities. 相似文献
11.
Erich Goode 《Qualitative sociology》1996,19(1):11-33
Using data from a study on courtship through personal advertisements, I argue that Kai Erikson's classic case against disguised
observation is flawed. Certain kinds of deception are necessary to gather certain data in certain settings. I placed bogus
ads in a personal column to obtain and analyze responses. The data would have remained inaccessible—indeed, many of the responses
would not have existed in the first place—without some measure of deception. While deception was used, no risk whatsoever
was posed to respondents. I further argue that several of Erikson's criteria of risk do not separate ethical from empirical
questions; informants use very different criteria in evaluating the risk of harm to them posed by social research that sociologists
use. The question of exploitation is more complex, since it has to be weighed against how much of an effort my respondents
made and hence, what it is exactly that I took from them. A “panel of judges” decided that most of my male (but not my female)
respondents would not have gotten dates with my hypothetical ad placers, and that the research method I used was not especially
unethical. 相似文献
12.
N. Will Shead David C. Hodgins 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2009,25(3):357-375
Factor scores on a gambling expectancy questionnaire (GEQ) were used to subtype 132 university students who gamble regularly
(37.9% male; M age = 22.6 years, SD = 6.04) as: Reward Expectancy Gamblers (Reward EGs)—have strong expectations that gambling
augments positive mood, Relief Expectancy Gamblers (Relief EGs)—have strong expectations that gambling relieves negative affect,
and Non-Expectancy Gamblers (Non-EGs)—have neither strong expectation. Gambling on a high-low card game was compared across
subtypes following priming for either “relief” or “reward” affect-regulation expectancies with the Scrambled Sentence Test
(SST). The hypothesized Prime type × GEQ subtype interaction was not significant. When a more stringent set of criteria for
GEQ subtyping was imposed, the “purified” sub-sample (n = 54) resulted in the hypothesized statistically significant Prime type × GEQ subtype interaction. Relief EGs gambled more
after being primed with the construct “relief of negative emotions” compared to after being primed with the construct “augmentation
of positive emotion.” Planned orthogonal contrasts showed a significant linear increase in number of bets made across GEQ
subtypes when prime type corresponded to GEQ subtype. The results suggest a need for components in gambling treatment programs
that address clients’ expectancies that gambling can provide a specific desirable emotional outcome. 相似文献
13.
Joshua Gamson 《Sociological Forum》1996,11(2):231-261
Using information gathered during fieldwork on New York lesbian and gay film festival organizations, this paper argues that
scholarship on identity has not paid sufficient attention to the organizational mediation of collective identity. The shape
of collective identity—how internal instabilities and diversities are accommodated, in this case—depends not only on the emergent
characteristics of the “collective,” but also on the resolution of challenges particular to organizational fields. Two very
differently conceived lesbian and gay festival organizations, sites at which decision making about collective identity is
ongoing and self-conscious, are examined. The analysis traces how each responds to two related tasks: maintaining community
legitimacy, which requires racial diversification, and surviving within an altered institutional environment. Rather than
imposition from “above” or construction from “below,” the adaptive responses by organizations (to changes in both community
expectations and the resource environment) transform the collective identity formulations reaching public visibility.
Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the Colloquium Series of the Center for Lesbian and Gay Studies, City University
of New York, 1995, and at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Washington, DC, 1995. 相似文献
14.
Anthony M. Orum 《The American Sociologist》1990,21(1):72-75
A dilemma confronts sociologists in the review and publication of their works. On the one hand, sociologists are expected
to be open and fair in the review process; on the other hand, because we rely on a peer review process, and because peers
are apt to know the work of one another, this will impede the practice of making “open and fair” judgments. The article points
out that peer review is especially apt to impede new and critical thinking. Other implications are also discussed. 相似文献
15.
Sue Curry Jansen 《Qualitative sociology》1980,2(3):22-55
The belief that ‘the stranger’ (outsider, disinterested third party) sees things more clearly, i.e. is more “objective,” is
seen to be a corner-stone of folk wisdom; underlying Western judicial thought and concepts of objectivity in the social sciences.
