企业战略变化有效性的环境相对性标准——一个综合的实证观点

基于战略变化与环境变化的"一致性"观点及3类绩效决定论,依据"竞争战略变化幅度变量、竞争压力变化幅度变量、二者函数关系曲线"对样本空间的划分,来实证战略变化、环境变化、二者一致性对企业绩效的独立影响和综合作用方式.对来自10省市跨行业样本数据的分析表明:一致性是战略变化有效性的主要判断标准,环境因素和战略变化相对起次要作用,它们共同决定企业绩效.     

竞争压力、战略变化、企业绩效间的结构关系——我国转型经济背景下的研究

从构建竞争压力、战略变化和企业绩效间的独立假设入手,基于来自全国10省市重要工业行业样本企业的数据,运用结构方程模型对3要素间结构关系进行了验证,主要结论包括:①相对竞争压力等产业环境因素而言,宏观经济因素在我国企业战略变化过程中发挥着更重要的作用,而企业内部要素正成为我国企业战略变化的重要约束条件;②战略变化对企业绩效具有重要影响,经济转型的深刻性和普遍性使得各行业企业依据环境需要进行战略调整对企业的生存和发展具有重要意义;③竞争压力同战略变化一起成为决定企业最终绩效的重要变量,它不但对绩效有直接影响,还会通过战略变化对其产生间接影响。     

战略变化的特征研究

战略变化往往被研究者和管理者当作帮助组织在"超竞争环境"中获得持续生存的根本动力之一.本文对战略变化的可能性、方向、幅度、速度等特征进行了研究,并指出对战略变化特征的研究需要多特征的综合研究,才能更好地揭示企业战略变化的过程.     

转型背景下企业外部关系网络、战略导向对战略变化速度的影响研究

本文针对转型背景下市场环境的独特性,以社会网络理论和动态能力理论为基础,探讨了企业外部网络范围和网络强度对战略变化速度的影响,以及不同战略导向的企业在利用网络推动战略变化过程中的差异.研究提出了六个理论假设,并采用198个企业的样本数据进行了实证检验.研究发现,网络范围和网络强度对战略变化速度有不同影响,而不同战略导向的企业在利用网络方面也存在显著差异.研究拓展了以往战略变化方面的文献,并为中国转型背景下企业的战略调整活动提供了有针对性的理论指导.     

从“兵来将挡,水来土掩”到组织惯例形成——转型经济中新企业的即兴战略研究

转型经济背景下,市场环境和制度等方面存在诸多不确定性。新企业成立初期发展经验和组织惯例贫乏,无法为应接不暇的突发状况进行事前规划,只能结合实际即兴发挥。此时,单一、传统的竞争战略已无法全面地为新企业发展保驾护航,一种特殊的竞争战略——"即兴战略"应运而生。如何定义和识别新企业的即兴战略?哪些因素在其形成过程中发挥重要作用?该战略如何持续指引新企业的发展?在理论和实践中都还是未解的难题。本文基于资源基础观和制度理论,运用多案例研究方法,探究了新企业即兴竞争战略的形成过程,以及不同类型即兴战略的促成因素,并提出了即兴战略演化为企业组织惯例的重要条件。本研究深化了转型经济背景下新企业竞争战略的研究。     

新形式下市场营销策略

市场营销活动对于今天的企业在市场经济下开展生产经营活动以及参与市场竞争、获取相对竞争优势的过程中扮演着重要角色,企业市场营销战略是指引和领导市场营销活动的灵魂和思想,它为企业市场营销活动的展开提供方法论和世界观。今天的经济形势较之传统条件下的经济形势发生了重大变革,要求企业的市场营销战略必须从传统的市场营销战略当中转变过来,关注新经济背景下企业所处环境的变化、消费者行为特征的变化和新需求的变化情况,采取新的市场营销战略新思维加以应对,才能取得新经济背景下企业竞争的新的优势。     

中国情境下的战略复杂性驱动因素研究:管理者认知视角的分析

从认知视角考察了管理者感知的环境特征及设定的战略导向对不同战略复杂性形成的驱动作用.结果表明:在中国情境下,当管理者感知环境复杂性程度较高时,客户战略复杂性和竞争战略复杂性会提高;当管理者感知到环境动态性较高时,竞争战略复杂性会提高;当管理者设定前瞻者战略导向或分析者战略导向时,客户战略复杂性和竞争战略复杂性会提高;当管理者设定了防御者战略导向或反应者战略导向时,客户战略复杂性有可能降低,但对竞争战略复杂性影响不大.该结论验证了当前转型经济背景下的企业战略复杂性的驱动因素,为探讨战略复杂性产生的研究提供了理论补充和实践指导.     

中小企业发展战略问题探讨

一、中小企业发展战略选择 在经济全球化、知识经济、可持续发展的全新背景下,特别是由于信息技术的快速发展,企业的经营环境和竞争环境都发生了很大变化,实践要求企业战略理论要有所突破,甚至要重建战略思想.针对中小企业的发展特点,可考虑的战略有以下几点.     

