从一次人口转变到二次人口转变——现代人口转变及其启示

在扼要解析狭义人口转变及其经典模型的基础上,认为第二次人口转变的提出,是结合人口"中间变量"从广义上阐释了人口变化的内在动因与作用机理,进而在宏观、中观和微观三个层面引入了对现代人口转变与社会变迁关系的思考。主张人口转变是一个多维的动态历史过程,蕴涵着婚姻、生育、家庭、健康、人口调控等系列转变。提出第二次人口转变在中国的城市地区已露端倪。最后特别指出人口转变不仅仅是人口变化,更重要的是将其嵌套的社会变迁,两者关系的空前紧密折射着社会变化与社会需求。过去30年中国通过计划生育让人口"适应"了经济腾飞,而今后三、五十年以至更长时间,应使人口的"主体"地位逐步复归,让经济社会发展适应新的人口变化与社会需求,提高人口生存与生命质量,这才是发展的目的本身。     

从全球人口变化看中国人口负增长北大核心

全球人口在近一个世纪中先后经历了死亡率下降、规模高速增长、生育率下降、规模增速减缓等不同发展阶段。中国人口变化与全球人口变化大趋势基本一致,但变化历程在时间上大大压缩,在人口规模达到峰值前后,快步进入老龄社会。低生育率、人口低增长或负增长以及人口老龄化并不是中国的特有现象,而是全球在21世纪将要共同面对的挑战。中国需要尽快适应人口新变化,并积极应对其带来的各种新挑战。     

人口结构变化对于经济增长的影响——以江苏省为例

改革开放三十多年,中国经济蓬勃发展,社会发生了巨大的变化.人口老龄化等人口结构变化问题受到了广泛关注.人口结构的转变体现在方方面面,本文从人口结构的变化出发,包括人口年龄结构、人口性别结构、人口城乡结构、人口教育结构等,结合江苏省的实际情况进行实证研究,说明了人口老龄化,城乡人口比例失衡对于江苏经济发展有着显著的负向影响;人口教育结构的优化即高素质人才比重上升,对于江苏经济增长有着显著的正向影响;人口性别比例的失衡一定程度对于经济增长有阻碍作用.     

近代北京城市人口研究

人口变化是北京近代化的主要标志之一。本文通过对大量历史资料的分析 ,指出北京近代人口变化的几个显著特征。第一 ,人口规模不断扩大 ;第二 ,人口自然结构变化明显 ,外来人口比重大于本市人口 ,性别比高 ,青壮年人口占城市总人口一半以上 ,等 ;第三 ,人口社会经济结构呈多方向变化 ,家庭人口趋于缩小 ,从旗人为主到汉人为主的变化 ,教育程度两极分化 ,职业结构的近代色彩 ,等 ;第四 ,贫富差距进一步拉大。最后 ,本文指出 ,这些人口变化和人口问题体现了北京城市转型期的特点 ,而这些人口问题的解决程度 ,也将成为衡量北京近代化水平的尺度。     

我国人口性别比的时间空间变化

我国人口性别比偏高问题日益受到人们的关注。本文以五次普查的数据为基础 ,分别对我国总人口、出生人口、分年龄人口性别比在时间和空间上的变化进行了详细的分析 ,总结出 1 94 9年以来 ,我国人口性别比变化的特点。     

甘肃省近百年来人口分布的时空变化分析

文章依据近百年来分区域人口统计数据建立动态模型,分析甘肃省人口分布的时空变化特点。近百年来甘肃经济社会状况的巨变引起75个县的人口密度和人口比重的变化,特别是以兰州市为重心的陇中地区人口比重持续上升,反映了工业化、城镇化过程对人口分布的集中效应;而陇南地区在人口密度快速增加的同时人口比重持续下降,反映了资源环境对人口增长的约束。各地区的人口密度、人口比重与时间序列具有良好的相关性。     

