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1.
The impact of local labour markets on investment in further education: Evidence from the England and Wales youth cohort studies 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Patricia Rice 《Journal of population economics》1999,12(2):287-312
The paper focuses on the individual's choice of activity on completion of compulsory schooling – to remain in full-time education
or to seek employment – and the factors influencing this decision. Information from the England and Wales Youth Cohort Studies,
coupled with labour market data, is used to estimate of logit model of choice and assess the role played by social and market
factors. The results show that labour market conditions play an influential role in determining outcomes, particularly in
the case of young males with weaker academic qualifications. Consistent with the time-series evidence, we find that participation
rates in further education for both males and females are positively related to the unemployment rate in the local labour
market, the effects being greater at times of economic recession when unemployment rates are rising.
Received: 5 May 1997/Accepted: 17 July 1998 相似文献
2.
This study applies count data estimation techniques to investigate the fertility adjustment of immigrants in the destination
country. Data on completed fertility are taken from the 1996 wave of the German Socioeconomic Panel (GSOEP). While the economic
literature stresses the role of prices and incomes as determinants of fertility, the demographic literature discusses whether
assimilation or disruption effects dominate immigrants' fertility after migration. We find evidence in favor of the assimilation
model according to which immigrant fertility converges to native levels over time. In addition, we confirm the negative impact
of female human capital on fertility outcomes.
Received: 7 January 1999/Accepted: 10 August 1999 相似文献
3.
Julie Camus Astrid Lhermite Maria Teresa Munoz Sastre Paul Clay Sorum Etienne Mullet 《Social indicators research》2016,125(3):1011-1033
This paper uses a semiparametric latent variable transformation model for multiple outcomes to examine the effect of education and maternal education on female multidimensional well-being and proposes a procedure to build a well-being index that is less susceptible to functional form misspecification. We model multidimensional well-being as an unobserved common factor underlying the observed well-being outcomes. The semiparametric methodology allows us to alleviate misspecification bias by combining multiple indicators into a latent construct in an unspecified, data-driven way. Using data from female participants of the 1974–2010 waves of the US General Social Survey, we find that education, intelligence, and maternal education contribute positively to multidimensional well-being. However, the effects of education and maternal education on female multidimensional well-being declined steadily between the mid-1970s and the 1990s, and have not rebounded since. 相似文献
4.
Residential location and youth unemployment: The economic geography of school-to-work transitions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Regina T. Riphahn 《Journal of population economics》2002,15(1):115-135
In response to increased international policy attention to youth unemployment this study investigates post-secondary school
transitions of school leavers. Multinomial logit models are estimated for male and female German youth. The models control
for individual, parent, and household characteristics, for those of the youth's region of residence and local labor markets.
The findings suggest that immigrant youth has particularly low participation rates in continued education, and that youth
unemployment is centered in high unemployment states and metropolitan areas. More generous academic benefit policies seem
to be correlated with increased academic enrollment, and men's transitions to the military do reflect recent changes in defense
policies.
Received: 30 November 1999/Accepted: 3 August 2000 相似文献
5.
Declining employment success of immigrant males in Sweden: Observed or unobserved characteristics? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Focusing on Nordic and Yugoslavian immigrant males, we study the determinants of employment success of natives and immigrants
in Sweden. Furthermore, we investigate the reasons behind the arising gap in employment success between Swedes and immigrants
from 1970 to 1990. In a decomposition analysis, we find that the main part of the decline in the employment probability of
immigrants relative to Swedes over time is explained by a change in coefficients (unobserved characteristics) rather than
a change in determinants (observed characteristics).
Received: 22 June 1998/Accepted: 23 March 2000 相似文献
6.
基于"流动人口的婚姻家庭问题研究"课题组收集的数据,描述当代已婚流动妇女的性生活状况及其与从未外出打工已婚女性和已婚流动男性的性生活水平差异,通过建立多视角、多因素的综合解释模型,对已婚流动妇女性生活的影响因素进行估计和检验。多元分析结果表明,年龄、受教育程度、月收入、家庭经济支配权、与配偶居住情况、打工当地朋友数等是已婚流动妇女性生活质量的主要影响因素。 相似文献
7.
