Conditional expected,extensive utility

Luce and Krantz (1971) presented an axiom system for conditional expected utility. In this theory a conditional decision is a function whose domain is a non-null subevent and whose range is a subset of a set of consequences. Given a family of conditional decisions that is closed under unions of decisions whose domains are disjoint and under restrictions to non-null subevents, the second major primitive is an ordering of the family. Axioms were given that are adequate to construct a numerical utility function over decisions and a probability function over events for which the conditional expectation of the utility is order preserving. Several of the axioms are quite complex and seem a bit artificial, and the proof is very long. Here the structure is modified by adding to the set of outcomes a concatenation operation, and the representation theorem is modified by requiring that the utility function be additive over this binary operation as well as exhibiting the expected utility property. The advantages of this pair of changes are, first, it exploits the obvious fact that the union of consequences is itself a consequence; second, it reduces the mathematical burden carried by the set theoretic structure of conditional decisions and, as a result, the axioms can be made much easier to understand; and third, it permits a considerably shorter proof because one can draw more readily on known results. The major drawback of this approach is, of course, that it is inconsistent with the evidence that utility is not additive over consequences - at least, not over increasing amounts of a single good (diminishing marginal utility).This work was supported by a grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to the Institute for Advanced Study. I wish to thank P. C. Fishburn and F. S. Roberts for their comments.     

浪漫主义大师的阁楼窗——浪漫主义者创作母题研究之一

浪漫主义不是一个让人坦然的概念。抛却文化与地理的相对性,浪漫主义精神还是一种隐喻,一种渴求,同时又是一种虔诚的祈祷,它与不同时代思维敏锐的人紧密联结。弗里德里希、凡.高、蒙克、蒙德里安、达利对于传统母题窗的直接描绘在世俗中追求神圣,并在经验中找寻超验。他们的艺术追求同莫奈、马蒂斯的法国伊壁鸠鲁主义者迥异。弗里德里希谱系所延续下来的精神异于苏格拉底、黑格尔的精神,它充满神秘与生机。浪漫主义不惟拥有其特有的渴望、梦想与哀愁,它还是一种姿态、一种操练。     

民族与伦理实体

人类世界由诸多民族构成。民族与文化间的联系是深刻而密切的,而决定民族文化发展方向的是居于核心地位的伦理文化,可见伦理对于一个民族所具有的不言而喻的重要性。作为伦理钍的共体的民族与作为普遍物或普遍定在的精神的结合就是民族精神。民族精神是伦理精神的具体化,伦理精神内在于民族精神之中。伦理精神和民族精神实质上是一个精神,即民族作为伦理实体的精神。民族伦理实体一经形成,其内在的伦理关系与伦理秩序便处于相对稳定的动态平衡之中,并以“整个的个体”即主体的形式出现在由诸多民族伦理实体所构成的伦理世界之中。在全球化语境下,要增强作为伦理实体的中华民族的伦理认同,以提高中华民族的自觉、自信、自强及在世界文明对话中的地位,并为构建和谐世界、推动人类社会整体进步做出积极贡献。     

从民族之镜到现代之境——20世纪中国哲学思想逻辑的基本演变

20世纪中国哲学的历史就是一个从确立现代民族意识(无论是反传统的,还是拥护传统的,其实在这一点上都是民族主义的)到形成现代化的社会意识形态的过程首先是一面民族之镜,一种民族精神的折射;其次也是一面现代之镜,是对现代文明的接受与批判。这是一个现代的形式(现代西方的哲学、科学、文化范畴、政治经济制度)与民族的灵魂(传统文化心理)的冲突与融合的过程;是一个用民族之镜反映与接受现代世界文明的、艰难痛苦的观念转变过程,一个逐步走进现代社会现实之境的、批判性反思性的曲折实践过程。     

试论广西大明山国家级自然保护区的开发与建设

生态文明是一种生态合理和环境友好的绿色文明。生物多样性的保护已成为世界普遍关注的热点问题。大明山是毗邻南宁的国家级自然保护区,具有生物多样性、代表性、稀有性等显著特点,负氧离子含量极高,是一个不可多得的生态绿肺。因此,推进这一资源的保护和开发尤显得重要。     

The Deep Side of Preference Theory

An individual is said to have a taste for a particular menu, i.e. a subset of available commodities, if he is indifferent between all commodity bundles that contain the same quantity for each commodity which actually is in the menu, whatever the rest of the bundle. Then, a taste is directly defined as a deep property of preferences. As a first result, it is shown that a complete and transitive preference relation over the commodity bundles is equivalent to regular tastes where regularity means that tastes can be derived from a pure qualitative relation between the different commodities. Besides, a preference family based on preference relations corresponding to each particular commodity is said to be rationalizable if there exists a metapreference over commodity bundles which consistently summarizes the preference family and then allows to decide. As a second result, it is shown that if a preference family is rationalizable, then the tastes are organized thanks to a reflexive and transitive qualitative relation between the different commodities.     

