社区居委会为老服务的现状及发展路径——基于NT市X街道HJ社区的实证分析

社区居委会是社区为老服务的重要主体。通过实证分析发现,社区居委会为老服务取得成效之时,也存在着户籍管理制度,老人心理、生理特性和为老服务资源等方面的问题。因此必须建立非在籍老人登记制度;采用社工技巧加强与社区老人的沟通;开发和整合社区居委会为老服务的人力和财力资源。     

城市社区老人心理健康服务现状调查——来自重庆市主城社区的调查数据

以重庆市主城社区老人为调查对象,从老人的基本情况、心理健康状况、心理健康服务需求、心理服务支持系统等方面的调查数据进行详细分析,得出了家庭、邻里同辈群体是老人心理健康的重要支持系统、需要建立完善的城市社区老人心理健康服务体系等结论。     

城市社区老人心理健康服务现状调查——来自重庆市主城社区的调查数据

以重庆市主城社区老人为调查对象,从老人的基本情况、心理健康状况、心理健康服务需求、心理服务支持系统等方面的调查数据进行详细分析,得出了家庭、邻里同辈群体是老人心理健康的重要支持系统、需要建立完善的城市社区老人心理健康服务体系等结论。     

Aging and Elder Care in Japan: A Call for Empowerment-Oriented Community Development

This article provides a brief overview of the situation of the elderly and their caregivers in Japan, including demographic changes in Japan, development and changes in long-term care policy that have targeted the poorly integrated community care system, and other challenges that the elderly and family caregivers face. Policy direction designed to address these issues is increasingly targeting care by the community versus support care by society (which was initially the main strategy). The potential of empowerment-oriented community development intervention strategies to decrease the gap between available institutional and formal community-based services and the needs of the elderly and their families in their efforts to meet late life challenges is described. The need for an increased role of social workers in community development interventions is explored and strategies are suggested.     

A Functional Classification of Services for Older People

A deductively derived classification scheme is proposed which categorizes the health and social services of a community according to the levels of competence (behavioral functioningj and the levels of independence of the older people they address. Five levels of individual behavioral functioning ranging from simple to complex are specified: life-maintenance and health; perception-cognition: self-maintenance; effectance: and sociol role performance. Three levels of independence (of living arrangements) are specified ranging from the independent to the dependent subgroups of older people: the comparatively well elderly; elderly who require alternatives to prevent premature institutionalization; and elderly whose needs may confer institutional care or its equivalents. The services of a sample community are classified within this two dimensional scheme. The applications of the classification scheme to both community planning and individual treatment plan formulation are discussed.     

Services for the Rural Elderly

This paper examines the interaction between social policy and community characteristics as they relate to the development of formal long-term care services for the rural elderly. A model for the conversion of policy opportunity into actual services for the rural elderly is presented. This model suggests that while social policy in rural areas is a constant, selected community level characteristics contribute to or impede service development.     

Primary Caregivers and Chinese Elders’ Demand on Community Services

Abstract

The most influential model explaining the elderly’s service use is Andersen and Newman's model. But the applicability of the model on elders’ demand on community services has not been tested, especially in developing countries such as China. This research tested the applicability of the model by studying how primary caregiver relations to the elderly influence Chinese community-dwelling elders’ demand on community services. With a total of 2,124 respondents aged 65 and older who reported primary caregivers, six primary caregiver relations were examined: son, spouse, daughter, daughter-in-law, unmarried son and daughter, and other. Data came from the 2014 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). Results indicated that: (1) Elders cared for by daughters-in-law showed a significantly stronger tendency of expecting community services than elders cared for by other caregivers among both rural and urban areas. (2) Elders were least likely to expect community services in two cases: urban elders taken care of by daughters and rural elders whose primary caregivers were unmarried sons and daughters. Since Chinese elders cared for by different caregivers tended to seek community care in different manners, future research may study how suitable community service programs can be developed to well meet the needs of various elderly groups.     