Robert A. Nakosteen Olle Westerlund Michael A. Zimmer 《Journal of population economics》2005,18(3):491-507
Recent research concerning the incidence of reported work-limiting disabilities in the married population indicates a degree
of interdependence between spouses' disabilities. This pattern is consistent with several hypotheses. Spouses tend to share
many lifestyle traits that might lead to common health outcomes. Alternatively, their joint reports might reflect a shared
preference for income benefits or workplace accommodations available to disabled individuals. Another possibility is that
disabled individuals tend to be matched in the process of marital formation. This paper investigates the latter hypothesis.
Taking advantage of a unique data set from the Swedish population, we select a sample of recently married couples and trace
them back in time to their single years. Our analysis indicates nonrandom matching on the basis of disability status. After
controlling for observed traits such as age and education, we find a residual correlation between future spouses that is positive
and strongly significant. The magnitude of the correlation is within the range of residual correlations obtained from other
studies that address marital matching in the contexts of education and earnings.
The authors wish to thank anonymous referees and the editors of this journal for helpful comments and prompt reviews.
Responsible editor: Christian Dustmann. 相似文献
8.
This study sheds light on the labour market outcomes of children born to immigrants in the destination country, i.e. second generation immigrants. The study has the advantage of being able to (i) identify several different ethnic backgrounds and (ii) identify the parent composition, i.e. whether one or both parents of the individual are foreign born. The labour market outcomes of second generation immigrants mirror those of first generation immigrants in that we find heterogeneity in labour market outcomes to be associated with ethnic background. Moreover, these outcomes, especially for Southern and non-European backgrounds, are much worse than those for native-born with a Swedish background. Finally, the outcome is more favourable if one parent is born in Sweden compared to having both parents foreign born, especially if the mother is native born.All Correspondence to Dan-Olof Rooth. We are grateful for several helpful comments and suggestions from two anonymous referees. A research grant from the Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research is gratefully acknowledged. Responsible editor: Christoph M. Schmidt. 相似文献
9.
Recently a number of studies [3, 5–11] dealing with the question of demand for higher education have appeared. Most of these studies either deal with the total demand for higher education or with the demand for public and private higher education. So far, the question of higher education demand by sex has not been analyzed. Such analysis may be important for a number of reasons. First, during the period 1951–1970 female enrollment increased by 361 percent whereas male enrollment rose by only 233 percent. Such trends might also continue in the future since the present (1970) enrollment participation rate of high school graduates is only 0.47 for females as compared to 0.68 for males. Second, it is important to test empirically whether parents discriminate when they choose to enroll their children in institutions of higher education. Third, the recent social movement towards equality for both sexes and the efforts of the federal government to provide important jobs to females, should also stimulate a greater demand for education on the part of females. In this paper, we attempt to estimate separately demand functions for higher education in the United States for males and females. 相似文献
10.
Mukesh Eswaran 《Journal of population economics》2002,15(3):433-454
This paper examines one avenue through which female autonomy impinges on fertility and child mortality in developing countries.
A simple model is set out in which couples are motivated to have children for old age security purposes. The decisions of
a couple regarding fertility and allocation of resources for the healthcare of their children are made within a bargaining
framework. An increase in female autonomy translating into an increase in the relative bargaining power or the threat point
utility of mothers is shown to reduce fertility and also to reduce child mortality rates. Paradoxically, the increase in female
autonomy within a household may increase the disadvantage suffered by female children in that household with respect to survival.
Received: 4 August 1999/Accepted: 7 September 2000 相似文献
11.
