Decisions concerning the allocation of scarce medical resources

This paper aimed to determine the criteria participants use to make decisions about scarce medical resources (allocation to use a kidney machine). It varied information about patients on 4 factors (sex, smoking, employment status, community service). It also set out to see if decisions made in groups differed from aggregated decisions of those made alone. In the first study, participants completed a simple questionnaire requiring them to rank-order sixteen hypothetical patients. In the second study, a group discussion (in groups of three participants) preceded the group putting an agreed rating on the identical questionnaire. Participants favoured patients who were employed, non-smokers and participated in community service. This suggests that participants adopted a utilitarian moral ideology. Participants' smoking habits interacted with the hypothetical patients' smoking habits, indicating in-group favouritism. In the second study it was found that when the decision was made in a group of three it amplifies the decision made by an individual. In this sense there was clear evidence of group polarization.     

我国矿产资源刑事立法问题探析

加强立法,对保障矿产资源合理开发、有序利用具有重要意义。当前,我国矿产资源法律制度不尽完善,特别是刑事法律比较弱化,对国家行政机关和工作人员违法发放采矿许可证、矿主肆意浪费资源和污染环境、官商勾结和监察失职等行为难究其责,使私开滥采、资源浪费、环境破坏和矿难频发等矿产资源刑事违法犯罪问题突出,严重危及国家财产和人民生命安全,影响经济社会健康发展。因此,从增设罪名、加重刑罚和创新量刑制度等方面完善我国矿产资源刑法保护措施,势在必行。     

The Vexed Question of Market Stewardship in the Public Sector: Examining Equity and the Social Contract through the Australian National Disability Insurance Scheme

Personalized care and market‐based approaches to public service provision have gained prominence in a range of Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development countries. Australia has recently joined this trend, launching a complex and expansive programme of individualized care funding for disability through the National Disability Insurance Scheme. Public sector markets (i.e. where governments either directly fund a market by way of competitive tendering, or through personal budgets) have been embraced by actors at different points of the political spectrum and for a range of reasons, including efficacy and efficiency gains, empowerment of citizens and efforts to cater for diversity. Despite the growing dominance of public sector markets and individualized funding, many questions about the role and responsibility of governments in managing and regulating these markets remain unanswered. In this article we outline different roles governments might assume in the creation and management of public sector markets, based on the types of risks governments are willing to take responsibility for. We argue that to fulfil the social contract between government and citizens, governments need to ensure that markets are properly stewarded and embedded in broader social safety nets. This, we contend, can ensure citizens receive the gains of market models while being protected from market failures or market‐produced inequities.     

Evaluating Cooperative Game Theory in water resources

Two empirical applications of Cooperative Game Theory concerned with regional cooperation in the use of irrigation water are presented. Both studies attempt to derive income maximizing solutions for the participants and the related income allocation schemes. Distinction is made between transferable and non-transferable utility situations. The reasonableness and the acceptability of the schemes derived are later critically evaluated. Main findings are: (1) use of utility functions leads to problems in gains allocations, (2) the Core concept may be useless in this application because since it is either difficult to calculate or is empty in many cases, (3) gains allocation and the derived core are heavily dependent on probabilities of coalitions formation in the Shapley value or the Generalized Shapley Value.During the course of this research in The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.On leave from The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.     

Factors affecting nonmedical participants' allocation of scarce medical resources

This study was designed to determine the factors that affect nonmedical participants' judgments in constructing a ranked waiting list for kidney patients requiring dialysis. Participants (N=167) were given a questionnaire that provided minimal demographic data about 16 hypothetical patients. Participants were requested to rank patients in order of priority for treatment. Each participant's personal demographic details were also obtained. Patients differed on four dimensions: gender, income, alcohol consumption, and religious beliefs, yielding a 2x2x2x2 design. The participants favoured for treatment included females over males, "poor" over "rich," nondrinkers over drinkers, and Christians over atheists. Results are discussed in terms of establishing democratic criteria and informing medical personnel on explicit factors which may affect their decision making, thus guarding against biases in judgment.     