Community service provision for the elderly under the context of competitive contracting in Guangzhou

Contracting is a prevalent trend in the delivery of public and social services around the world. International experience shows that contracting has positive and negative impacts on service provision. While local experiments on social service contracting are currently emerging in China, the implementation and effects of contracting are worthy subjects of examination. This study delves into this area by focusing on community service provision for the elderly in the context of competitive contracting. A street community which is located in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province of China serves as a case study to show the implementation of competitive contracting, the provision of community service for the elderly, and the implications of contracting for care.     

Charging and Quasi-Markets in Community Care: Implications for Elderly People with Dementia

Social services authorities in the UK are increasingly involved in charging and fee collection activities with clients in receipt of community care services. This article explores the implications of these developments for elderly people with dementia. The starting point of the article is a critique of existing legal and administrative options for handling other people's money, including the difficulties and dilemmas raised for both paid and unpaid carers by the existing arrangements. This is then related to the failure of charging and fee collection systems which have developed as a result of the community care reforms to address the particular needs of elderly people with dementia. A case study of policies in one local authority is outlined and this is followed by the presentation of the view of 37 fieldlevel professionals who were interviewed in focus groups. The concerns of these respondents included the complexity of the assessment task, conflicts between care managers and finance/revenue staff, the difficulty of defining and responding to financial abuse, and dilemmas over the extent to which relatives and carers should be trusted. The final section of the article considers the implications of a move to quasi-markets in social care for elderly people with dementia, particularly in terms of their vulnerability to financial exploitation.     

PERCEPTION OF SENIOR CENTERS BY THE BLACK ELDERLY

This study explored the impact of the neighborhood senior center on the black elderly by determining their perception of senior centers. Three groups of black elderly were interviewed: attenders of a neighborhood senior center (n = 46), non-attenders in the same community (n = 33), and non-attenders in a comparable community without a neighborhood senior center (n = 27). A 29-item interview schedule was conducted that determined awareness of senior center activities and services. Significant differences were found among the three groups with the attenders and non-attenders in the same community having the highest level of awareness of senior center activities and services. Age, sex and marital status were not found to influence perception of senior centers. The findings suggest that the neighborhood senior center needs to be further examined as a model for serving minority elderly.     

Discretion in Welfare Provision

While discretion has been studied in systems of distribution which are governed by rules, or in those where there is a crucial gatekeeper, there remain many informal and diffuse systems where little is known about the discretion used. An example is the allocation of community services. In such cases, a useful strategy is to analyze the informal rationing system along lines which are discussed, and by this means to identify as discretionary the cases which emerge as anomalous.
Possibilities are outlined for comparing the amount of discretion used and its bias, in areas with different resource levels or degrees of regulation; and the paper concludes with a detailed illustration, drawn from an area study of community services for the elderly, of changes in the use of discretion with increasing pressure on resources.     

人口老龄化背景下的社区养老服务

人口老龄化的趋势不断加快是当前人口发展的态势,在传统家庭养老功能趋于弱化的同时,如何有效地建立满足老年人需求的服务体系是老年工作面临的挑战之一。本文结合老年人的身心特点阐述了社区养老服务的内涵及优越性,在分析了社区养老服务的现状及问题的基础上,提出了社区养老的发展思路和建议。     

Services Provided by Elderly Volunteers

As the number of elderly persons increases, the social service needs of older Americans will grow too. To provide a variety of services, many social service agencies across the nation are helping the elderly organize to help themselves. This paper represents the second of a series of research reports derived from a federally funded research project to investigate the types of services that trained elderly volunteers provide to other elderly persons in the community. This paper presents a multivariate analysis of elderly volunteers who go beyond providing socializing and reassuring services and provide instrumental services. The independant variables are developed to capture the level of the physical and mental strengths of elderly volunteers. Theses strengths are psychological functioning, perceived health, psychological adjustment, and social resources. In addition, program-participation factors, such as the duration of participation in the volunteer project and the number of persons served, as well as variables related to demographic and educational backgrounds, are included in the analysis as controls. The major findings from this study are the following: (1) Among the independant variables, perceived health is a statistically significant predictor of a volunteer's becoming a provider of instrumental services; (2) The volunteer's level of education and the number of elderly persons served are also statistically significant predictors. One the whole, however, elderly volunteers perfer socialization and reasurance over instrumental services when they try to help other elderly persons.     