Hofferth Sandra L. Stanhope Stephen Mullan Harris Kathleen 《Population research and policy review》2002,21(5):433-472
This paper evaluates the association between welfare policies implemented by states in the early to mid-1990s and the rate at which female household heads with children exit AFDC for work or for non-work reasons. The results show that waiver policies requiring work, such as the work requirement and the elimination of exemptions for mothers of very young children, are associated with more rapid exits through employment. Incentive policies that make work more attractive by allowing mothers to remain eligible as earnings rise extend the period of welfare receipt. Neither time limits, the family cap, nor sanctions were related to welfare exits during this early period of welfare reform. Results suggest that other policies implemented in the 1993-1996 period, such as the EITC, may have also influenced welfare exits. In addition, the economy played an important supportive role in facilitating recipient exits from public assistance. While relatively high unemployment rates did not deter recipients from working, state prosperity increased the positive impact of work requirements on work exits. 相似文献
12.
This paper examines the effects of female education on marriage outcomes by exploiting the exogenous variation generated by the Female Secondary School Stipend Program in Bangladesh, which made secondary education free for rural girls. Our findings show that an additional year of female education leads to an increase in 0.72 years of husband’s education and that better educated women pair with spouses who have better occupations and are closer in age to their own, suggesting assortative mating. Those educated women appear to experience greater autonomy in making decisions on receiving their own health care and visiting their family. Furthermore, educated women have lower fertility and use more maternal health care, and their children have better health outcomes than those of less-educated women. Overall, our results suggest that the marriage market is one of the channels through which women’s education affects their life outcomes. 相似文献
13.
In this article, we empirically study the role of education attainment on individual body mass index (BMI), eating patterns, and physical activity. We allow for endogeneity of schooling choices for females and males in a mean and quantile instrumental variables framework. We find that completion of lower secondary education has a significant positive impact on reduction of individual BMI, containment of calorie consumption, and promotion of physical activity. Interestingly, these effects are heterogeneous across genders and distributions. In particular, for BMI and calorie expenditure, the effect of education is significant for females and is more pronounced for women with high body mass and low physical activity. On the other hand, the effect of education on eating patterns is significant mainly for males, being more beneficial for men with elevated calorie consumption. We also show that education attainment is likely to foster productive and allocative efficiency of individuals in the context of BMI formation. Given that the literature suggests that education fosters development of cognition, self-control, and a variety of skills and abilities, in our context it is thus likely to promote lifetime preferences and means of individuals, which in turn enable them to achieve better health outcomes. Education also provides exposure to physical education and to school subjects enhancing individual deliberative skills, which are important factors shaping calorie expenditure and intake. Finally, we show that in the presence of strong socioeconomic inequalities in BMI, education is likely to have a pronounced impact on healthy BMI for the disadvantaged groups, represented in our framework by females. 相似文献
14.
Adriaan S. Kalwij 《Journal of population economics》2000,13(2):221-239
The main concern of this paper is to analyze the effects of female employment status on the presence and number of children
in households in the Netherlands. For this purpose a hurdle count data model is formulated and estimated by the generalized
method of moments. The hurdle takes explicitly into account the interrelationship between female employment status and timing
of first birth. The number of children, once children are present in the household, is modeled conditional on female employment
status. The empirical results show that female employment status is a major determinant of the presence and number of children
in households: employed women schedule children later in life and have fewer children compared to nonemployed women, holding
educational attainment constant. After controlling for female employment status, the educational attainment of both the woman
and the man in the households are found to have relatively small effects on the presence and number of children.
Received: 3 November 1998/Accepted: 22 September 1999 相似文献
15.
Public employment growth has been parallelled by increased female labour force participation, while real wages for typical
female public sector occupations have not increased. In a theoretical model we, first, show that there is a tradeoff between
day care provision and gross wages for occupations for which day care is a complement. It is possible to combine increased
public labour demand with public day care provision leaving the wage unaffected. Second, non-parents will be in favour of
increasing day care as long as day care productivity is higher than the inverse of the tax rate. This is because the effective
labour supply and, therefore, the tax base increase. Third, parents want to push day care provision even further. They are
prepared to accept a lower day care productivity than non-parents because day care provision relaxes the constraint on their
desired labour supply. The Pareto efficient day care provision is between parents‘ and non-parents‘ preferred levels.
Received: 12 December 1995 / Accepted: 17 September 1997 相似文献
16.
