CONSTRUCTING A HEALTH AND SOCIAL INDICATOR FRAMEWORK FOR INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY HEALTH RESEARCH

Health and social indicators that capture the distinct historical, social, and cultural contexts of Indigenous communities can play an important role in informing the planning and delivery of community interventions. There is currently considerable interest in cataloguing and vetting meaningful community-level health and social indicators that could be applied to research and health promotion activities in Indigenous communities in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, inclusive of conventional indicators as well as measures developed specifically for use in or with Indigenous communities. To avoid haphazard selection of indicators, and to assure the comprehensiveness and relevance of any given set of indicators, a framework that can accommodate and conceptually classify indicators representing a full range of domains is required. We report here on the development of a conceptual framework, by which Indigenous community indicators, and more general community-level social indicators, can be sorted, catalogued, and systematically classified within four hierarchical levels. The indicator framework was developed across Canada, Australia and New Zealand in consultation with academic researchers and Indigenous community stakeholders, building from established health and social indicator systems. The Indigenous indicator framework permits Indigenous communities, public health researchers, and funding agencies to compare and select the most appropriate indicators for application in specific contexts from the multitude of existing indicators.     

公共财政视角下城市流动人口的界定

持续和高位增长的城市流动人口有着对城市公共品的强烈需求,为城市流动人口提供基本公共品,是城市政府履行＂基本公共服务均等化＂职责的重要内容。现有城市流动人口的界定,已经不能满足城市政府为流动人口提供基本公共品的现实需要。在公共财政视角下,基于城市公共品的非排他性、空间地域性和社会选择性,对城市流动人口进行重新界定,以满足城市政府为流动人口提供基本公共品的现实需要。     

快速城市化背景下城市公共服务需求偏好研究——以上海为例

近年来,我国进入快速城市化阶段,城市人口快速膨胀,人口结构复杂化,居民对公共服务的需求多样化。本文以上海市为例,通过问卷数据,从人口学视角,通过回归分析不同人群公共服务的偏好。结果显示,当前居民对公共服务的需求不仅有数量增加,对质量、服务水平及环境都有所要求;同时人口区域结构对公共服务的需求具有显著影响,人口自然结构、社会结构的影响较小,区域公共服务差异、户籍性质造成的身份差异是影响公共服务需求的主导因素。     

基于人口迁移的中国城市体系演化预测研究

从中国城市化的本质———人口迁移网络出发,考虑所有城市空间单元以及城市间人口迁移联系在内,开展人口迁移和城市体系的综合性研究,探讨中国城市体系演化机理,将新经济地理学理论拓展到多区域,引入地理空间异质性,构建空间参考明确、全域均衡、空间单元之间存在明确人口迁移机理的城市体系模型。通过实证检验,该模型的模拟结果较为接近实际情况,模型拟合精度较高,可以用于城市体系演化预测。根据目前中国实际国情和国家政策导向,本文在三种大的城市化情景下根据中国各城市间人口迁移来预测中国未来城市体系的演化,即把整个城市体系视作一个通过人口迁移相互联系的网络整体来预测城市人口变化情况,从而为国家新型城镇化规划的流动人口管理、公共服务改进和城市等级体系规划等方面的政策制定提供现实依据。     

Who Makes the Most? Measuring the “Urban Environmental Virtuosity”

This paper advances a composite indicator called urban environmental virtuosity index (UEVI), in order to measure the efforts made by public local bodies in applying an ecosystem approach to urban management. UEVI employs the less exploited process-based selection criteria for representing the original concept of virtuosity, providing makes a cross cities comparison. In developing such a framework the main technical issue of constructing a composite indicator, involving the weighting and the aggregation phases will be overcame by using a multivariate approach.     

System Transformation and Development Path on Medical Care

China's basic medical care system has achieved universal coverage, faced the system transformation with substance fair. Under the transformation background from universal coverage to integration on urban and rural areas, and the transformation direction from the "medical care" to "health for all", through the institutional transition path on system design, service delivery, fi nancial support, this paper points out that how to improve quality of medical care and optimizing the level of health care services, match sustainable funding system and improving payment system, which in public health, medical services, medical care and medicine supply, realize the transformation and the development from universal medical care to health care.     