长三角都市区人口集疏过程及其空间格局变化

基于1982年、1990年、2000年和2010年4次人口普查数据。利用洛伦兹曲线、基尼系数和人口密度等人口分布研究指标,分析了长三角都市区人口分布态势和地域格局;利用人口增减变化和人口商度等指标探讨了近30年来长三角都市区的人口增减变化和空间集疏情况。研究表明：（1）长三角都市区在保持较为均衡的人口分布态势下人口总量继续增加。上海市及主要大城市核心主导作用日益突出;（2）人口显著增加地区日益增多,人口减少地区逐步减少;（3）以人口强流入为主的人口空间集聚过程日趋激烈;（4）区域发展梯度和经济发展差异已成为人口空间集疏变化的主要诱因和拉力．城市化则是人口流动的主要推动力。     

中国经济转型过程中的人口因素

文章试图对25年来中国经济与人口变化过程尤其是人口因素在经济转变中的作用加以评估。在回顾与总结了这一时期人口变化的主要指标的基础上,然后通过介绍和使用两个“人口红利”的概念与方法,就过去25年中人口变化对中国经济发展的有利作用做出估算,并对未来人口变化,尤其是人口老龄化对经济发展的可能影响与机遇加以评估。最后,对中国近期人口变迁所产生的几项社会后果进行讨论。     

基于GIS四川县域尺度人口聚集格局及层域划分

近20年来四川省人口分布变化明显,研究其时空变化特征具有重要意义。基于四川省1993、2003及2009年县域人口数据,采用人口相对增量分析了县域人口序列变化;利用热点分析及引力模型,划分了人口分布的聚集区、区域人口中心及其空间层域组合。结果表明,1993—2003年93%的县域人口相对增长,11个相对减少;2003~2009年92%的县域人口相对增长,12个相对降低。人口密度较大的区域集中于成都平原及川中丘陵区;人口热点区趋向集中、冷点区减少,形成热点—过渡—冷点区的圈层构造。区域人口形成东西两大分区,西区成都市为一级体系中心,涵盖成都、乐山、西昌、会理及绵阳、三台等二级体系;川内的其他县域形成包括达州、南充、巴中、泸州及宜宾等在内的众多二级分区,东区一级分区的中心城市尚未形成。自然地理环境、社会经济条件及突发性地质灾害对四川省人口空间变化有较大影响。     

改革开放以来我国人口变化对海洋资源影响的研究

本文在借鉴国内外相关研究文献的基础上,建立了人口变化对海洋资源影响的理论框架,并利用数据资料从动态上比较了全国与沿海地区人口变化的特点以及考察和分析了改革开放以来我国沿海人口变化对海洋资源影响的方式、特征。研究结果特别提示,人口增长对海洋资源的影响突出表现在人均国民收入的增长上,即人们消费水平的增加是影响我国海洋资源变化的最直接因素之一。因而,寻求一个适度人口规模和经济增长速度既是保护海洋资源的必要前提,也是我们达到人口与海洋资源可持续发展目标的最佳途径。     

Rural/urban differentials in demographic processes: The Central Asian states

While the populations of the Central Asian successor states are extremely heterogeneous on many indicators, the issue of rural or urban residence is consistently important in terms of differentials in population growth, socio-economic status and public health. In this paper I focus on rural population trends in Kazakhstan, Kyrghyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. I explore the relatively disadvantaged position of rural inhabitants as well as regional variations within the rural population. The differentials in fertility and mortality rates and the large projected population increases indicate that future policy interventions and data collection efforts should incorporate a specific focus on rural areas.     

Understanding involuntary immobility in the Bartang Valley of Tajikistan through the prism of motility

ABSTRACT

While in many parts of the urban world the variety of means of transport increase, in the rural valleys of Tajikistan, people still have limited access to any means of transport. As such, local communities may easily get stranded and isolated from food markets and healthcare facilities. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in the Bartang Valley of the Autonomous Kuhistoni-Badakhshon Province of Tajikistan, this paper aims to understand how situations of involuntary immobility emerge in the region. On the theoretical level, the paper demonstrates the value of motility as a conceptual term to explore why people face involuntary immobility. In a context of physical remoteness, environmental variability and dilapidated infrastructure, new facets of the concept of motility are revealed, notably on the ways inhabitants navigate through adverse mobility conditions. The paper is articulated around the three dimensions of motility: accessibility, mobility skills and appropriation of mobility. Results show that most people in Bartang have a low motility due to the lack of vehicles, frequent environmental hazards and the demanding set of competencies required to be mobile. This low motility induces involuntary immobility which is more commonly experienced by particular groups but affects most inhabitants when the road is closed.     