Using data from two large-scale household surveys in 1987 and 1994, we estimate wage equations which show substantial increases
in returns to university education for young Irish workers over the period, despite the exceptional increase in numbers with
these qualifications. Returns to non-degree third level certificates and diplomas fell in relative terms, but returns to qualifications
obtained by those leaving school at about 16 years of age rose. We argue that the increased return to university education
primarily reflects the generalised shift in demand towards skilled labour internationally and the open nature of the Irish
labour market. However, a floor may have been placed under earnings for low-skilled youth by the increased generosity of income
support available to them.
Received: 29 December 1997/Accepted: 7 August 1998 相似文献
17.
Child care workers receive low hourly pay, modest returns to education, experience and job tenure, and have high rates of
turnover. These stylized facts have caused analysts to characterize child care workers as secondary labour market participants.
We use Canadian data to challenge this characterization and to examine the disputed effects of auspice (non-profit vs. for-profit
status) on wages. In contrast to Mocan and Viola (1997), improved controls for the differential availability of resources
and firm size do not make the positive wage effects experienced by workers in non-profit day care centres disappear.
Received: 7 February 2000/Accepted: 1 August 2001 相似文献
18.
Tomas Kögel 《Journal of population economics》2004,17(1):45-65
Recent literature finds that in OECD countries the cross-country correlation between the total fertility rate and the female labor force participation rate, which until the beginning of the 1980s had a negative value, has since acquired a positive value. This result is (explicitly or implicitly) often interpreted as evidence for a changing sign in the time-series association between fertility and female employment within OECD countries. This paper shows that the time-series association between fertility and female employment does not demonstrate a change in sign. Instead, the reversal in the sign of the cross-country correlation is most likely due to a combination of two elements: First, the presence of unmeasured country-specific factors and, second, country-heterogeneity in the magnitude of the negative time-series association between fertility and female employment. However, the paper does find evidence for a reduction in the negative time-series association between fertility and female employment after about 1985.I benefited from stimulating discussions with Arnstein Aassve, Pau Baizan, Francesco Billari, Henriette Engelhardt, Hans-Peter Kohler and Alexia Prskawetz and a seminar in Rostock. Further, I am grateful to two anonymous referees for very useful suggestions that improved essentially the content of the paper. In addition, I thank Susan Masur, Susann Backer, and Elizabeth Zach for language editing. The views expressed in this paper are the authors own views and do not necessarily represent those of the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research. Responsible editor: Junsen Zhang. 相似文献
19.
Paul Fronstin David H. Greenberg Philip K. Robins 《Journal of population economics》2001,14(1):137-172
This paper uses data from the age 33 wave of the British National Child Development Survey (NCDS) to analyze the effects
of a parental disruption (divorce or death of a father) on the labour market performance of children when they reach adulthood.
The NCDS is a longitudinal study of all children born during the first week of March 1958 in England, Scotland, and Wales.
Controlling for a rich set of pre-disruption characteristics, the results indicate that a parental disruption leads to moderately
less employment among males and considerably lower wage rates among females at age 33. If pre-disruption characteristics are
not controlled for, larger effects are estimated for both males and females. Parental disruption also seems to cause substantial
reductions in educational attainment for both males and females.
Received: 22 May 1998/Accepted: 27 April 1999 相似文献
20.
通过对流动人口迁移距离性别差异的考察发现:(1)女性流动人口的平均迁移距离长于男性23.1千米,个体因素、迁移特征、经济社会因素对男性、女性流动人口的迁移距离存在着不同方向和不同程度的影响。少数民族和农村户籍的女性流动人口的迁移距离明显长于男性。(2)随受教育程度的提高,女性迁移距离不断增加,初中、高中、大学和研究生学历的女性流动人口的迁移距离分别增加0.062、0.058、0.098和0.170个单位。(3)女性流动人口的迁移受到距离的阻抗作用强度弱于男性,距离每增加1%,流入的女性流动人口规模降低1.090%,而男性为1.275%。(4)引入经济发展差距(GDP)和收入差距变量后,各变量的影响程度和方向发生变化,女性表现出学历、收入水平越高迁移得越远的特征。 相似文献