国有企业的外部人控制问题

在中国国有企业改革和发展的过程中 ,大家都注意到内部人控制问题。但是 ,内部人控制问题在世界各国现代企业都可能出现 ,在不同产权制度下的所有权和经营权分离的企业都时有发生 ,而在中国由计划经济向市场经济转轨过程中 ,国有企业的内部人控制问题发生与外部人控制问题紧密相关。对于大家没有集中注意到或没有明确提出的中国国有企业的外部人控制问题 ,本文试从理论基础、概念要点和案例说明等方面进行论述。     

推进高科技企业自主创新的“研中学”模型

通过对"干中学"模型与"研中学"模型的学习效应和经济效应的比较,说明"干中学"模型的学习效应是有限的,"研中学"模型能推进高科技企业自主创新,因而产生的经济效应和社会效应都大于"干中学"模型;进而根据演化经济学的分析框架,建立了"研中学"促进高科技企业自主创新的演化模型,从而揭示了"研中学"模型在促进高科技企业自主创新中的核心作用;最后依据该演化模型为高科技企业推进"研中学"模型提供了策略.     

Beyond the purely commercial business model: Organizational value logics and the heterogeneity of sustainability business models

The business model has been conceived as a commercial logic of value proposition, creation, exchange and capture. However, its underlying conceptual structure of an organizational value logic holds promise also for application beyond a purely commercial context, for partially commercial and even noncommercial organizations. This paper unlocks this potential by conceptualizing homogeneous and heterogeneous organizational value logics shaped by a variety of institutional logics. Homogeneous value logics are dominantly shaped by individual institutional logics, such as the value logic of businesses shaped by an institutional logic of the commercial market, or that of a churches shaped by an institutional logic of religion. Heterogeneous value logics, however, are co-shaped by two or more institutional logics. The application of these concepts is exemplified in the context of sustainability business models, which are built on a heterogeneous value logic that combines elements from commercial, sustainability, welfare and government logics. The paper contributes to the business model discussion by extending it to partially commercial and noncommercial organizations; by creating a conceptual space between value logics and institutional logics; and by proposing the meta-logic of value proposition, creation, exchange and capture, a novel analytical tool for the study of organizations shaped by plural institutional logics.     

高校新校区建设贷款规模与还贷策略的博弈分析

运用不完全信息博弈模型对高校新校区建设贷款规模进行分析,得出在政府埋单的预期下借贷规模会超出高校自身财务约束条件下的理性规模;利用高校利润模型,分析了还贷策略,指出政府必须与高校共同承担还贷责任;然后应用Rubinstein讨价还价模型对双方还贷比例进行了分析,并通过算例得出高校承担61.5%、政府承担38.5%是一个较为合理的还贷比例;最后给出了政策建议。     

企业总部价值创造方式与转型期中国企业总部类型

通过回顾企业总部价值创造的相关文献,总结企业总部创造价值的6种方式,即协同效应管理方式、组合效应管理方式、重组效应管理方式、核心能力转移方式、愿景驱动方式和能力哺育方式.然后,结合中国经济转型期实际情况,总结了5种企业总部类型:业务多元化促成的企业总部、区域多元化促成的企业总部、多个单体企业委托管理的企业总部、政府职能部门转变而来的企业总部,以及合并、重组而来的企业总部.最后,针对各种类型企业总部的特征分析其价值创造方式,讨论中国特殊国情带来的独特性.     

Corporate Profit,Social Welfare,and the Logic of Capitalism

Business ethics scholars have proposed strategies for mitigating the ill effects brought on by a wealth maximization business strategy by urging managers to either embrace corporate social responsibility (CSR) or to manage according to stakeholder theory. In this article I argue that these strategies are often ineffective in bringing about the behavior they promote because it is antithetical to the nature and logic of capitalism. I examine the organizing principles of capitalism and the role it assigns to capitalists, and juxtapose these with the behavior prescribed by three normative frameworks: strategic management theory (SMT), the CSR initiative, and stakeholder theory. Unlike the behaviors prescribed by the CSR initiative and stakeholder management theory, the behavior prescribed by SMT is consistent with the role of capitalists as defined by the organizing principles of capitalism, and SMT's “rules” have instilled habits that have, in turn, been able to mold managers’ aspirations and purposes. CSR and stakeholder theory must not only combat the habits instilled by the entrenched SMT, they must also find some way of instilling habits that run contrary to those defined by the nature and logic of capitalism itself.     