北京市水资源人口承载力再辨析

北京相对于国际人均水资源标准属于极度缺水的城市。随着首都社会经济的发展,人口规模也在不断膨胀,给水资源造成了越来越大的压力。很多学者都对北京市的水资源承载力进行过探讨,基本结论都是人口规模已经远远超过了水资源的承载力。然而,在实际人口不断突破所谓的水资源承载力时,人们在生产和生活中却没有明显感到水资源超载后的压力。本文从水资源承载力的概念以及基本计算原理出发,根据北京市实际水资源的利用情况,剖析了北京市水资源人口承载力的状态和人口压力,为相关的决策提供必要的咨询参考。     

The modern context and ancient resources of Chinese literature

进入和转换古代文学资源是文学现代性的题中应有之义。在20世纪,中国现代文学大致有四种进入古代文学资源的范式：在马克思主义批判地继承文化遗产的思想指引下,中国现代文学出现了以“精华糟粕”说为代表的社会政治化文学传统观范式;在西方阐释学等思潮激活下,产生了以“新文学源流”说为代表的精神启蒙型文学传统观范式;以科学释古与现代审美相结合为特征的“释古立美”类文学传统观范式,则是着重从传统内部进行解释和转化、更新和创造;此外还有一种以日常生活叙事为特征的民间常态化文学传统观范式,显示出古今文学贯通的文化整体性。在多种范式的共生互补、竞相发展中,重要的是在“互动”、“原创”中凸显问题意识,通过对古代文学资源的进入与激活,实现现实生命价值的重构。     

Promoting research on research integrity in Canada

Research on research integrity is an important element in building a strong national research integrity framework. There is a lack of empirical evidence and conceptual research on research integrity in Canada. To further strengthen and develop our system of research integrity, we believe that greater support is needed to promote research on research integrity. Research on research integrity is imperative in order to gain a richer understanding of the diversity of responsible conduct of research norms, practices, education and policies from a Canadian perspective. The knowledge gained would help in the development of an evidenced-based and responsive Canadian system of research integrity.     

论人力资源管理中的制度激励

制度激励的基础或根本出发点是经济人理性假定,激励是针对每个人追求自身预期收益最大化经济行为,通过规范的制度安排来引导和约束企业员工,为实现组织目标而努力。在人力资源管理实践中,激励之所以往往成为"问题",很多情况下都与制度安排密切相关。制度激励问题的典型表现形态就是"搭便车"问题与"代理成本"问题,后者解决办法无外乎在如下四种方法之间做折中选择:直接监督解决法;契约完善解决法;股权激励解决法;声誉机制解决法。通过员工持股计划(ESOP)、管理者收购(MBO)或经理股票期权(ESO)等途径和方式实现人力资本股权化,是现代企业制度激励的必然选择。     

Ethics of research design

Discussions of ethical issues in research involving human subjects most usually provoke concerns about valid informed consent procedures. However, considering the recognized limitations of informed consent, arguably the way a study is designed is a more consequential concern for subject well‐being. This paper summarizes ethical issues in the design of clinical research, with reference to historic and current guidelines. Special attention is given to randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and psychiatric research.     

Disciplinary research agendas and institutional arrangements for evaluation research

An evaluation agenda for social work to strengthen the research foundations for practice requires more replication, an extension of the range of outcomes it is possible to study and a narrowing of the gap between research, policy and practice. Enlarging understanding of social work's political functions and its relationship to welfare entails research programmes, strongly rooted in the social sciences, which include analysis of community interventions, social work's regulating and mediating functions, and exploration of the personal and social circumstances of those who achieve success and well-being despite their vulnerabilities and limited life chances.Universities, independent research institutions and social work agencies are the necessary locations for this substantial and diverse agenda.     

