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1.
Individuals’ fertility decisions are shaped not only by their own characteristics and life course paths but also by social
interaction with others. However, in practice, it is difficult to disentangle the role of social interaction from other factors,
such as individual and family background variables. We measure social interaction through the cross-sibling influences on
fertility. Continuous-time hazard models are estimated separately for women’s first and second births. In addition to individual
socioeconomic variables, demographic variables, and an unobserved factor specific to each sibling pair, siblings’ birth events
and their timing enter as time-varying covariates. We use data from longitudinal population-wide Norwegian administrative
registers. The data cover more than 110,000 sibling pairs and include the siblings’ fertility, education, income, and marital
histories. Our results indicate that cross-sibling influences are relatively strong for the respondents’ first births but
weak for the second parity transition. 相似文献
2.
Australia’s low fertility rate is commonly attributed to deliberate decisions by women to avoid having children. Existing
theoretical explanations of fertility decision-making mostly view childbearing as a rational, voluntary process and focus
on the ‘costs’ to women of having children. Although this may help explain why women do not have children, it contributes
very little to understanding why women do have children. This study describes childbearing desires, expectations and outcomes
in a population-based sample of 569 30–34-years-old Australian women recruited from the Australian Electoral Roll in 2005.
Most women surveyed wanted to have children, and their childbearing outcomes were associated with biological, psychological
and social factors including the lack of a partner and adverse health conditions. The factors and their relative importance
varied by parity. Most women had fewer children than they desired, and many would have children, or more children, if their
circumstances were different. These data challenge prevailing assumptions about women’s childbearing behaviour that women
are able to choose when and if they have a child. Based on the findings, a conceptual framework of childbearing behaviour
is proposed which builds on existing theoretical explanations to explain why women do and do not have children, differences
by parity, and the role of circumstances in women’s childbearing behaviour. The findings and conceptual framework have implications
for public policies, and indicate that multiple approaches are required which are sensitive to and address the barriers women
face in family formation. 相似文献
3.
With the rise in out-of-wedlock childbearing and divorce in the last quarter of the twentieth century, an increasing proportion
of children have been exposed to a variety of new family forms. Little research has focused on the consequences of childhood
family structure for men’s transition to fatherhood or on the family processes that account for the effects of family structure
on the likelihood that young women and men become first-time unmarried parents, what we now call “fragile families.” The data
come from the linked Children and Young Adult samples of the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), which provide
information on the children of the women of the NLSY79 from birth until they enter young adulthood. Females growing up with
a single parent and males experiencing an unstable family transition to parenthood early, particularly to nonresidential fatherhood
for males. For males, the effects are strongly mediated by parenting processes and adolescent behaviors and are shaped by
economic circumstances. Having experienced multiple transitions as a child is associated with a reduced likelihood that males
father their first child within marriage and an increased likelihood that they become fathers within cohabitation, demonstrating
how changes in family structure alter family structure patterns over time and generations. 相似文献
4.
Opportunities for conceiving and bearing children are fewer when unions are not formed or are dissolved during the childbearing
years. At the same time, union instability produces a pool of persons who may enter new partnerships and have additional children
in stepfamilies. The balance between these two opposing forces and their implications for fertility may depend on the timing
of union formation and parenthood. In this article, we estimate models of childbearing, union formation, and union dissolution
for female respondents to the 1999 French Etude de l’Histoire Familiale. Model parameters are applied in microsimulations
of completed family size. We find that a population of women whose first unions dissolve during the childbearing years will
end up with smaller families, on average, than a population in which all unions remain intact. Because new partnerships encourage
higher parity progressions, repartnering minimizes the fertility gap between populations with and those without union dissolution.
Differences between the two populations are much smaller when family formation is postponed—that is, when union formation
and dissolution or first birth occurs after age 30, or when couples delay childbearing after union formation. 相似文献
5.