学习智障对组织知识转化影响研究

在剖析了学习智障的构成要素(结构智障、管理智障、文化智障、心智智障、执行智障)基础上,分析了学习智障对知识转化的削弱作用,构建了学习智障对知识转化影响的结构模型,提出了相关研究假设;运用实证研究方法,对259份有效问卷的综合分析结果表明:组织学习智障的5个构成要素对知识转化过程的削弱作用总体比较明显,但管理智障对社会化过程、结构智障和执行智障对外显化过程以及文化智障对组合化过程的制约作用不明显,但组织整体学习智障对组织知识转化过程具有显著的负向作用。     

我国上市公司投资-现金流敏感度实证研究

运用回归分析和因子分析法,对国内A股上市公司的投资-现金流敏感度及其影响因素进行了实证研究。结果表明:投资-现金流敏感度不能反映公司的融资约束程度,这与一些国内学者的观点不一致;上市公司的投资-现金流敏感度与其盈利能力显著正相关,与其偿债能力显著负相关;民营上市公司的投资-现金流敏感度低于国有上市公司,但其盈利能力也显著低于国有上市公司。因此,民营上市公司较低的投资-现金流敏感度并不表明其融资约束程度也较低;相反,这正说明民营上市公司因受到融资约束而存在投资不足的问题。     

农户资源禀赋与农业产出关系研究——基于信贷配给数据的分组讨论

本文首先把信贷配给分成数量配给、交易成本配给和风险配给三类,然后利用转换回归模型实证研究了信贷配给下农户资源禀赋与农业产出的关系。研究发现,在受到信贷约束的农户中,除了受到数量配给外,还有近四分之一的农户受到交易成本配给或风险配给。受到信贷约束农户的农业产出更加依赖于农户的资源禀赋。本文建议应根据农户不同信贷配给类型采取相应政策,以解决农户所受的信贷配给约束。     

能源社会核算矩阵模型的构建与应用

本文扩展建立了2005年中国能源SAM,通过设定能源效率不变和提高两种情景,构建了能源SAM模型并使用该模型定量测算了不同情景下四万亿元投资对各部门总产出、GDP、能源需求量和单位GDP能耗的影响。测算结果说明在能源效率不变的情景下这一投资将带来GDP增长59702亿元,能源需求增长52739万吨标准煤,通过优化产业结构降低单位GDP能耗4.932%;在能源利用效率提高5%的情景下则可以带来GDP增长59795亿元,能源需求增长51212万吨标准煤,通过技术进步和产业结构优化的综合效应降低单位GDP能耗5.419%。     

用线性互补及二次规划理论分析市场均衡问题

本文讨论了一类完全竞争条件下的市场均衡问题,供给方的生产特征用线性规划模型进行刻划,市场需求函数源于一般经济意义下的模型,它是一系列相互独立的价格变量的函数．我们将此问题归结为线性互补问题,并依此讨论了均衡点的存在性．本文还讨论了一种用二次规划进行刻划的经济问题,并指出此二次规划的K－K－T条件等价于所讨论的线性互补问题．     

Fitting the Lognormal Distribution to Surgical Procedure Times*

Minimum surgical times are positive and often large. The lognormal distribution has been proposed for modeling surgical data, and the three‐parameter form of the lognormal, which includes a location parameter, should be appropriate for surgical data. We studied the goodness‐of‐fit performance, as measured by the Shapiro‐Wilk p‐value, of three estimators of the location parameter for the lognormal distribution, using a large data set of surgical times. Alternative models considered included the normal distribution and the two‐parameter lognormal model, which sets the location parameter to zero. At least for samples with n > 30, data adequately fit by the normal had significantly smaller skewness than data not well fit by the normal, and data with larger relative minima (smallest order statistic divided by the mean) were better fit by a lognormal model. The rule “If the skewness of the data is greater than 0.35, use the three‐parameter lognormal with the location parameter estimate proposed by Muralidhar & Zanakis (1992), otherwise, use the two‐parameter model” works almost as well at specifying the lognormal model as more complex guidelines formulated by linear discriminant analysis and by tree induction.     

Bootstrap Methods for Markov Processes

The block bootstrap is the best known bootstrap method for time‐series data when the analyst does not have a parametric model that reduces the data generation process to simple random sampling. However, the errors made by the block bootstrap converge to zero only slightly faster than those made by first‐order asymptotic approximations. This paper describes a bootstrap procedure for data that are generated by a Markov process or a process that can be approximated by a Markov process with sufficient accuracy. The procedure is based on estimating the Markov transition density nonparametrically. Bootstrap samples are obtained by sampling the process implied by the estimated transition density. Conditions are given under which the errors made by the Markov bootstrap converge to zero more rapidly than those made by the block bootstrap.     