我国大学教师专业化的内涵解析

大学教师专业化是一个动态发展的概念。我国大学教师专业化是学术性、教育性、社会性、创新性、国际性、自主性协调作用的发展过程,这是我国社会发展对大学教师职业的必然要求,也是大学教师专业化的特性之所在。大学教师专业化发展是各种特性不断增长的过程。处于不同发展阶段的教师专业化特性的增长呈现出不同的态势。建设高等教育强国与大学教师专业化发展是共生共荣的过程,其间需要处理好个体性与群体性的关系、主动性和被动性的关系、共同性与差异性的关系。     

Women as Mothers and the Making of the European Mind: A Contribution to the History of Developmental Psychology and Primary Socialization

A major purpose of this essay is to show that our assumptions regarding human development in general, and in particular, the mother and child have their roots in a Christian-humanistic tradition. I also wish to locate the origins of the discourse on the mother and child within a critical historical review of notions of a changing anthropology of the human subject. The working hypothesis is as follows: A changing view of the human being is associated with a changing approach to child care and child development. This changing approach to child is accompanied by a 'new woman'. Women are newly constructed when children, and thus a future person and a future society is defined.     

Sterilization: Whose Right to Choose?

As there is presently no safe, freely available and fully effective mode of contraception, voluntary sterilization remains a matter of importance in this sphere. The legal right to such a choice has slowly evolved and it now seems clear that there is no legal barrier to such a choice by a competent adult. Yet, at a practical level, it seems that hospitals and medical practitioners will not readily accede to a request by an individual for such an operation and usually insist on the consent of the spouse if the person is married. The disparity between the law and existing practice is examined. It is argued that an adult individual should basically have a right to determine what shall be done with his own body, and that the onus is heavily on those who exceptionally seek to justify intervention.     

作为思想的形而上学

思想是人类的能力和本性,思想的本性是永恒的否定和超越,思想的本性即是人的形而上学本性。以思想的方式把握世界,世界即是思想中的世界,时代就是思想中的时代。反思思想内容的基本逻辑规定,就是揭示存在和世界的本质。逻辑学即形而上学,思想是形而上学的秘密。思想形而上学的界限是以思想的形式把握世界的界限。表象、情感、意志和实践态度的把握世界的方式,亦有自身的真理和价值。所以,当代哲学超越形而上学的思想或后形而上学思想,根本问题在于寻求一种“非规定性的思”,或使思想得以可能的“存在”、“无”或“他者”。     

Population monotonic path schemes for simple games

A path scheme for a game is composed of a path, i.e., a sequence of coalitions that is formed during the coalition formation process and a scheme, i.e., a payoff vector for each coalition in the path. A path scheme is called population monotonic if a player’s payoff does not decrease as the path coalition grows. In this study, we focus on Shapley path schemes of simple games in which for every path coalition the Shapley value of the associated subgame provides the allocation at hand. Obviously, each Shapley path scheme of a game is population monotonic if and only if the Shapley allocation scheme of the game is population monotonic in the sense of Sprumont (Games Econ Behav 2:378–394, 1990). We prove that a simple game allows for population monotonic Shapley path schemes if and only if the game is balanced. Moreover, the Shapley path scheme of a specific path is population monotonic if and only if the first winning coalition that is formed along the path contains every minimal winning coalition. We also show that each Shapley path scheme of a simple game is population monotonic if and only if the set of veto players of the game is a winning coalition. Extensions of these results to other efficient probabilistic values are discussed.     