整合市场战略与非市场战略的战略管理模型——基于中国房地产行业的研究

随着企业非市场因素在竞争中发挥出越来越显著的作用,将非市场环境分析及战略制定纳入企业战略管理过程中,并探讨其与市场环境及战略整合的特点,成为企业战略管理研究的新方向.在对中国转型经济时期典型房地产企业的非市场战略进行案例分析的基础上,研究中国转型经济环境下典型的非市场事项管理及相应的企业非市场战略特征,并试图从战略管理的角度出发,构建企业非市场因素与传统战略规划过程的整合模式.研究的结论补充了关于市场战略与非市场战略整合的相关研究,为中国转型时期企业如何在战略管理过程中纳入非市场环境评估及相应的战略制定与实施提供了理论模型与实例支持,对企业战略管理实践有指导作用.     

外部环境复杂性和敌意性对上市公司战略变化的影响

本文通过对中国上市公司的实证研究,考察了外部环境复杂性与敌意性对企业战略变化速度与幅度的影响。研究结果发现,从总体趋势上看,外部环境复杂性对战略变化速度与幅度产生着某种抑制作用,而外部环境敌意性,则促使企业加大变化的速度与幅度。     

CEOs’ temporal focus,firm strategic change,and performance: Insights from a paradox perspective

Recent research indicates that CEOs’ temporal focus (the degree to which individuals attend to the past, present, and future) is a critical predictor for strategic outcomes. Building on paradox theory and the attention-based view, we examine the implications of CEOs’ past and future focus for strategic change. Results from polynomial regression analysis reveal that CEOs who cognitively embrace both the past and the future at the same time engage more in strategic change. In addition, our results reveal that the positive strategic change−firm performance relationship is enhanced when CEOs’ past focus is high, whereas CEOs’ future focus mitigates the translation of strategic change into firm performance (when their past focus is low at the same time). In addition, supplemental analyses indicate that the impact of CEOs’ temporal focus turns out differently in stable and dynamic environments. Our study thus extends the literature on both individual’s temporal focus and strategic change.     

CEO satisfaction and intended strategic changes: The moderating role of performance cues

How do CEOs react to attainment discrepancies in their organizations' performance? Scholars have generally argued that (only) when performance falls below a certain aspiration level do CEOs intend to change the organization's strategy. However, empirical evidence on this issue is ambiguous and inconclusive. We address this puzzle directly by studying how CEOs' cognitive interpretations of performance (their satisfaction with the firm's performance) affect the magnitude of intended strategic changes, and we explore the moderating effect of the context (performance compared to the industry) on this relationship. Using a sample of medium-sized organizations, we find that CEOs' satisfaction with performance is negatively related to intended strategic changes, as expected, but only in contexts of poor performance compared to the industry. The negative relationship becomes less pronounced when performance compared to the industry reaches a certain threshold and even appears to reverse when the latter is extremely high. Moreover, exploratory post hoc analyses tentatively suggest the existence of two alternative intended change trajectories: contractive as a reaction to dissatisfaction and poor performance, and expansive as a response to satisfaction and high performance. These findings help to contextualize the effects of attainment discrepancies in light of conventional performance feedback theory and alternative theoretical perspectives.     

TMT异质性、战略变革与绩效改善的关系研究——基于绩效下滑的非多元化企业的数据实证

本文基于高阶梯队理论,针对以往TMT研究的关键问题,探讨绩效下滑的非多元化企业CEO继任后,TMT异质性、战略变革和绩效改善的关系。本文选取了沪深两市2005-2013年相关数据为研究变量,对2008-2010期间发生CEO变更的145家绩效下滑的非多元化企业进行实证研究,结果表明,TMT任期异质性对战略变动有显著负向影响,战略变动对企业绩效变化没有显著影响,战略背离对企业绩效变化有显著负向影响。当我们探索性的测量战略变革的方向时,发现战略变动与企业绩效变化呈U型关系,战略背离与企业绩效变化呈倒U型关系。本研究不仅为绩效下滑的非多元化企业转型战略研究提供一个新的视角,而且为绩效下滑企业选择高管团队提供了决策的依据。     

战略阻绝效应对战略联盟决策的影响分析

本文将对战略联盟决策的分析纳入SCP范式,并通过构造在位者和潜在进入者之间的三阶段博弈模型来分析战略阻绝效应对战略联盟决策的影响.本文认为:在位者的合适的战略联盟行为具有战略阻绝效应,可以通过改变潜在进入者的进入预期、影响进入者的行为并促进在位者的支付,这种支付的改变将拓宽战略联盟的决策空间,在位者将在更高的联盟成本或更低的固定边际成本下降程度上建立战略联盟.     