Residential Air Exchange Rates in the United States: Empirical and Estimated Parametric Distributions by Season and Climatic Region

The purpose of this paper is to undertake a statistical analysis to specify empirical distributions and to estimate univariate parametric probability distributions for air exchange rates for residential structures in the United States. To achieve this goal, we used data compiled by the Brookhaven National Laboratory using a method known as the perfluorocarbon tracer (PFT) technique. While these data are not fully representative of all areas of the country or all housing types, they are judged to be by far the best available. The analysis is characterized by four key points: the use of data for 2,844 households; a four-region breakdown based on heating degree days, a best available measure of climatic factors affecting air exchange rates; estimation of lognormal distributions as well as provision of empirical (frequency) distributions; and provision of these distributions for all of the data, for the data segmented by the four regions, for the data segmented by the four seasons, and for the data segmented by a 16 region by season breakdown. Except in a few cases, primarily for small sample sizes, air exchange rates were found to be well fit by lognormal distributions (adjusted R² 0.95). The empirical or lognormal distributions may be used in indoor air models or as input variables for probabilistic human health risk assessments.     

Can business learn from wargames?

The value of planning, particularly strategic planning, has long been recognized by both the military and business. Recently, the military has made significant contributions in the area of strategic decision making through the use of war games. Business managers may be able to expand their strategic decision-making judgment by employing the wargaming technology developed by the military. If the wargaming concept is embraced by business, it must serve, as it does in the military, as an aid to decision-making rather than as the decision itself.     

网上拍卖销售与逆向拍卖采购下的库存管理

以电子商务为背景研究网上拍卖销售与逆向拍卖采购下的库存管理。在该问题中,零售商一方面利用网上拍卖销售产品,另一方面利用逆向拍卖进行采购。对于单阶段情形,证明网上拍卖下零售商的期望收益函数是采购量的严格递增的凹函数,从而得到零售商的最优采购策略和供应商的最优投标策略。对于多阶段情形,利用马尔可夫决策过程理论建立该问题的最优控制模型,得到零售商的最优采购策略和供应商的贝叶斯-纳什均衡投标策略均与基本库存策略相类似。     

The Transition from Temporary to Permanent Employment: Evidence from Tuscany

Abstract. In this paper, by distinguishing between the decisions made by the workers and those made by the firms, we provide a probabilistic evaluation of the transition from temporary to permanent employment in a regional context. Specifically, by exploiting a multinomial nested logit strategy of estimation, we find that the transition to a permanent job is far from certain, especially for women and older workers.     

Labour Market and Decentralized Decision-making: An Institutional Approach

The persistent failure in the labour market is due to uncertainty and asymmetric information, and relies on a reconsideration of the bargaining process. This process is not generated by individual action but rather by the behaviour of social groups and institutions in which State intervention can immprove the efficiency in matching demand and supply. In this framework we will discuss the ways by which institutional decentralization can be implemented in a labour market characterized by deep regional differences and by long-term unemployment persistence as in Italy. The main conclusion is that this policy option better fits the active labour policies. In fact the actual aim of such supply-side policies is to reduce the regional and skill mismatches and therefore it needs a substantial involvement of local public agencies.     

内部资本市场跨期配置下最优分部相关性匹配研究——对多元化企业并购整合内在逻辑的诠释

内部资本市场跨期配置是研究多元化整合的新视角，分部相关性是平衡跨期配置成本和配置空间的关键因素。已有研究认为多元化企业存在最优分部相关性，但最优分部相关性的影响因素及其匹配规律尚未明确。借鉴实物期权的定价思路，基于动态规划方程的二叉树数值分析方法，研究了内部资本市场跨期配置下的最优分部相关性匹配问题。基于跨期配置的执行力和适应力，理论部分刻画了分部相关性的"双刃剑"效应：降低跨期配置成本和提高跨期配置空间，二者需要通过分部相关性进行取舍。模型部分通过交易成本和收益波动率两个维度进行研究，结果发现：风险越高、交易成本越低，最优分部相关性越小；收益波动率越高，交易成本对最优分部相关性的影响越弱；交易成本越低，收益波动率对最优分部相关性的影响越弱。实证部分针对中国上市公司的分部数据进行实证检验，发现中国多元化企业的最优分部相关性符合模型的推演结果。