Maria Francesca Cracolici Miranda Cuffaro Peter Nijkamp 《Social indicators research》2010,95(2):339-356
This paper presents a new analytical framework for assessing spatial disparities among countries. It takes for granted that
the analysis of a country’s performance cannot be limited solely to either economic or social factors. The aim of the paper
is to combine relevant economic and ‘non-economic’ (mainly social) aspects of a country’s performance in an integrated logical
framework. Based on this idea, a structural simultaneous equation model will be presented and estimated in order to explore
the direction of the causal relationship between economic and non-economic aspects of a country’s performance. Furthermore,
an exploration of the trajectory that each country has registered over time along a virtuous path will be offered. By means
of a matrix persistency/transition analysis, the countries will be classified in clusters of good/bad performance. One of
the most interesting conclusions concerns the inability of most countries to turn the higher educational skills of the population
into greater economic performance over time. In addition, our analysis also shows that making an accurate picture record and
formulating related policy aiming at environmental care is highly desirable. It is surprising that only a few countries have
reached a favourable economic and environmental performance simultaneously. 相似文献
6.
Brian O’Leary 《Social indicators research》2007,81(2):357-373
Durban, the busiest port and second largest industrial hub in South Africa, has a developmental vision that sees its residents living in ‚acceptably serviced housing’ and enjoying a ‚generally high quality of life that can be sustained’. This vision is in response to South Africa’s transitional aspirations to move from an inequitable apartheid state to a democratic society with greater socio-economic parity. Since 1998 the eThekwini Municipality, which is the local authority responsible for the city of Durban, has conducted annual surveys to monitor the changes in the quality of life of Durban’s people. Structured questionnaire interviews were administered in 14 300 dwellings between 1998 and 2005. The samples drawn each year were representative of the city’s demographics and covered a wide range of housing types. Results indicate that parity of life satisfaction between race groups is as far apart in 2005 as it was in 1998. The paper undertakes trend analysis, from a local government perspective, of key objective and subjective variables in the surveys. It identifies the domains that have the greatest impact on satisfaction with life, and reports the salient issues for black householders, who have the lowest level of life satisfaction.The Research Locale: Durban, which is a port city on the east coast of South Africa, has a population of over 3 million people. The population is comprised of the following groups: Asian (20%), black (68%), coloured (3%) and white (9%). It is Africa’s busiest port and is South Africa’s second largest industrial hub. It provides key trade linkages to Johannesburg, which is South Africa’s largest industrial hub. The major economic sectors are manufacturing, tourism, finance and transport. The complex topography is intersected by 19 rivers that flow to 98 kms of coastline. 相似文献
7.
One way of making the capability approach (CA) operational uses fuzzy poverty measures. In this paper, we present a new approach
to applying these measures in the South African context using responses to a questionnaire on ‘The Essentials of Life’ in
conjunction with a methodology for dealing with the vagueness of poverty. Our results suggest very low cut-offs for people or households to classify as definitely poor for some social indicators. These cut-offs are far lower
than those Klasen used in his application of the CA. The attempt to apply the CA using Cheli and Lemmi’s ‘totally fuzzy and
relative’ poverty measure in conjunction with our approach to specifying cut-offs can lead to incoherence. This measure can, nonetheless, be useful when social indicators have a ‘relativist component’. While the Cerioli and Zani
measure does not lead to such incoherence, it also has a serious weakness. 相似文献
8.
Role diversity is an important feature of individuals’ social networks that is reflected in the amount of time spent in the
company of different role relationships. Time-use data is used to derive an index of dispersion measuring the diversity of
one’s social contact among different role relationships. Patterns of social engagement are specialized when large investments
of time are allocated to a small number of role relationships, while patterns are diverse when relatively equal amounts of
time are spent among all possible role relationships. Tobit estimation of models indicates significant social context, time-use,
and attitudinal effects on the diversity of role relationships. Findings indicate that role diversity is a complex phenomenon
shaped by one’s existing social context, individual preferences, and present constraints on the use of time. 相似文献
9.
Mira M. Hidajat Mark D. Hayward Yasuhiko Saito 《Population research and policy review》2007,26(2):219-234
In this paper, we lay the initial groundwork for anticipating Indonesia’s future burden of disease by developing a demographic
model of population health. We develop this model within the analytic framework of a Markov-based multistate life table model
to calculate an important indicator of the burden of disease, the expected years of active life of elderly Indonesians. The
magnitude of the gap points to the potential consequences of improvements in the nation’s educational level for the future
burden of disease. The results show that having some education increases life expectancy but it also expands the expected
years with a major functional problem. Overall educational attainment levels, however, are very low, indicating that Indonesia’s
elderly are at the leading edge of improvements in the nation’s social capacity for health. The life tables suggest that at
the early stages of development, longer life is accompanied by an expansion of morbidity. 相似文献
10.