审美（艺术）直觉：方法与实践

在美学家眼中,＂审美直觉＂是创作与欣赏的根本方法或能力,它关涉思维、行动和创造,也关系到自由和超越。对克罗齐而言,直觉即表现,直觉就是美,而对柏格森来说,直觉即绵延,直觉即方法——普鲁斯特在艺术实践中进一步确证了这一点。直觉甚至本身就是意识的行动,它能打开一片自由的空间或创造一个无限世界,也能给我们带来真正美的感悟与体验。马利坦认为,＂诗性直觉＂即创造性审美直觉。审美直觉就是创造性直觉,诗性直觉就是审美直觉,而直觉就是创造。审美直觉既是审美情感的发动,也是促使真善美贯通的中枢。审美直觉的起点与归宿都是自由,而它所带来的则是一种超越性的艺术创造与审美体验。     

Social Security through Guaranteed Employment

This article reviews the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGA), perhaps India's foremost social security scheme, which is in the form of a right for rural households throughout India to work for up to 100 days a year in public works and to be paid the minimum wage for unskilled labourers. It is argued that self‐targeting leads to a more pro‐poor scheme than a cash transfer programme. However, in many states, especially poor states, work for NREGA is shown to be not a right. This is a major aspect of the corruption which gives the scheme a bad name. Also generally disappointing is the value of the assets created by the public works. But it is argued that NREGA is worth salvaging, especially if the example of the best states could be followed more widely. Attention is particularly drawn to the contribution of NREGA to the empowerment of women and scheduled castes and tribes in much of rural India.     

论女权主义批评应该缓行

目前盛行的“女权主义文学批评”其实并不是“文学批评”,因此,至少在现阶段,我们应该慎用这一所谓批评方法。“女权主义文学批评”之所以不是“文学批评”是因为它缺少文学批评理论的基本特征。在批评实践方面,女权主义批评没有提出一套切实可行的方法。女权主义文学批评实际上是将文学重新变为哲学或政治的奴仆,本质上是文学理论的倒退。     

The Elements of Rationality and Chance in the Choice of Human Action

The focus in this paper is on deliberate human action. The central questions addressed are: whether purely rational choice is possible; whether choices may be induced by chance alone; or whether there is always a mixture of rationality and chance, as well as other factors such as habit, emotion, imitation and irrationality. The approach is a factualist one, upholding the view that, although human action can be explained by its antecedents, this is not incompatible with the notion of "free choice". It is the actual choosing process that determines the final choice of action. Whatever the sources of the elements involved in the choosing process, the choice of action is a specific outcome created by the acting agent. It is in this choosing process and decision making that both rationality and chance enter. The conclusion is that rationality is the element which links intentionality with goal seeking and attainment, but that the actual choice is determined by a complex interactive process in which both logic and chance play a part.     

More than Just DNA – Tax,Welfare and the Family. An examination of the concept of family in the Tax Transfer system,with particular reference to family benefits

One of the core issues taken into account in tax transfer systems is the family circumstances of a particular recipient. Family tax transfer payments may be delivered through either the tax or the welfare system. However, the fundamental requirement is that there is a family, maintaining children. The concept of what is a family is a social rather than a legal construct. While marriage and spouse have legal definitions, family structures evolve and change over time. In this paper I explore the concept of family as it is used in the Australian income tax and welfare legislation. I consider the impact of the legislative construct of family on the entitlements to tax credits, and whether the definition of family is appropriate to ensure that the benefits improve the equity of the taxation system, and properly reflect the structure of the contemporary family unit.     

从中国地名透视汉族人的思维方式和社会心理

语言是一种特殊的文化现象,民族语言是民族文化的存在形式,文化内容的特点常常在语言中得到反映。地名属于语言词汇中的专有名词,它作为一种文化现象,是人类的认识成果,积淀了人类的思维方式和心理特征。探讨地名和文化的关系是文化语言学的一项研究内容。从地名和思维方式、社会心理的关系来看,中国地名具有丰富的文化内涵。     

Family Size and Public Opinion

In our country the birthrate has shown a decline in recent years, and in some areas it is becoming so low that fears have arisen as to whether it is high enough for normal reproduction of the population. What might appear to be a paradoxical development is occurring: with each passing year, the standard of living of our people is rising, a constantly increasing number of families are obtaining new apartments, the network of preschool institutions is increasing, and the cultural level of the population is rising, but the birthrate is dropping.     

论市场经济中的文化创新

市场经济决不仅仅是一种单纯的经济行为,而是一种新的经济制度确立和完善的过程,它内蕴着深刻的文化前提和条件,预示着一种文化的创新.因为经济腾飞须有文化前提,文化繁荣须靠经济动力.市场经济中的文化具有三方面共同特点1.公平竞争观念;2.民主法制观念;3.创新开拓意识.市场经济不仅是新文化生长的基础,而且它本身就是新文化精神的实现.