服务型政府在促进就业中的战略研究

自从20世纪90年代中后期以来,建设服务型政府,已经成为西方乃至世界各国行政改革的一个重要取向。为公民提供就业服务作为政府提供的公共服务的一种,在建设服务型政府中无疑是一项极为重要的指标。本文将促进就业作为建设服务型政府的突破口和着力点,通过分析我国的就业现状及政府应承担的责任,探讨了服务型政府在促进就业方面的战略选择。     

Aging Public Services and the Position of Older Women: An Australian Case Study

Contemporary labor markets are characterized by both aging of the workforce and the increase in participation of women. At the intersection of these two policy agendas are older women. Governments and employers recognize the importance of attracting and retaining older workers to address skills shortages, but the aging workforce discourse remains largely gender neutral. This research considers the intersection of age and gender in the context of public services, which are large employers of both women and older workers. It focuses on the agencies in an Australian state public service. The research finds that, despite decades of equal opportunity programs, there is still evidence of subtle inequalities and cumulative disadvantage. While the case study agencies employ a large proportion of older women, these women were generally recruited at younger ages and aged within the workforce. Their advancement and development opportunities were also inferior to those of older men. Despite these lesser opportunities, older women are generally very satisfied with their employment, and the employer should explore these residual inequalities if genuinely seeking to attract and retain all older workers.     

Drivers of rural exodus from Amazonian headwaters

Rural–urban migration can have both positive and negative environmental consequences for tropical forests. Rural residents exert pressure on the environment through farming, fishing, and forest extraction, yet conversely, protecting rural livelihoods is often the motivation for conserving large areas of threatened forest. This research examines rural settlement within the Brazilian Amazon to shed light on the drivers of on-going rural exodus and its environmental implications. Specifically, we examine the relative importance of public service provision and natural resources in determining settlement patterns along, and rural–urban migration from, eight rivers in road-less regions of the Brazilian Amazon. Data include biophysical, social, and economic variables that were assessed in 184 riverine settlements along rural–urban gradients up to 740 km from the nearest urban center. Settlements were smaller upstream, and lacked key services such as schools and healthcare. We found that clustering of rural populations close to urban centers reflects the high costs of living in remote areas, despite abundant natural resources which previously justified migration to headwaters. Impeded dry-season navigability and transport costs restricted the flow of goods and services to and from remote areas, and transaction costs of trade exchange were higher upstream. A lack of school access was the main motivation for rural–urban migration and the abandonment of remote riverine settlements. A key policy implication is that while education services could provide a powerful tool to stabilize and support rural populations, delivery is challenging in remote areas and may also encourage further rural–urban migration in the longer term. Furthermore, river-dwellers in remote areas rarely visited remote urban centers, presumably because these journeys are too costly. We examine the implications of our findings for anti-poverty subsidies and payment for ecosystem services and conclude that transport costs required to receive payment could encourage further depopulation of remote areas.     

城市户籍制度改革与流动人口社会融合

户籍制度是城乡二元结构的基础性制度,是阻碍流动人口实现社会融合的主要制度性障碍。本文分析了户籍制度对流动人口公共服务和社会福利所造成的歧视性排斥．回顾了改革开放以来城市户籍制度的改革与探索,并对推动城市户籍改革、促进流动人口社会融合提出四个基本的思路,包括：第一,使户籍制度逐步与相关福利制度脱钩;第二,对外来人口社会福利和公共服务实行渐进性的增量改革;第三,扩大从外来移民到本地户籍人口的制度通道;第四,推动城市户籍改革和区域户籍改革的联动。     

The Issues of China's Insurance Service System and Suggestions about its Reform

This paper,starting from examining the current situation for the social insurance service system,analyses the problems of the system and provides three reform suggestions.First,staffi ng levels of social insurance should bring about a dynamical ratio mechanism,which links staff number to the insured clients to avoid work overload or low service quality.Second,all of the expenditures of the service system should be a part of social insurance funds to completely avoid budget shortage.Third,in order to divide administration and service management and to separate supervision and operation functions,a national social insurance administration should be instituted,and a vertical system should be set up with agencies at all levels.The social insurance service system should be characterized as"special public institutions".and reforming the institutions will promote the development of urbanization;lastly,lengthening the use periods of farmland is good for the coordinative development of urbanization for its"guarantee effect",but a perfect mechanism of land transfer should be taken for the premise.     

城市流动人口聚居社区的公共政策与社区服务分析——五城市流动人口聚居社区调查

本文基于五城市流动人口聚居社区的调查资料,采用描述性分析的方法,首先通过对五城市流动人口聚居社区流动人口与社区城市户籍居民的对比分析,考察城市流动人口聚居社区管理与服务的状况;然后在分析的基础上提出对于相关公共政策和社区服务问题的一些思考.     

Public opinion and the dimensions of the welfare state

Empirical studies over the last ten years indicate that the public in general still supports the welfare state but not necessarily its beneficiaries nor the allocations required to sustain its activities. Since most of these studies focused only on selected aspects of the welfare state their data do not provide a widespread and comprehensive overview of public opinion regarding the welfare state and its internal dynamics. This article focuses on public opinion with regard to the major components of the welfare state. The sample is drawn from a large urban population in Israel. For each component of the welfare state, three dimensions are studied: governmental allocation, quality of service and number of beneficiaries. The results indicate that public opinion with regard to the various elements of the welfare state is differential and distinct.     