Population change in the former Soviet Republics

Demographic trends in the former Soviet Republics and Russia are summarized and discussed in this publication. The former Soviet Republics in Europe as well as Georgia and Armenia had completed or almost completed their demographic transition before October 1991. Other Central Asian republics experienced reduced mortality, but, despite rapid declines, fertility is still above replacement level (at 3-4 children per woman). The economic and social dislocation of the breakup of the republics has hastened fertility decline. The annual population growth rate of the USSR in the mid-1980s was 0.9%; this rate declined to 0.4% in 1991, and the decline has continued. The 1991 population of the USSR was 289.1 million. Between 1989 and 1991, the crude birth rate was 18/1000 population, and the crude death rate was 10/1000. The net migration rate of -4/1000 helped to reduce growth. Total fertility in the USSR was 2.3 children in 1990. In Russia, fertility declined from 1.9 in 1990 to 1.4 in 1993. The preferred family size in Russia was 1.9 in 1990 and 1.5 in 1993. This decline occurred due to lack of confidence in the economy and insufficient income. Only 19% of women used contraception in 1990. Marriages declined after 1990. Age pyramids were similar in the republics in that there was a narrowing in the proportion aged 45-49 years, and the male population aged over 65 years was diminished, due to the effect of World War II. The cohort of those aged 20-24 years in 1992 was very small due to the small parental birth cohort. The differences in the republics was characterized as broad-based in the younger ages because of high fertility. The number of childbearing women will remain large. Life expectancy has been 70 years since the 1950s and has declined in some republics due to substandard health care, lack of job safety measures, and alcoholism. Some republics experienced increased life expectancy, but, after 1991, mortality increased. Tajikistan had the highest infant mortality of 47/1000 live births in 1993. A demographic profile provided for each republic offers several population projection scenarios.     

The Consequences of the Tajikistani Civil War for Abortion and Miscarriage

Although a great deal of attention is paid to reproductive health during violent conflicts, the literature is sparse on the consequences of conflict for abortion and miscarriage. This research provides an analysis of a recent historical case: the 1992–1997 civil war in Tajikistan, using the female questionnaire of the 2007 Tajik Living Standards Survey to examine a subsample of 1445 women surveyed who had reached menarche during or after the war and had been pregnant at least once by the time of the survey. The analysis leverages the uneven geographical scope of conflict events during the civil war to pinpoint women’s exposure to violence, measured by the Uppsala Conflict Data Program. The results show that for women who had reached menarche during or after the civil war, exposure to conflict events increases the likelihood of ever experiencing miscarriage, but not abortion. Including a spatial lag operator reveals that there were also spillover effects for abortion, in which women who were in a broader region of uncertainty were more likely to induce an abortion. These findings highlight the role of institutional changes in affecting pregnancy loss during and after civil war.

     

Theories and practical problems of population facing four modernizations being conscientiously studied]

The Second National Symposium on Population Theory focused on the problems of population and their solution associated with the 4 modernizations. The following issues discussed by 7 Sumposium panels are summarized: population development theory in the socialist society; population problems in China and their solution; population policies and legislation relating to population control; population distribution and migration; population estimation and population planning; and population research and the establishment of population theory. Discussants agreed that the comprehensive investigation of population principle in a socialist society is of great importance to decisionmaking in the area of China's population development policy. Several different issues arose concerning the content and critical areas in the development of a socialist population principle. More than 1 principle is operating in socialist population theory, but the most important is the principle of population reproduction. The point was made that in addition to the population principle specific to individual society, there exists principles that are common to every society. The consensus was that population growth is associated with all the economical, political, and idelogical developments and that among these the association between population growth and economic development is the most significant. The current major population problem in China was identified as maladjustment between population growth and economic development. This maladjustment has led to problems in the areas of education, employment, transportation, and housing. The fundamental solution was identified as improving economical development to increase the material reproduction and controlling the population reproduction. In addition to birth control policies, it was suggested that population policies should include the geographical distribution and migration of the population. There was wide support for the proposal to legislate population control. It was agreed that such legislation would promote the progress of population control and assure its success. Discussion of the problems of population distribution and migration concentrated on the population problems of the urban area and minority ethnic groups. It was suggested that a nationwide census be conducted in population planning, population legislation, and population theory investigation. In order to establish the socialist population theory, it is essential to clarify the subjects, scopes, and methods of population research.     

