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1.
Amihai Glazer 《Economic inquiry》1992,30(4):733-741
Union members may vote for a strike even if they do not expect to thereby increase their wages. For under majority voting any one member's vote for a strike is unlikely to be decisive. A union member who obtains a non-infinitesimal emotional benefit from the act of voting for a strike may therefore vote in its favor. This hypothesis can explain the existence of strikes and the conditions which make strikes especially likely. 相似文献
2.
Michael H. LeRoy 《Journal of Labor Research》1992,13(3):285-292
Unionized employees who were surveyed concerning a hypothetical strike scenario were asked whether they would cross their
union’s picket line during an authorized economic strike. Potential crossovers differed from potential continuing strikers
in their support for union representation and in their attitudes about striking and picketing. Compared to potential continuing
strikers, potential crossovers made a lower hourly wage, were more willing to find alternate employment during a strike, and
were willing to strike fewer weeks. Thus, the NLRB’s no-presumption policy best corresponds to workplace reality. 相似文献
3.
This article develops and empirically tests a model of the dual decision-making process employees undergo to guide their behavior
during organizing campaigns and elections. The model combines principles of risk-aversion theory with more traditional views
that election decisions stem from cost-benefit analyses of union representation. Previous research lacks this integrated approach
to the study of election behavior. Regression analyses on a sample of approximately 16,000 certification elections strongly
supported the use of risk-aversion theory to predict employees’ willingness to formally participate in elections. Furthermore,
we found that time exhibited a statistically significant, negative relationship with voting participation rates, the percentage
of union votes, and union victories. The results also indicated that a saturation effect may exist for delays in the election
process.
Financial support for this research was provided by the Syracuse University Research Fund. The authors wish to thank two anonymous
reviewers for helpful suggestions that significantly improved the paper. 相似文献
4.
The union voting intention literature shows that many nonunion employees who indicate that they think unions are instrumental
in increasing wages, benefits, and working conditions would vote against forming a union. Although American workers have often been characterized as pragmatic with regard to their support for unions,
the “disconnect” between union beliefs and union voting intentions just described suggests that more subtle forces are at
work. In this paper, it is shown empirically that union instrumentality is a limited predictor of union voting intentions
for a recent national cross-section of workers. Rather, more general feelings toward unions and employers are primary. These
accounted for a large portion of the variance in union voting intentions, with general feelings towards unions by far the
most critical predictor. A concluding section discusses whether the results may reflect changes in union power and changes
in employee views of unions. Areas for future research are discussed. 相似文献
5.
A changing labor relations climate has caused many national unions to merge with smaller independent unions in recent years.
One aspect of the merger process concerns the willingness of independent union members to support affiliation with a national
union (Chaison, 1986). This article examines the determinants of indivudual-level voting behavior using data gathered from
members of an independent union who rejected a proposed affiliation with a national union in a membership referendum. Logistic
regression results indicate that affiliation supporters perceived the affiliation as improving union effectiveness, were influenced
by social support among co-workers in favor of the merger, and perceived the saliency of the independent union’s support for
the affiliation proposal. Conversely, affiliation opposition was influenced by the employer’s “vote no” campaign and by perceptions
that affiliation would lead to an increased probability of strikes and to future increases in dues. 相似文献
6.
The authors reexamine the role of open shop legislation in affecting union outcomes. New indices of union success are employed
which include election voting behavior, the size of newly certified units, and the rate of union decertification. Three competing
hypotheses are empirically tested: (1) the free rider argument predicting lower membership levels in right-to-work (RTW) areas;
(2) the saturationist hypothesis predicting a higher level of organizing activity in RTW areas as a result of large concentrations
of unorganized workers; and, (3) the hypothesis that legislation is vitiated by distinct organizing behaviors in RTW and nonRTW
areas. Empirical results, based on SMSA data from 35 states, tend to provide support for hypotheses (2) and (3). Recently,
RTW areas have experienced more prounion outcomes, and the union returns to regional attributes (measured by Chow tests) are
found to be distinct in the two areas. 相似文献
7.
We test a model based on social exchange theory to explain the patterns of membership voting in a local union officer election.
Survey data from members and stewards aggregated by 55 voting units, when combined with the control variable, explained 46
percent of the variance in the incumbent president's re-election. A greater percentage of member votes for the incumbent president
were related to higher union loyalty, higher confidence in the grievance procedure, better union-management relations, and
more positive perceptions of the union contract, findings that support our model of membership voting. 相似文献
8.
