基于提前期的多阶通用件库存模型

针对单个企业内部应用通用件的环境,在假定一个多阶生产系统的基础上,对应用通用件的库存量水平及其成本进行了分析,建立了多阶通用件库存模型,提出通过对采用通用件和不采用通用件的成本差异的比较,来决策多阶生产系统中在哪一阶工序采用通用件,并求解出每一阶工序优化的基本库存水平。     

基于通用件的ATO系统对家电行业的影响分析

面对消费者个性化的需求以及家电产品更新换代的加快，家电行业MTS的供应链模式逐渐体现其局限性：产品库存积压、旧产品零部件难以配型、消费者个性化需求不能满足等。基于通用件的ATO系统通过风险混同，减少了通用件的安全库存，缩小了成本，更大满足了消费者需求。本文分别建立了单期与多期最小成本模型，比较有通用件ATO系统与没有通用件MTS系统成本。证明有通用件ATO模型可以减少成本，同时减少通用件库存。。在一定服务水平前提下，当通用件的价格比其替代零部件的价格增加百分比不超过16％时，无论是单期模型还是多期模型（缺货不可补），采用通用件成本更低。而对于多期模型（缺货可补时），在一定服务水平前提下，当通用件的价格比其替代零部件的价格增加酉分比不超过0．5％时，采用通用件成本更低。依据家电行业的现状，只需对零部件进行合理的模块化设计以及与零售企业建立信息交换系统，就能很好的移植ATO系统，但各家电企业还需根据自身情况，斟酌利弊，权衡ATO系统带来的成本的节省与移植系统带来的额外成本的影响。     

多样化经营战略的利弊分析

随着我国市场经济的深入发展 ,企业成为自主经营、自负盈亏、自我约束、自我发展的独立法人 ,企业的生存和发展在根本上取决于企业是否可以有效地将各种资源转变成社会需要的产品和服务 ,并运用自身的优势在竞争中取胜。目前 ,我国一些企业特别是大型企业依靠自身的雄厚资源优势实施多样化经营战略 ,取得了成功 ,但也不乏失败的例证 ,笔者试图从多样化经营的基本概念出发对多样化经营的利弊做些分析。一、多样化经营之利实施多样化经营所带来的战略利益主要为 :１、协同效应。即两个事物有机地结合在一起 ,发挥出超过两个事物简单总和的联合…     

空间集聚、规模门槛与技术创新:基于中国制造业企业普查数据的实证分析

本文构建了关于空间集聚、规模门槛与技术创新关系的分析框架,并利用我国制造业企业普查数据检验了空间集聚对技术创新影响的规模门槛效应.实证结果显示:专业化集聚和多样化集聚有利于企业技术创新,但是溢出效应存在门槛效应.对于规模门槛而言,专业化集聚和多样化集聚对企业技术创新的影响并非是线性关系,城市规模越小,专业化集聚对企业技术创新的影响更大,城市规模越大,多样化集聚对企业技术创新更显著.与大企业相比,多样化集聚对小企业技术创新的影响更明显.专业化集聚和多样化集聚对技术创新的影响在东部地区的比较明显,而对于中西部地区影响不显著.     

存在生产外部性的任务分配问题分析

企业的任务分配决策直接决定企业的最终收益,而生产外部性是影响企业最佳任务分配方式选择的关键因素.考虑任务分配的两种生产外部性,即专业化分工的效率优势和任务多样化的互补优势,运用委托代理理论,研究两种生产外部性同时存在时企业最佳任务分配方式的选择问题.模型给出了不同情况下的均衡结果,根据均衡结果做进一步分析表明,当专业化分工比任务多样化具有相同或更大的生产优势时,最佳的任务分配方式是专业化分工;而当任务多样化具有相对大的生产优势时,最佳的任务分配方式是不确定的,企业的最佳选择由生产外部性、任务的观测误差以及相似任务之间观测误差的差距同时决定.     

浅谈弹性福利计划

随着市场经济发展,人才管理的市场化,人力资源已成为企业的一个重要资源。如何吸引,激励和保留人才,成为了企业需要考虑的一个重要问题。目前的传统福利制度已不能满足员工的多样化需求,而弹性福利计划则针对这个问题给出了一个很好的解决方案。本文将对弹性福利计划及其实施中的一些问题进行简要分析。     

浅谈企业实行多样化战略

实施企业多样化战略是企业增加盈利能力且保持持续发展的基础之一。本文通过多样化战略的意义及分析实施多样化战略的基础,尝试找出企业实行多样化战略条件和模型,以帮助更多的企业获得新的发展。     

浅析房地产企业的人力资源管理

我国房地产企业刚刚兴起,在人力资源的培养和应用方面存在不少问题,而企业的发展始终离不开人才,本文谈了人力资源在房地产企业的重要性,以及企业在用人方面应遵循的一些原则。     

国有企业纪检监察工作的创新思路

当前,随着国有企业实现形式的多样化,投资主体的多元化,企业改革不断深化,企业党组织所处的环境和条件以及面临的任务,也相应地发生了变化,在这种情况下,企业纪检监察工作怎样才能跟上时代步伐,与时俱进,求实创新,进一步推动企业党风廉政建设和反腐倡廉工作的开展。就这个问题,笔者进行了一些粗浅的阐述。     

针对房地产企业纳税筹划的分析

房地产企业作为国民经济的重要组成部分,随着行业的快速发展,呈现出多样化、复杂化的趋势。为进一步降低成本、增加利润,企业对于税收筹划越来越重视。本文介绍了纳税筹划的一般原则,并在此基础上,介绍了一些房地产企业纳税筹划的方法。     

The effects of component commonality in an infinite horizon inventory model

This paper studies the effects of component commonality in the context of an infinite horizon inventory model. Three models are proposed that are characterized by different degrees of component commonality. Assuming the three models all follow the same inventory policy, exact service level measures are derived and incorporated into cost optimization problems. With the infinite horizon assumption, potential setup cost reductions can be evaluated due to the inclusion of common components. The results indicate that, as expected, commonality incurs significant cost savings; what is new and unique is that setup cost may increase or decrease when commonality is present. In addition, when the behaviour of the optimal solutions is examined, it is found that some of the well-known properties suggested by the existing one-period models do not hold for this infinite horizon model.     