老年人社区服务需求与社区工作专业化

本文以南京市鼓楼区某街道为例,探索了老年人不同层次的社区服务需求及其满足状况。本文认为,当前老年居民低层次的社区服务需求已经基本得到满足,但高层次的社区服务需求难以满足。必需加快社区工作者的职业化和专业化,提升社区服务的质量才能更好地满足老年人的社区服务需求,实现社区和谐发展。     

The Older Woman:

Interviews were conducted with 302 elderly persons residing in two ethnic urban communities to determine their problems as well as their needs for diverse community services. Sex and living arrangements were found to be critical mediators of the demand for and use of various services. A greater proportion of women than men (particularly women living alone) reported needs for household, self-maintenance, and community services. Older women living alone were also more likely to report that they had experienced neighborhood problems. Implications for designing community-based services to better meet the needs of older persons in diverse living situations are discussed.     

Social Support and Government Policy on Services for the Elderly

Government policy on services for the elderly is to increase the provision of care in the community. This paper examines this policy in relation to informal help received from relatives and friends.
Drawing on the results of a pilot study of 92 people over the age of 75, registered in a group general practice, data are presented on the balance between informal and formal help over a group of activities of daily livhg. The main informal helpers are described with the range of activities for which people in the study were receiving assistance.
Community services are, at present, limited in the help they can provide for people in their own homes. If policies of community care are to be successful, then they must take into account the strengths and weaknesses of informal support. Using the data presented, suggestions are made a bout improvements in services including task specific services not currently provided and the definition of groups at risk of their social support breaking down.     

Community Integration of the Elderly in Foster Family Care

Currently the care of the elderly is part of a nationwide trend of deinstitutionalization. However, community placement of formerly institutionalized clients, particularly through the mental hygiene system, has in some instances met with negative community response. Extent of resident participation in the community and degree of community acceptance were studied through interviews with caretakers ir) 100 foster homes, housing one to four clients over 60. More than 3/4 of the residents were reported as having met neighbors. One-third of the residents take walks in the neighborhood, with an additional 2/5 visiting in the neighborhood. One-third participate in activities such as senior centers or church groups. Contrary to expectation, those homes associated with the mental hygiene system reported greater participation in community activities than did those sponsored by the social services system. Negative response from the community occurred in only about 10% of homes. Thus, foster family care appears to show promise both for community integration of the elderly and for community acceptance of the deinstitutionalized.     

The psychosocial needs of the Chinese elderly

Changing Chinese family patterns caused by immigration have contributed to the breakdown of traditional community and familial control in Chinese-American families. As a result, the Chinese-American elderly are faced with unique psychosocial problems that workers must consider when providing services to this population.     

国内城市居家养老的研究综述

通过综合分析近十年来居家养老相关文献,本文总结出目前有关研究成果主要体现在产生根源、内涵界定、实施现状、问题及对策上,而其中对于居家养老内涵界定存在分歧,需要从重新明确养老模式的划分标准上来统一认识,对于居家养老方式的研究应跳出社区服务这个范围,认识到居家养老是作为家庭、社区、国家养老制度三者形成的合力,注重从整体上进行较为系统和全面的研究。     

国内城市居家养老的研究综述

通过综合分析近十年来居家养老相关文献,本文总结出目前有关研究成果主要体现在产生根源、内涵界定、实施现状、问题及对策上,而其中对于居家养老内涵界定存在分歧,需要从重新明确养老模式的划分标准上来统一认识,对于居家养老方式的研究应跳出社区服务这个范围,认识到居家养老是作为家庭、社区、国家养老制度三者形成的合力,注重从整体上进行较为系统和全面的研究。