Ignace Ng 《Journal of Labor Research》1991,12(2):123-134
This study examines the impact of demographic characteristics, job variables, and attitudinal factors on the strike voting
behavior of faculty members at a Canadian university. The results show that married faculty members and those from single-income
households were more inclined to vote against the strike. Regarding the attitudinal factors, faculty members who were satisfied
with existing research facilities and were loyal to the Faculty Association were likely to favor the strike, whereas faculty
who were satisfied with working conditions and with the university administration were opposed to the strike. Beliefs about
unions, however, did not appear to have an influence on voting behavior.
The author thanks J. Dart, A. Dastmalchian, R. Long, D. Maki, and two anonymous referees for their helpful comments. 相似文献
9.
Using data from a national survey of pharmacists who are members of the American Pharmaceutical Association, we examine the
union voting intentions of employee pharmacists. We find that union instrumentality regarding professionalism is a primary
predictor of union voting intent among these employees. In addition, this predictor mediates the relationship between the
level of professionalism at a pharmacist’s current employment situation and his or her expected union vote. Also important
to union voting intent are respondent beliefs about union instrumentality regarding pecuniary issues, prior union experience,
as well as overall job satisfaction. Implications for employers, unions, and researchers are drawn.
We thank Mary Graham, Jann Skelton, Paul Swiercz, Terry Thomason, and participants at the Seventh Bar-gaining Group Conference
at Michigan State University for their comments on earlier versions of this paper. This research was made possible by a grant
from the American Pharmaceutical Association. 相似文献
10.
Martha Norby Fraundorf 《Journal of Labor Research》1990,11(3):323-335
Public choice theorists have shown that choice of voting procedures may affect the outcome when more than two alternatives
are on a ballot. The run-off election and the two-part ballot are two alternatives used in representation elections involving
more than one union. A comparison of these alternatives under various voting strategies shows that the run-off election used
by the NLRB results in fewer union wins if workers vote sincerely or if they engage in strategic behavior. The run-off procedure
results in more union wins if workers seek to avoid their least-favored option or if they follow a second-best strategy. 相似文献
11.
This paper assesses the effectiveness of union strikes against agricultural industries. Various factors including input substitution possibilities create special challenges for union leaders. We develop the concept of a minimum-effective union and apply it empirically to the 1979 California lettuce strike. To be effective, a union has to reduce producer profits below the prestrike level. In the lettuce strike case, producer profits were actually increased, not reduced. 相似文献
12.
Rooted in the theory of planned behavior, our empirical reinvestigation of archived union certification election data provided
strong evidence that workgroup solidarity was a significant predictor of individual voting behavior. Specifically, group-level
attitudes toward unions accounted for individual voting behaviors beyond the individual-level attitudes toward unions. This
study offers a meaningful increment to our knowledge as it provides a quantification of the extent that employees are willing
to, and actually, comply with subjective norms. Important practical implications for both unions and employers as well as
directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
13.
Karen S. Miller 《Public Relations Review》1995,21(4)
Although scholars recognize the importance of public relations in the process of negotiations between management and organized labor, few have attempted to document such efforts or to analyze their effects. This review of public relations activities at the local and national levels during the 1946 steel strike indicates that national public relations campaigns, conducted by the union and the steel trade association, had virtually no impact on the resolution of the strike at the local level, and local public relations programs, conducted by the union local and a small manufacturing company, did little to further management or union goals at the national level. If anything, the national programs only confused the community by offering messages that did not necessarily correspond to the local situation. 相似文献
14.
Theorists of class conflict have debated the nature of the relationship between economic development and the incidence of strikes. The liberal perspective contends that such developments as the growth in size of corporations and the separation of ownership from control enable modern management to institutionalize industrial conflict in the form of collective bargaining. In contrast, writers in the radical perspective argue that conflict will increase in late industrialization owing to such forces as the bi-polarization of classes and an increase in union strength. The present paper tests these structuralist theories by using data from a sampling of seventy-one nations representing a wide range in economic development. A polynomial regression analysis indicates that strike volume, a chief measure of overall strike activity, follows a parabolic curve—increasing until a GNP per capita of about $4,700 is reached and then declining. No support is found for the radical thesis of an upswing in strike activity at high levels of economic development. The findings on control variables indicate that the inflation rate and mass-media development have significantly positive effects on strike activity. Finally, a democratic political climate tends to lower strike volume. 相似文献
15.