基于中国人口实践的制度人口学研究内容探析

制度人口学主要是从制度变革视角探讨人口行为方式．研究制度对人口行为的制约、调整扫引导作用。本文通过对制度人口学已有研究的综述．结合中国人口实践探讨了制度人口学的研究内容。笔者认为。制度人口学的研究内容包含基础理论研究和应用理论研究两个主要方面：从两种生产理论推演出“削度决定人口”的命题。由此得出两种生产理论是制度人口学研究的理论源泉和指导思想：两种生产理论和制度创新理论是制度人口学的基本理论：具体人口制度研究除了人口生育制度之外,笔者还将人口死亡制度、人口流迁制度、人口教育制度、人口就业制度、人口保障制度及人口文化制度等纳入了人口制度研究的范畴。     

A general review of the discussion at the Beijing International Symposium on Population and Development]

A general review of papers and discussions at the Beijing International Symposium on Population and Development held December 10-14, 1984 is presented. Discussions on population and development included China's population change 1949-1982, impacts of economic change on Tianjin's population, the population factor in economic development policy-making, Japanese population and development, recent population development in Hungary, population and economy, comprehensive long-term population development in Russia, fertility rate change factors in China, Shanghai's population change, and population and economic development in Mian County, Shaanxi Province. Fertility rate changes were discussed, including multinational borderline value assumptions, recent trends in life span fertility rate in China, fertility rate in Jiangsu Province, fertility rate change in Zhejiang Province, and sterilization in Yangjiaping, Thailand. Population and employment discussions included the economic impact of world population change, the 1984 International Population Conference, changes in economically productive population and employment strategy, employed/unemployed populations in Guangdong Province, and the economic composition of China's population. Urbanization discussions covered population and development methodological problems, population growth and economic development in the Pacific region, surplus rural population transfer and economic development in China, urbanization analysis, trends and urban population distribution problems, and Laioning Province population development. Issues in migration, population distribution, and regional population included migration and development of the Great Northwest, internal migration to Beijing, Chinese population growth and economic development by major region, and current population changes of Chinese Tibetans. Under social problems of population, discussions included women's status, development and population change, Shanghai's aging trend, analysis of the aged population, analysis of educational quality in Anhui Province, and the retirement system in Chinese villages.     

引入迁移人口的人口预测模型构建

本文建立一种引入迁移人口的人口预测模型,该模型将根据年龄别净迁移率测算出各年龄段分性别的净迁移人口,并将模型划分为零岁人口预测模型和非零岁人口预测模型分别进行预测。根据此模型可预测人口总数、各年龄段人口总数、劳动人口总数、老少比变动情况及各年龄段女性人口数等指标。     

人口文化素质对人口数量安全和结构安全的影响

人口安全是非传统安全中的重要组成部分,人口数量、人口结构、人口素质、人口迁移等均是影响人口安全的重要因素,而在这些因素内部也存在着相互影响、相互制约的关系,采用定量和定性相结合的研究方法,就影响人口安全的人口文化素质因素对人口数量和人口结构因素的作用分别进行纵向和横向的研究,并且在横向的实证研究中利用SPSS软件包将全国各省份的人口安全程度作聚类分析,以期更好地确定人口文化素质对人口数量和结构的影响程度。     

吉林省人口与生态环境的可持续发展研究

建国后,吉林省的人口发展经历了迅速增长和平稳下降两个阶段,而由此产生的劳动力就业压力和人口老龄化问题在未来几十年内将不容忽视。同时,人口的压力也造成了吉林省资源的紧张、生态的破坏。因此,我们要进一步提高人口质量,控制人口数量,才能真正实现人口与资源、环境的可持续发展。