农民工小团体现象的探测与分析：基于社会支持网络的研究

本文利用2005年对深圳市农民工的调查数据,应用N G算法,探测到农民工社会支持网络中的小团体现象,并通过对其数目、规模及内聚程度的分析,探讨了亲缘、地缘关系在小团体现象中的角色问题。本研究发现,农民工社会支持网络具有明显的小团体现象,不同性别和不同职业构成的农民工社会支持网的团体化程度存在差异,实际支持网、情感支持网和社交支持网等三类网络的团体化程度也存在差异。混合性别网络的小团体的内聚程度低于单一性别网络的小团体的内聚程度,加工业农民工小团体的内聚力差异程度较大,而建筑业农民工小团体的内聚程度则普遍较高。加工业农民工的业缘关系是小团体形成的重要纽带,建筑业农民工的小团体以地缘关系为主,但业缘关系的作用开始凸显。     

浅析青年农民工社会支持的缺失与建构

青年农民工在社会化进程中建构起来的社会支持网与其父辈群体相比,目的不仅在于帮助其摆脱经济困境,更重要的是谋求城市生产生活方式,实现自身价值。而社会支持网支持者的缺失,使预期发展未能获得足够的物质、精神支持和认同需求,反而导致现实困境,进一步引发犯罪。因而,需要从多维度构建起青年农民工的社会支持网。     

城市移民的政治参与：一个社会网络的分析视角

在中国,随着城市化进程的加快,大量来自乡村的移民进入城市,城市移民群体在城市社区中的社会融合与公共事务参与,对于中国未来的城市发展与社会整合具有重要的意义。使用上海地区“2009年社会网络与职业经历问卷调查”, 本文采用一个社会网络的分析视角,实证地验证了社会网络对于城市移民政治参与的效果。结果显示：“拜年网”的规模对于城市居民（包括上海户籍与非上海户籍）的政治参与具有负向的效果;“讨论网”的规模只对城市移民群体（非上海户籍居民）具有正向的促进作用;而 “社会参与网”表现出了非常显著的正向作用,而且,城市移民群体的“社会参与网”比上海户籍居民具有更强的正向效果。     

盘点2011 亮点纷呈 展望2012 任重道远

积极推进社会养老服务体系建设。首次制定国家级专项规划。为贯彻国家“十二五”规划纲要“建立以居家为基础、社区为依托、机构为支撑的养老服务体系”的要求,会同国家发改委制定了社会养老服务体系建设规划（2011—2015年）,已于2011年12月16日由国务院办公厅印发（国办发[2011]60号）。稳步推进社会养老服务体系建设试点。2011年,会同国家发改委安排9亿元中央专项资金,支持各地推进社会养老服务体系建设。计划2012年继续安排9亿元支持各地建设。     

廉租住房住户社会支持网现状分析与建构策略-来自贵州省贵阳市的实证研究

随着我国廉租住房保障制度的实施,廉租住房住户作为一个特定聚居群体逐渐形成,完善的社会支持网络是他们维持日常生活、应对危机的重要保证.廉租住房住户社会支持网主要由非正式支持构成,在经济困难解决、情感宣泄和社交支持三方面起着重要作用,但该群体社会支持网较脆弱,网络规模小、结构单一,部分住户甚至缺乏基本的社会支持.这样的社会...     

农村回族养老支持网络分析——以宁夏南部山区为例

未富先老是我国老龄化社会的一个明显特征,也是我国农村存在的突出问题。民族地区养老问题的解决对于促进民族地区经济的发展,社会的和谐稳定有着重要的意义。分析宁夏农村回族地区养老有政府、社区、家庭和自我以及亲戚多维社会支持网络。但是在观察与分析中笔者发现,多维支持网络缺乏整合,受经济、自然地理环境、文化等多方面影响和农村回族地区养老意识薄弱、养老力度欠缺、养老质量不高、精神养老缺失。大力发展经济,培育养老文化,建设适合回族地区的养老模式是农村回族地区养老的重中之重。     