This article uses data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to examine whether family instability is associated
with changes in perceived social support, material hardship, maternal depression, and parenting stress among mothers of young
children. In addition to accounting for the number of transitions that a mother experiences during the first five years of
her child’s life, we pay close attention to the type and timing of these transitions. We find that mothers who transition
to cohabitation or marriage with their child’s biological father experience declines in material hardship and that those who
transition to cohabitation or marriage with another man exhibit modest declines in both material hardship and depression.
Mothers who exit cohabiting or marital relationships encounter decreases in perceived social support and increases in material
hardship, depression, and parenting stress. Overall, our results suggest that both the type and, to a much lesser degree,
the timing of family structure transitions may influence maternal well-being. 相似文献
11.
Daniel Jordan Smith 《Population and development review》2020,46(1):101-120
In southeastern Nigeria, several interconnected processes of social change are combining to delay parenthood. Most of the demographic and social sciences literature examining the postponement of parenthood has paid primary attention to women. To address this gap, this article foregrounds the changing social landscape of masculinity as a significant context within which to situate these demographic changes. At the core of Nigerian men's perceptions, decisions, and behaviors with regard to delaying fatherhood is a fundamental contradiction, one that seems to be common in many settings—at least many African settings—of contemporary demographic transition. The contradiction is that while the postponement of parenthood is associated historically with positive social and economic indicators, when Nigerian men articulate their rationales for delaying fatherhood (and marriage) they commonly describe feelings of uncertainty connected to a sense of struggle and deprivation. This article connects men's anxieties about—and delays embarking on—marriage and parenthood to their experiences of economic uncertainty, and specifically to the perceived need for money as the foundation for successful reproduction. 相似文献
12.
Frederic Tournemaine 《Journal of population economics》2008,21(1):49-66
To examine the relationship between social aspirations, fertility choices and growth performances, we develop a R&D-based
model in which individuals care about the number of children they bring up and their social status. In such an economy, we
find that stronger status motives have a negative effect on growth. The reason is that individuals bring up fewer children,
as children are an obstacle to the achievement of their social status. Introducing an endogenous choice of quality for children,
we show that stronger status motives lead individuals to bring up fewer but higher quality children. In this case, social
aspirations heighten the desire of parents to substitute the quantity for the quality of children because education of children
fosters society’s productive ability, indirectly improving parents’ social status.
I would like to thank Michael Bleaney, Juntip Boonprakaikawe, Trudy Owens, Kaipichit Ruengsrichaiya, two anonymous referees,
and one editor of the review for their helpful comments and suggestions. I am grateful to the University of Nottingham (UK)
for its support during the redaction of this paper. 相似文献
13.
Although advanced education has been found to be consistently associated with a later transition to parenthood for women, findings about education and the transition to parenthood have been much less consistent for men, and no stylized fact has emerged from the literature. We argue that the inconsistency of findings for men is due to the fact that the selection process involved in union formation has been disregarded in earlier studies. We hypothesize that men’s educational attainment consistently and positively affects the transition to fatherhood via higher rates of union formation. We apply multiprocess event-history analysis to data from the Generations and Gender Surveys for 10 European countries. Our results show indeed a consistent positive effect of education on the transition to fatherhood, but it operates chiefly through selection into union. Failing to account for this selection process leads to a major underestimation of the salience of education for the transition to fatherhood. 相似文献
14.
Sharon Jackson 《Journal of Population Research》1995,12(1):25-34
This paper applies a simple economic model to explain short run movements in Australian fertility, abstracting from social
and cultural conditions. It shows that Australian fertility can be modelled with some success using only wages and employment
data, once we allow for the different effects of changes in men’s and women’s wages for the period 1966–90. The elasticity
of the total fertility rate over this period is found to be negative with respect to women’s wages and positive with respect
to men’s wages. As well as having the expected sign, the estimated elasticities are similar in magnitude to those for the
United States over the period 1948–75. 相似文献
15.
Van Dijk F 《Journal of population economics》1998,11(3):345-371
The issue is addressed whether assistance to persons in need can be left to the ‘family’ and the ‘community’. In that case
people depend on their social networks. The support a person receives through a given network of social ties is examined.
However, ties are diverse and subject to change. By means of a model of the dynamics of social ties, the conditions for adequate
private support are analyzed. The sustainability of private support over time is examined by incorporating the impact on social
ties of lending and receiving support. It is shown that support is only an effective alternative in a limited number of situations.