Legislators possess political assets that economic interest groups may find valuable in pursuing their goals. This paper examines the effect these legislative assets have on the campaign contributions made by two large and easily identifiable interest groups: corporations and labor unions. Committee assignment, voting record, and electoral security are significant predictors of both corporate and union contributions to House incumbents, while party affiliation and years in office also influence the behavior of union political action committees. 相似文献
16.
This study uses moderated regression analysis and two major sources of individual data to examine gender differences in union
membership, pro-union voting intent, union instrumentality, and relative confidence in union leaders. Some specific male-female
differences are noted, particularly involving union-related variables. Overall, however, the authors report a minimal role
for gender as a determinant of the alternative union-related measures examined.
The authors acknowledge the research assistance of Marlene Wechselblatt. Jack Fiorito also acknowledges support for this research
from the University of Iowa’s Old Gold Summer Fellowship program. Helpful comments on an earlier draft were provided by William
N. Cooke, John A. Fossum, Daniel G. Gallagher, Cynthia L. Gramm, and Ronald L. Seeber. 相似文献
17.
Jack Fiorito 《Journal of Labor Research》1987,8(3):271-289
This paper examines the concept of union instrumentality in light of theoretical literature and contemporary trends in union
political activity. A broad concept of union instrumentality, including a place for the concept of union political instrumentality
(e.g., union influence on general elections or legislation), is suggested. The practical importance and applicability of the
political instrumentality concept is demonstrated in empirical models of nonunion worker voting intent in union representation
elections. As predicted, workers perceiving higher levels of union political instrumentality are significantly more likely
than others to indicate a pro-union voting intent. Given the importance of political versus economic activity as a defining
characteristic of labor movements and given recent increases in political activity by U.S. unions, these results have significant
implications for the way we think about U.S. unions and for future union organizing and political activities.
The author wishes to acknowledge helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper from Mario F. Boganno, Frederic C. Champlin
III, William N. Cooke, James A. Craft, John T. Delaney, Richard B. Freeman, Daniel G. Gallagher, Cynthia L. Gramm, Charles
R. Greer, Wallace E. Hendricks, Marick F. Masters, Lee P. Stepina, and William A. Wines. An earlier version of this paper
was presented at the Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Industrial Relations Research Association, New York, NY, December
1985. 相似文献
18.
William J. Moore Denise R. Chachere Thomas D. Curtis David Gordon 《Journal of Labor Research》1995,16(2):203-221
The political influence of unions and corporations is examined by analyzing Senate roll-call votes on COPE-identified legislation
for the period 1979–1988. Union PAC contributions and union membership both have significant positive effects on three different
types of COPE legislation: Narrow Union, General Labor, and Non-Labor. In addition, corporate PAC contributions to senators’
opponents reduce their pro-union voting behavior on Narrow Union and General Labor bills. There is no evidence that the political
influence of unions in the U.S. is declining. 相似文献
19.
Dennis A. Ahlburg 《Journal of Labor Research》1984,5(3):229-236
This paper simulates how the union success rate in representation elections would be affected if the NLRB reverted from its
current simple-majority voting rule to its original majority-in-unit voting rule. Such a rule change would have altered 21
percent of decertification and 16 percent of certification victories over the period 1977–81, resulting in the loss of 180,400
actual or potential bargaining unit members for the union movement. Abstentions play an important role in election outcomes.
Under the present voting rule unions have no clear advantage to “get out the vote” in decertification elections, but a clear
disadvantage in certification elections. Under a majority-in-unit rule unions hold an advantage when they “get out the vote”
in all representation elections.
I would like to thank Mike Bognanno, Jim Dworkin, Paul Schumann, two reviewers, and the editor for helpful comments and David
Wilson for excellent research assistance. I would also like to thank the NLRB for providing the election data tape. 相似文献
20.
Public opinion about labor unions has long been viewed as an important determinant of industrial relations outcomes. Yet,
analyses of changes in union popularity over time have been largely qualitative and have focused on the impact of short-term
idiosyncratic events. This paper provides a quantitative analysis of the determinants of American public approval of unions
from 1936 to 1991. Hypotheses relating to the union wage advantage, strike activity, the national unemployment rate, and World
War II, receive the strongest support. The implications of these results for organized labor and future research on attitudes
toward unions are discussed. 相似文献