昆明市空巢老人健康与照顾需求的评估

“空巢”是中国科技与社会发展、独生子女政策落实的必然。日益增长的“空巢老人”为国家福利、代际和谐和社区照顾带来了严峻挑战。本文从社会保障的视角,采用健康自测量表（SRHMS）,从生理、心理和社会健康的维度,对昆明市10所养老机构和18个社区的289位空巢老人和212名非空巢老人进行了比较分析,发现空巢老人社会健康与心理支持令人担忧。文章就构建“空巢老人”长期照顾网络作了讨论和建议。     

廉租住房住户：社会支持网现状分析与建构策略——来自贵州省贵阳市的实证研究

随着我国廉租住房保障制度的实施,廉租住房住户作为一个特定聚居群体逐渐形成,完善的社会支持网络是他们维持日常生活、应对危机的重要保证。廉租住房住户社会支持网主要由非正式支持构成,在经济困难解决、情感宣泄和社交支持三方面起着重要作用,但该群体社会支持网较脆弱,网络规模小、结构单一,部分住户甚至缺乏基本的社会支持。这样的社会支持网现状难以有效地化解日后生活过程中可能遭遇的生活危机与困难,这既无益于个体生活状况的安定,也无益于社会秩序的稳定。因此,本文尝试提出廉租住房住户社会支持网络的建构策略,即以社区为平台,以社区服务组织和社区工作者为依托,以赋权理念为指引,以廉租住房住户需求为基础来帮助他们建构多类型、多主体介入的社会支持网络。     

代际支持关系在老人养老模式选择中的创新作用

随着社会经济结构和家庭结构的变迁,家庭养老功能逐渐弱化,过去由家庭承担的赡养功能逐渐由社会功能来取代。调查证明,老人与子女之间在经济上、求助方式上、精神慰籍上、居住方式上仍然存在着明显的代际支持关系。在进行现代社会养老模式的选择中,应当在充分肯定和发挥家庭养老功能的基础上,积极建立和发展社会养老支持体系。     

影响农民工精神健康的社会因素

本项研究运用定量数据从个体的社会经济地位、迁移压力和社会资本三个角度,分析了影响农民工精神健康的社会因素。研究发现：（1）相对社会经济地位对农民工的精神健康产生的影响远大于绝对社会经济地位的影响;（2）农民工群体的迁移过程面临的压力,例如被排斥、不公平待遇等会对他们的精神健康产生较大的消极影响;（3）相较于其他群体,社会资本和精神健康的关系在农民工群体中的表现更为复杂。有的社会资本对精神健康有积极的影响,例如信任和网络密度;而有的社会资本则对精神健康产生消极影响。     

安置方式、人际交往与移民适应:江苏、浙江343户三峡农村移民的比较研究

本文依据对江苏、浙江两省6个县343户三峡外迁农村移民的调查数据，分析了相对集中与完全分散这两种不同的安置方式，以及由此所形成的两种不同的人际交往状况对外迁移民社会适应的影响。研究发现，从总体上看，移民在安置地的人际交往状况对移民的社会适应的影响十分显著。无论是移民之间的交往、还是移民与当地居民之间的交往，都会大大增强移民融入当地社会的程度。     

Rural-urban migration and socioeconomic development in Ghana: some discussions

This article presents a discussion of rural-urban migration as a source of social and behavioral change in Ghana. It explores the extent to which the urban social environment in Ghana generates conflicts for migrants with a different value orientation and the degree of influence of the urban social environment on migrants' behavior. The first part of the discussion focuses on the nature of Ghana's urbanization process, the motivation and characteristics of rural-urban migrants, and the nature of the social interaction between migrants and the social urban environment. Migrants contribute directly and indirectly to rural development in many ways. Some urban migrants achieve economic and material wealth and, through their attachment to voluntary tribal associations, assist local community development. Government can augment this process of migrant investment in rural life by identifying these actions as patriotic efforts and awarding citizenship medals or challenge grants. Governments need to review their citizenship laws carefully in light of the "brain drain" issues in the new world order and maximize the flow of resources, technical skills, and ideas from international migrants. A high-quality rural labor force can be enticed to live in rural areas by offering higher salaries and benefits, low income tax rates, better housing, and rural electrification and sanitation. Private firms should be offered incentives to locate in rural areas and increase employment opportunities for rural labor. Career advancement of development planners should be tied to program success or some form of public accountability for careful allocation of resources in rural areas. Fertility policies should be sensitive to urban subgroups. Urban and rural social differences are minor and do not impede urban assimilation, but unemployment and underemployment are problems for many.     

