闲聊孔乙己——封建末期旧式文人的最后一抹光泽

本文突破旧有的思维,从作者、文本社会价值三个角度对人物进行解剖和分析,进一步总结出以孔乙己为代表的封建文人身上所具有的文人光泽——即对文学和社会进步的促进作用。对孔乙己鉴赏思想及方法,对我们今天文学人物的评判具有重要的借鉴意义。     

天津与巴黎城市空间比较研究

巴黎与天津同为沿河而建的大都市,在城市起源与发展过程中形成了以河流为空间发展轴线的城市格局。但由于城市发展历史和建设历程的不同,两个城市在空间格局和建筑形态等多方面呈现出巨大差异。巴黎作为西方发达国家最具魅力的城市之一,在城市空间规划、建筑风格保护、城市空间轮廓和城市建筑界面控制等方面拥有大量成功经验。而天津作为成长中的城市,其独特的历史进程、多元化的建筑文化以及在发展中的些微混乱与不确定性都使天津具有一种与众不同的特色。     

Self-regulatory strength depletion and muscle-endurance performance: a test of the limited-strength model in older adults

Self-regulation consumes a form of strength or energy. The authors investigated aftereffects of self-regulation depletion on muscle-endurance performance in older adults. Participants (N = 61, mean age = 71) were randomized to a self-regulation-depletion or control group and completed 2 muscle-endurance performance tasks involving isometric handgrip squeezing that were separated by a cognitive-depletion task. The depletion group showed greater deterioration of muscle-endurance performance than controls, F(1, 59) = 7.31, p = .009. Results are comparable to those of younger adults in a similar study and support Baumeister et al.'s limited-strength model. Self-regulation may contribute to central-nervous-system fatigue; however, biological processes may allow aging muscle to offset depletion of self-regulatory resources affecting muscle-endurance performance.     

A test of structural features of granovetter's strength of weak ties theory

Granovetter's ‘strength of weak ties’ theory offers a satisfying approach to the study of integration in networks of face-to-face interaction consisting of multiple subgroups. The present paper tests five hypotheses of this theory in the setting of a multidisciplinary social network of biological scientists. Considerable support for the theory is indicated: the local bridges and intergroup ties in the network are disproportionately weak ties.     

全球智慧城市评价指标体系发展和比较研究

智慧城市建设能改善城镇化建设过程中出现的许多问题,目前已经成为当今世界城市发展的新理念和新模式。智慧城市评价指标体系是对智慧城市建设发展成果进行科学评测的方法体系,也是智慧城市建设的行动指南,可为有关部门观察各地智慧城市发展情况提供依据。本文在梳理和比较全球具有代表性的智慧城市评价指标体系的基础上,发现当前具有代表性的智慧城市评价指标体系存在对智慧城市的内涵理解不一致,指标设置存在一定差异;指标数目较多,数据获取存在一定的难度;部分指标缺乏前瞻性和导向性;反映城市信息化的指标过多,较少关注智慧城市建设效益和效果等问题。     

Evaluation of hip abductor and adductor strength in the elderly: a reliability study

Background

In elderly individuals an increased muscle strength contributes to the diminution of the falls risk and associated adverse events. An increasing interest in lateral control exists due to the fatal consequences of postero-lateral falls. Therefore a proper assessment of frontal plane hip muscle strength in elderly is important but remains challenging.Therefore we aimed to investigate the feasibility and repeatability of a hip abductor and adductor maximum voluntary isometric strength (MVIS) and rate of force generation (RFG) test in elderly. This represents an initial step in the development process of a new and clinically relevant test that could lead to more specific treatment protocols for this population.

Methods

In this measurement focused study hip abduction (ABD) and adduction (ADD) MVIS and RFG were tested twice within one to three hours with a dynamometer fixed to a custom made frame in a geriatric population including fallers and non-fallers. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC_agreement), standard error of measurement (SEM), and smallest detectable difference (SDD) were determined.

Results

All recruited persons (N?=?76; mean age (SD) 80.46 (7.05) years old) completed the tests. The average time needed to complete the strength tests was 10.58 min. (1.56) per muscle group. The reliability of the hip ABD and ADD was high with ICC’s_agreement ranging from 0.83 to 0.97. The SDD varied between 18.1 and 81.8% depending on the muscle group and type of strength that was evaluated.

Conclusion

Hip abductor and adductor strength measures in older person are feasible and reliable. However, the significance of moderate changes in these measurements may be limited by the large SDD and SEM. Therefore, physical therapist should be careful when using this measure for assessing the progress of an individual person in a daily clinical use.

     

Comparative study between Arab-Arab and Franco-Arab tutor-tutee relationships

In this paper, we focus on tutoring as a method that can be utilised to reduce school failure and to improve intergroup relationships. The following study is based on experimental work carried out among primary school students who were given additional help in mathematics and French. The results show that the cultural identity of the tutors has an implicit bearing on the success of the tutoring.     

Posthypnotic suggestion: A method for the study of nonverbal communication

A method for studying emotional expression using posthypnotic suggestion to induce emotional states is presented. Subjects were videotaped while roleplaying happiness, sadness or anger or after hypnotic induction of one of these three emotions. Judges then rated these videotapes for emotional tone. Results indicated a main effect for emotion expressed, with happiness and sadness more easily identified by judges than anger. Accuracy was also greater for happiness and sadness in the hypnotically induced condition. However, role-played anger was more easily identified than hypnotically induced anger. An interaction of channel (body/face) and emotion indicated that identification of sadness and anger was easier for judges when the body alone was shown. Findings are discussed in terms of display rules for the expression of emotion.We gratefully acknowledge Irving Kirsch, Ross Buck, and Paul Ekman for their helpful comments on a draft of this article. Special thanks to Reuben Baron, without whose support neither this article nor our careers in psychology would have been possible.A preliminary report of this study was presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association in Toronto, August 1984.     

A method for applying cultural theory in the study of organizations

This research note proposes a method for determining the relative intensity of cultural theory's four ways of life within a concrete organization. The development of such a method is useful for the testing of hypotheses concerning concrete organizations that can be derived from cultural theory. The method is illustrated in an empirical test of a hypothesis regarding the occurrence of unethical behaviour within public‐sector organizations.