资源互补对机会主义和战略联盟绩效的影响研究

20世纪80年代以来,全球战略联盟的数量激增,逐步成为企业的快速成长方式,但其失败率也非常高。本文以资源依赖理论和交易成本理论为基础,以中国企业为样本,从资源互补和机会主义的角度分析了合作与竞争对联盟绩效的影响。实证研究的结果表明,联盟中的资源互补能够提高联盟的财务绩效与创新,而机会主义则会负向影响财务绩效和创新。同时,适度的资源互补是有效遏制机会主义的手段,过高或过低的资源互补都会使联盟企业处于机会主义的风险之中,即资源互补和机会主义之间的关系呈倒U型的关系。     

Shades of gray: effect of external work arrangements on firm performance under operational and strategic contingencies

This study builds on recent research on the external workforce by examining the effects of (1) temporary work (2) independent contracting, and (3) consulting on firm performance, considering the client firms’ tasks, the qualification requirements for carrying out these tasks, and its strategic context. The findings are based on a survey of 261 firms in the German manufacturing industry. At the operational level, the results indicate that the difficulty of the tasks to be performed by external workers influences their performance. Whilst temporary work and consulting are better suited for simple tasks with low qualification requirements, independent contracting increases firm performance when appointing individuals to perform complex tasks. At the strategic level we research effects by two strategic orientations; one generally increasing the internal innovation performance (innovation orientation), the other generally increasing the performance of external relationships (alliance orientation). The innovation orientation here reduces the negative effect of temporary work, whereas a high alliance orientation precipitates a positive effect of consulting on firm performance. This paper demonstrates that clients’ task requirements and their alignment towards innovation and alliances have a significant influence on the benefits to the firm conveyed by highly qualified externals.     

Performance Metric Portfolios: A Framework and Empirical Analysis

The widespread adoption of supply chain management principles suggests that managers recognize the importance of evaluating operational decisions holistically. However, it is often difficult to link specific operational practices to strategic level outcomes and in turn to corporate financial results. This presents problems for both managers and academic researchers attempting to justify the often high cost of operational improvement initiatives in terms of objective accounting metrics. This study provides evidence that it is possible to demonstrate linkages between carefully chosen portfolios of tactical, strategic, and financial metrics. Survey data from 118 manufacturers are used to evaluate hypotheses linking multilevel metrics of performance across three well‐established strategic foci. We present portfolios of metrics drawn from the literature and from the Supply Chain Counciľs supply‐chain operations reference model and related design and customer chain models. Our analysis suggests that metric portfolios in which tactical metrics are designed to match strategic‐level metrics, based on alignment with a specific strategic focus, provide clearer mechanisms for understanding performance linkages.     

How planning and capital budgeting improve SME performance

This paper focuses on the use of strategic planning among small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in the UK manufacturing sector. It analyses the relationship between the intensity of strategic planning, business objectives, perceived performance, changes in the business environment and the use of capital budgeting techniques. Capital budgeting is of particular interest as an area of investigation, and is one which has seldom featured in previous studies of strategic planning behaviour. These issues were investigated via a survey of UK manufacturing SMEs carried out in the winter of 1996/97.

The key results suggest that SMEs incorporate a range of objectives into their strategic planning process, with profit improvement perceived to be the most important objective, followed by sales growth. SMEs engaged in detailed strategic planning are more likely to use formal capital budgeting techniques, including the net present value method, which is consistent with maximising the companys' value. Perceived profitability and success in achieving organisational objectives were positively associated with planning detail, suggesting that strategic planning is a key component improving performance. Planning detail was also associated with a significantly higher level of perceived change in the business environment.     

Digitalization in the financial industry: A contingency approach of entrepreneurial orientation and strategic vision on digitalization

Technology is rapidly changing the financial industry. Banks, in particular, are faced with a shift from traditional, interpersonal forms of service to digital financial services. These digital technologies are more and more becoming today’s standard in the banking sector, they challenge traditional business models, and they provide opportunities for banks to capitalize on. Building on the concept of entrepreneurial orientation (EO), this study of banks in Germany, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein aims at developing insights that explain how banks can use the tactics and strategies associated with EO to achieve superior performance in the digitalization age. The results from a survey in 102 banks show that: 1) banks that display high levels of EO report a higher level of performance, and 2) the relationship between a banks’ strategic vision on digitalization, and performance is moderated by EO. These results indicate that the sheer level of the digitalization of a bank does not affect profitability. Instead, in this time of technological change banks should develop a clear vision on digitalization that is characterized by innovation, being ahead of the competition, and a willingness to take risks.     

竞争驱动战略转型的人力资本视线研究——以天津中小制造业企业为例

转型升级阵痛中的中国制造业企业，唯有基于人力资本"视线"实施差异化战略、推进激进式创新，才能变革成功，进而在激烈市场竞争中存活下来并形成核心竞争力。以天津市各大工业园区154家中小制造业企业的问卷调查数据为样本，采用结构方程模型对制造业企业创新逆驱战略转型的人力资本"视线"进行统计检验。结果显示，战略层面的"视线"有一个：外部环境竞争性、差异化战略、激进式创新与企业绩效。资源层面"视线"有两个：差异化战略、HRM系统、人力资本、渐进式创新、激进式创新与企业绩效；差异化战略、HRM系统、知识共享与企业绩效。这三条"视线"为中国制造业企业指明了战略转型、创新变革的具体方向。