Affiliative Structures in Preschool Peer Groups.

Changes in affiliative organization of 15 age-graded toddler and preschool play groups were examined in terms of assessed similarity in patterns of playmate association. Measures of peer association were derived from direct observation of social interaction during free play. The degree of between subject similarity in association profiles was derived using complete linkage hierarchical clustering procedures. Findings revealed distinct social subgroups in all social groups. Secondary analyses showed a linear increase in the size of affiliative subgroups as a function of age. Measures of interactive reciprocity within social subgroups suggested progressive consolidation of affiliative structures with age. Among older children, membership within affiliative subgroups was associated with more frequent preferences for subgroup members. Findings are discussed in terms of how children's insertion within the affiliative network of their peer group constrain socialization of their behavior and provide specific experiences that serve as contexts for the construction of more intimate interpersonal relationships.     

Old age in Nepal: some preliminary observations

Problems of old age in Nepal are examined using census data and field reports. The paper is organized in three parts. "The first part gives a demographic sketch [of the aged in Nepal]...along with a short discussion of the economy....Next, a brief account of...cultural and social values is given. Finally, the question of old age is reviewed in light of social changes taking place in Nepal's urban centres, and their implications for policy and planning."     

Social Support Networks of African-American Children Attending Head Start: A Longitudinal Investigation of Structural and Supportive Network Characteristics

This study examined the stability and coherence of African‐American children's social support networks. Participants included a total of 106 3‐ to 4‐year‐old children attending Head Start centers located in the southeast. Children completed a social network interview in two consecutive years at the Head Start centers. These interviews tapped multiple dimensions of the support network including social embeddedness, proportion of the network providing support, and perceived support. Analyses focused on both the rank‐order stability of children with respect to network characteristics as well as stability of network relationships (the same individuals included in the network at both time periods). Results indicated age‐related increases in network size for adult and child categories, network size across three support domains, proportion of support scores, and perceived support from adults. In addition to age‐related changes, analyses revealed considerable rank‐order stability with respect to structural network dimensions, but very little rank‐order stability in proportion of support and perceived support scores. In contrast, both structural and supportive components of the children's networks were shown to be coherent over a one‐year period when specific network member relationships were examined. Discussion highlights both continuities and discontinuities in young children's social networks, and how data obtained in this study contribute to theory building and the systematic examination of African‐American children's emerging social networks.     

初婚年龄的影响因素分析——基于CGSS2006的研究

本文基于“2006年中国综合社会调查”（CGSS2006）数据,使用事件史分析方法,探讨了城乡居民初婚年龄的变化趋势及其社会经济原因。研究发现,教育、职业和家庭的社会经济特征对初婚年龄有着显著的影响,并表现出性别和户籍差异。教育程度对女性初婚年龄的推迟效应大于男性,高等教育对农村户籍女性初婚年龄的推迟效应大于城市户籍女性,技术类职业相比非技术非管理类职业,对农村户籍男性居民的初婚年龄有着显著的提前效应。在城市户籍居民中,父母的教育程度越高,子女的初婚年龄越晚;兄弟姐妹越多,初婚年龄越早。对城市和农村户籍居民而言,父亲从事管理类职业对儿子的初婚年龄均有显著的提前效应,而且对农村户籍居民的影响要高于城市户籍居民。     

Family and community support among older Chilean adults: the importance of heterogeneous social support sources for quality of life

Family and community social networks act as social resources that promote well-being at advanced ages. In this study, we analyze the association between social support received from personal social networks (social support from various family members and friends) and community social networks (social support from neighbors and the neighborhood, age, ethnic, or religious group peers and formal social support networks) and quality of life (QoL) for a sample of older Chilean persons (n = 777). The results confirm that social support from family (partner, children, and extended family) and friends, integration in the community (neighbors) and social support from informal systems (social groups) are associated with QoL. Moreover, the model including both types of support explains 25.8% of variance in QoL. The results and their possible implications are discussed.