Received: 2 January 1997 / Accepted: 2 February 1998 相似文献
16.
This paper empirically analyzes the impact that the spread of casino gambling has on social capital in communities throughout
the United States. Social capital is a networking process that translates into an individual’s effectiveness in the community
and workplace, and binds communities together. Several recent studies have also demonstrated a link between higher levels
of social capital and quality of life. In this study, social capital is measured based on six dimensions: trust, civic, volunteerism,
group participation, giving, and meeting obligations of family and friends. Using data from the DDB Needham database for the
years 1978, 1988, and 1998, regression analysis is conducted on over 300 Metropolitan Statistical Areas throughout the United
States to determine the impact that the spread of casino gambling has on social capital. The results of the analysis indicate
that the presence of casino gambling significantly reduces social capital when a casino is located within 15 miles of a community,
suggesting that a casino’s location influences a community’s quality of life and should be a consideration when deciding on
the merits of gambling legalization. 相似文献
17.
Gil S. Epstein 《Journal of population economics》2007,20(3):707-715
This paper considers an economic analysis of intergenerational transition of ethnic and social trait. We consider the level
of social traits chosen by parents and its effect on their children’s choice of ethnic and social traits when reaching adulthood.
We develop a theory that suggests that parents will chose extreme ethnic and social traits to increase the cost that their
children will pay if they wish to deviate from their parents’ “ideal.” The extreme choice of the ethnic social traits of parents
has an effect on the segregation of minorities and migrants.
相似文献
Gil S. EpsteinEmail: |
18.
The primary objective of this study was to more fully understand the impact of having a baby on women’s well-being by attending
to both the level and the content of well-being. To cover the judgemental and affective aspects of well-being we included
global measures of life satisfaction and well-being and affective experience measures derived from the day reconstruction
method. In a sample of 19 first-time mothers no differences between pre and postnatal reports of general life satisfaction,
depression, anxiety, and experienced positive and negative affect were found, suggesting that the arrival of the newborn baby
does not universally impact on women’s level of well-being. Changes in the content of well-being were studied by examining
changes in the way women experience specific activities and interactions with various social partners. There appeared to be
an upward shift in experienced positive affect during active leisure and a slight decrease in negative affect during time
spent with relatives. The results are discussed in light of previously documented changes across the transition to motherhood
in negative mood states, time use, women’s evaluation of various aspects of daily life, and relational satisfaction. 相似文献
19.
Researchers continue to question fathers’ willingness to report their biological children in surveys and the ability of surveys
to adequately represent fathers. To address these concerns, this study evaluates the quality of men’s fertility data in the
1979 and 1997 cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79 and NLSY97) and in the 2002 National Survey of
Family Growth (NSFG). Comparing fertility rates in each survey with population rates based on data from Vital Statistics and
the U.S. Census Bureau, we document how the incomplete reporting of births in different surveys varies according to men’s
characteristics, including their age, race, marital status, and birth cohort. In addition, we use Monte Carlo simulations
based on the NSFG data to demonstrate how birth underreporting biases associations between early parenthood and its antecedents.
We find that in the NSFG, roughly four out of five early births were reported; but in the NLSY79 and NLSY97, almost nine-tenths
of early births were reported. In all three surveys, incomplete reporting was especially pronounced for nonmarital births.
Our results suggest that the quality of male fertility data is strongly linked to survey design and that it has implications
for models of early male fertility. 相似文献
20.
Harriet B. Presser Megan L. Klein Hattori Sangeeta Parashar Sara Raley Zhihong Sa 《Journal of Population Research》2006,23(2):135-163
This paper expands on Kingsley Davis’s demographic thesis of change and response. Specifically, we consider the social context
that accounts for the primacy of particular birth control methods that bring about fertility change during specific time periods.
We examine the relevance of state policy (including national family planning programs), the international population establishment,
the medical profession, organized religion, and women’s groups using case studies from Japan, Russia, Puerto Rico, China,
India, and Cameroon. Some of these countries are undergoing the second demographic transition, others the first. Despite variations
in context, heavy reliance on sterilization and/or, abortion as a means of birth control is a major response in most of these
countries. The key roles of the medical profession and state policy are discussed, along with the general lack of influence
of religion and of women’s groups in these countries. 相似文献