Moral distress among social workers: The role of insufficient resources

The present study examined moral distress among Finnish social workers and the role of perceived resource insufficiencies in explaining it. The aim was to shed light on this understudied phenomenon in the field of social welfare. The study focused on work‐related moral distress, defined as impaired wellbeing that is connected to the continual inability to implement actions that one considers morally appropriate. The survey data were collected with an electronic questionnaire between the years 2011 and 2012. The respondents (n = 817) were social workers in the public social welfare services and the overall response rate was 46.5 per cent. Nearly 11 per cent of the respondents reported experiencing moral distress and perceived resource insufficiencies strongly explained this experience. Moreover, social workers with moral distress reported that they were less willing to continue in their post, were more frequently on sick leave and had positive work‐related experiences less often than their colleagues who did not experience moral distress. Key Practitioner Message: ● The concept of moral distress is useful in describing the experiences of social welfare workers when they are unable to practise their profession according to their moral code and the emotional burden related to this inability; ● Perceived resource insufficiencies are strongly associated with experiences of moral distress among frontline social workers; ● Social workers experiencing moral distress are less willing to continue in their work, take sick leave more often and less frequently have positive experiences related to their work.     

基于资源观的产业集群竞争力探究

产业集群是个特殊结构的组织,我们可以运用战略管理学有关组织竞争的理论探索产业集群的竞争问题。产业集群持久竞争力实现的根本在于其特定的资源和能力,尤其在动态竞争环境中,动态能力理论更好的解释了产业集群竞争力的来源,产业集群的竞争力可以从动态能力分析模型的三个层面来获得。     

国际石油资源博弈与中国的石油外交战略

国际石油资源博弈的主要方式有多种不同类型,且在博弈中不断转化或由几种类型博弈交叉在一起形成复杂的博弈结构。实施“走出去”战略是中国石油安全体系的重要内容,它需要国家外交的支持。具体而言,需要体制创新,需要成立能源对外协凋机构,需要积极推动“东北亚能源合作组织”的建立。一、国际石油资源博弈要素、方式及其均衡分析1.国际石油资源博弈主体及其战略意图在石油市场的参与者中,既有跨国公司,又有国家(以政府的身份)。在国际石油资源战略性博弈中,主要是以国家作为主体进行区域性或全球性的石油控制权的博弈;在国际石油资源战术性博弈中,则主要是以跨国公司或跨国公司与国家之间就某一个勘探开发项目进行的博弈。美国是通过军事实力     

关于流寓文化研究与旅游资源开发的思考

旅游文化是自然景观与人文景观相结合的产物。黑龙江省的旅游文化中真正得到开发的只是自然景观和人文景观中的少数民族文化 ,至于以中原文化为主体的流寓文化却没有得到应有的重视与开发。为促进黑龙江旅游事业的进一步发展 ,今后应把开发流寓文化作为提高旅游文化品位的重要内容 ,应将开发流寓文化列入黑龙江“十五”规划。在流寓文化开发中应首先重点开发宁安与海林、齐齐哈尔和哈尔滨三处旅游带     

Preregistering qualitative research

The threat to reproducibility and awareness of current rates of research misbehavior sparked initiatives to better academic science. One initiative is preregistration of quantitative research. We investigate whether the preregistration format could also be used to boost the credibility of qualitative research. A crucial distinction underlying preregistration is that between prediction and postdiction. In qualitative research, data are used to decide which way interpretation should move forward, using data to generate hypotheses and new research questions. Qualitative research is thus a real-life example of postdiction research. Some may object to the idea of preregistering qualitative studies because qualitative research generally does not test hypotheses, and because qualitative research design is typically flexible and subjective. We rebut these objections, arguing that making hypotheses explicit is just one feature of preregistration, that flexibility can be tracked using preregistration, and that preregistration would provide a check on subjectivity. We then contextualize preregistrations alongside another initiative to enhance credibility in qualitative research: the confirmability audit. Besides, preregistering qualitative studies is practically useful to combating dissemination bias and could incentivize qualitative researchers to report constantly on their study's development. We conclude with suggested modifications to the Open Science Framework preregistration form to tailor it for qualitative studies.