Assessing Urban Public Safety via Indicator-Based Evaluating Method: A Systemic View of Shanghai

The explosive development of urban Shanghai after China’s economic reform in 1978 has attracted wide attention. There are a plethora of studies attempting to capture the fast dynamics in this global city. Looking into the urban dynamics from a public safety perspective, however, eludes the current literature. Urban public safety has become a primary concern of urban sustainability in recent years due to escalated potential loss if urban public safety is severely breached. This is even more so for megacities like Shanghai. Assessing the current status of urban public safety hence becomes an imperative task for urban sustainability. This research initiates a detailed assessment effort through building a relatively comprehensive set of public safety indicators. Four general aspects of Shanghai’s urban public safety are identified, i.e., urban development, urban crime and instability, urban housing and livability, and urban disasters. From officially published data, field survey and interviews, 34 individual indicators are chosen. Principal component analyses are conducted for each of the four aspects, and a synthetic urban public safety index is derived. The analysis suggests that urban Shanghai’s public safety is gradually increasing due primarily to continuous economic success and increased investment in public safety preparation, education, and prevention. The assessment index is also shown to be able to capture major events affecting Shanghai’s public safety.     

Basic policies of the Philippine Population Program

This history of the Philippine Population Commission, which was created in 1969, is summarized. In 1970 President F.E. Marcos defined the government's task in this area as: 1) educating the people on the urgent need for population control; 2) disseminating knowledge on birth control techniques; and 3) providing facilities, especially in rural areas. Funding began in 1971. The 4 basic policies are noncoercion, integration, multiagency participation, and the partnership of the public and private sectors. The noncoercion policy means that all birth control techniques are offered and couples are free to use or reject whatever they wish. This has probably slowed the spread of family planning, but has also minimized opposition. Family planning has never been the domain of 1 agency but has been implemented through many agencies working together. Now it is being implemented through total community development plans, of which family planning is merely 1 component. This approach puts irrigation workers, agricultural development workers, and many others on the family planning team. private agencies have also had an important role to play in the development of the total program. For the past 5 years these have been mainly voluntary sociocivic and health associations whose interests are very close to or naturally related to family planning. Now the entry of business into the Population Program through the commercial contraceptive marketing program has enlarged the role of the private sector in the diffusion of family planning products and services. It is possible that the partnership between the public and private sectors may soon be based on segmentation of the target population with government agencies going deep into rural areas while private organizations concentrate on urban and adjacent rural areas.     

Modeling urbanism: Economic,social and environmental stress in cities

The time has come for urban social indicator research to converge with the basic substantive efforts of urban researchers. Such a convergence may propel both basic and applied researchers toward more fruitful outcomes. This paper argues that the traditional model of urbanism provides the medium for the convergence. When urbanism is conceptualized to be multidimensional, seemingly discreet indicators of demographic, economic, social, and environmental conditions in cities may be incorporated into a more general model of urban structure and change. Specifically, using social indicators for 195 cities from ZPG's Children's Stress Index and the 1990 U.S. Census, we show empirically: (1) Urbanism is a complex factor with four distinct dimensions: demographic scale, economic stress, social stress, and environmental stress. (2) These four dimensions of urbanism may be reliably measured with standard composite variables used in today's social indicator research. (3) Within the Urbanism factor there are causal connections among the separate dimensions, the most basic of which is that asserted by arguments from the traditional theory of urbanism; specifically, that population size, density, and social heterogeneity are causally linked to stress in economic, social, and environmental systems of the city.     

大城市流动人口居住形态与居住空间变动机理——以上海闵行区为例

流动人口的居住空间与居住形态是体现流动人口生存与发展的重要标志。本文着重分析了闵行区流动人口居住的基本特征与空间分布,构建了流动人口在城市居住的滞留模式,全面剖析了不同尺度下流动人口的流动机理,揭示了流动人口空间转换的状态与时空特征,提出实现居住分布空间优化的基本对策。     

中山市流动人口积分制管理存在的问题及对策分析

随着我国经济社会的迅速发展,人口的迁移流动也在不断加快,而现行户籍制度的阻碍作用越来越明显。中山市率先在全国进行流动人口积分制管理改革,通过积分寻找一套新的标准作为流动人口享受城市基本公共服务和人户的根据,为解构附加在户籍制度上的公共服务和社会福利提供了一种全新的、务实的探索。本文正是基于积分制申请数据统计分析以及对申请人员访谈的基础上,对积分制的实施情况进行客观总结,并针对实施过程中存在的问题提出了改进的对策建议。