The author raises the dilemma that both positivistic and humanistic sociologists accept this belief—suggesting 1) that it
is a residue of positivism and a quest for certain knowledge, or 2) the possibility that ‘the stranger’ does gain deeper insight
into group life than members. The paper examines the concept of the stranger, considering the aura of charisma that seems
to have been attached to it in ordinary discourse as well as within the sociological dialogue. Two types of strangers are
described: outsiders and enemies within. Finally, an attempt is made to examine the testimony of prominant strangers as they
describe their marginal status and speculate on the ways that status has made them unusually perceptive observers of social
phenomena. 相似文献
16.
Typologies of government–voluntary sector relations mostly categorize nation-level situations, and omit consideration of intra-national
differences. They are also rarely subject to empirical testing and subsequent theoretical development. This paper reports
on research to apply Kuhnle and Selle's (2002) relational typology, which characterizes the experience of “Britain,” to a
study of Scottish and English voluntary organizations' relations with government. Contrary to Kuhnle and Selle, the paper
demonstrates — through survey data — a divergence between Scotland and England, within the “British” context, and advances
the case for further testing of such conceptual typologies. The methodological challenges in moving from a theoretical framework
to a research design capable of field application, using survey methods, are illustrated and discussed. Further directions
for theoretically led work are suggested. 相似文献
17.
Based on ethnographic fieldwork and interviews, this article delineates a process through which members of an Orthodox Jewish
neighborhood in Los Angeles unintentionally delegate boundary work and membership-identification to anonymous others in everyday
life. Living in the midst of a non-Jewish world, orthodox men are often approached by others, both Jews and non-Jews, who
categorize them as “religious Jews” based on external marks such as the yarmulke and attire. These interactions, varying from
mundane interactions to anti-Semitic incidents, are then tacitly anticipated by members even when they are not attending to
their “Jewishness”—when being a “Jew” is interactionally invisible. Through this case, I argue that, in addition to conceptualizing
boundaries and identifications as either emerging in performance or institutionally given and stable, the study of boundaries
should also chart the sites in which members anticipate categorization and the way these anticipations play out in everyday
life. 相似文献
18.
In spite of the fact that much of the work done by sociologists is of high quality, there appears to be a pervasive sense
among sociologists that as a field sociology is not developing an accumulating base of knowledge that involves a combination
of theory and empirical “facts.” Social constructs are a basic component of most human behavior, and such behaviors cannot
be understood without attention to the nature of those social constructs. However, humans are also biological beings, their
biological attributes are relatively stable, and variations in these attributes often have a strong effect on behavior. It
is also the case that what persons experience and how they behave has an effect on their biological attributes. We suggest
that if sociologists were attentive to the interactions of biological attributes and social constructs, sociologists would
be in a position to develop a constantly expanding base of scientific social knowledge. As an illustrative example, we have
focused on the issue of how gender and sex-dimorphic characteristics are intrinsically interrelated. 相似文献
19.
Ruth Simpson 《Sociological Forum》1996,11(3):549-562
Perceptions of safety and danger are “intersubjective”—products of social construction, collective agreement, and socialization.
While objective danger certainly exists, perceptions of danger do not derive directly from observation of the empirical world.
The objective environment provides only inconsistent and ambiguous information, permitting ample room for socially constructed
beliefs. Three cognitive frameworks—the Cautious, Confident, and Neutral frameworks—organize perceptions of safety and danger.
Each framework begins with a default assumption about safety and danger and “marks” certain items as different from this default.
In shaping expectations, these frameworks also contribute to perceptions of horror, humor, excitement, and fear. Finally,
I use these frameworks to analyze the psychological concept “phobia” as a sociological phenomenon. 相似文献
20.
Best known as the first woman graduate from MIT, and the founder of Home Economics, Ellen Swallow Richards was a Progressive
Era reformer who applied social science research techniques to problems of concern to early sociologists. As a mentor to many
women who joined the “Cultural” and “Pragmatic” feminists of Hull House, her secular theories of “Oekology” and “Euthenics”
challenged many of the models of social change prevalent in the Cambridge and Chicago academic communities. Her most radical
contribution as a feminist was her assertion that women’s unpaid labor in the home played a vital economic role in maintaining
capitalism and was the ultimate source of their second-class citizenship. She shared a belief in democracy and education as
a feminist “Pragmatist,” and laid the groundwork for the contemporary “Ecofeminist” movement. Although she was a biochemist
by training, she engaged several genera-tions of women in the application of scientific methods to the solution of contemporary
social problems. As a political organizer, much of her legacy is reflected in the accomplishments of the reform organizations
she was instrumental in founding. 相似文献