THE MEASUREMENT AND OPERATING BENEFITS OF COMPONENT PART COMMONALITY

The product structure is a key input to a material requirements planning system. Yet, the effect of alternate product structure designs on system performance is not well understood. Analytical measures are needed to accurately relate product-structure characteristics to total cost and delivery performance. A new analytical measure of product structure called the degree of commonality index is defined in this paper. The degree of commonality index can be applied to single end items, product families, entire product lines, or to any level of product structure. This study suggests that component part commonality, as measured by the degree of commonality index, has a significant effect on system performance. For example, company standardization programs that increase the degree of component part commonality result in manufacturing cost reductions. The degree of commonality index provides a way to directly relate the degree of component part commonality to various dependent variables such as total cost, work center load, and delivery performance.     

Vendor Performance and Alternative Manufacturing Environments*

Today, many American firms are demanding a high level of performance from their major suppliers while at the same time reducing the number of them. Vendor performance is an important aspect of maintaining low production costs and high product quality. In this study, we examine the effects of poor vendor quality and vendor lead time uncertainty in a variety of manufacturing environments using a comprehensive simulation model. The results indicate that the effect of poor vendor performance on various manufacturing firms depends on the number of stocking points and the degree of component commonality. Moreover, disruption of the manufacturing system caused by poor vendor performance can be manifested in higher levels of inventory and order backlogs. We introduce the concept of supplyside uncertainty, as it relates to component-part commonality, to demonstrate that in certain environments commonality reduces order backlogs but increases total inventories and creates an environment that is very sensitive to vendor quality problems. Finally, several conjectures are posited for future research.     

The impact of component commonality in an assemble-to-order environment under supply and demand uncertainty

A material requirements planning simulator with a two-level bill-of-material is used to study the impact of introducing component commonality into an assemble-to-order environment when demand is subject to random variations, and component procurement orders experience random delays. By using simulated data, our ANOVA results show that component commonality significantly interacts with existence of demand and supply chain uncertainties, and benefits of component commonality are most pronounced when both uncertainties exist.     

Responsive Pricing Newsvendor Networks with Discretionary Commonality

Discretionary commonality is a form of operational flexibility used in multi‐product manufacturing environments. Consider a case where a firm produces and sells two products. Without discretionary commonality, each product is made through a unique combination of input and production capacity. With discretionary commonality, one of the inputs could be used for producing both products, and one of the production capacities could be used to process different inputs for producing one of the products. In the latter case, the manager can decide, upon the realization of uncertainty, not only the quantities for different products (outputs) but also the means of transforming inputs into outputs. The objective of this study is to understand how the firm's value, its inventory levels for inputs and capacity levels for resources are affected by the demand characteristics and market conditions. In pursuing this research, we extend Van Mieghem and Rudi ( 2002 )'s newsvendor network model to allow for the modeling of product interdependence, demand functions, random shocks, and firm's ex post pricing decision. Applying the general framework to the network with discretionary commonality, we discover that inventory and capacity management can be quite different compared to a network where commonality is non‐discretionary. Among other results, we find that as the degree of product substitution increases, the relative need for discretionary commonality increases; as the market correlation increases, while the firm's value may increase for complementary products, the discretionary common input decreases but the dedicated input increases. Numerical study shows that discretionary flexibility and responsive pricing are strategic substitutes.     

Remanufacturing and the Component Commonality Decision

Firms often determine whether or not to make components common across products by focusing on the manufacturing and sales of new products only. However, component commonality decisions that ignore remanufacturing can adversely affect the profitability of the firm. In this article we analyze how remanufacturing could reverse the OEM's commonality decision that is based on the manufacturing and sales of new products only. Specifically, we determine the conditions under which the OEM's optimal decision on commonality may be reversed and illustrate how her profit can be significantly higher if remanufacturing is taken into account ex ante. We illustrate the implementation of our model for two products in the Apple iPad family.     

A technique for uncertainty reduction based on order commonality

The use of commonality is widely diffused as a criterion to reduce uncertainty in demand forecasts for the master production schedule (MPS). Nevertheless, studies have mostly focused on exploiting component commonality in make to stock and assemble to order manufacturing. This paper refers to planning environments with two specific characteristics. First, the degree of certainty of the demand is extremely low, due to product complexity, with poor modularization and standardization, and to the presence of few customers of large dimensions. Second, the delivery lead time is less than the total lead time. In this situation, demand for MPS planning units is extremely uncertain and sporadic. It is therefore necessary to formulate in advance forecasts of customer orders with a redundant configuration. In this paper a technique for the reduction of demand uncertainty is introduced, based on the exploitation of order commonalities. In particular, relations between order commonality and uncertainty reduction in a planning environment with such complex features are illustrated. Then, guidelines for the implementation of the technique in order to reduce over-planning in the master production schedule are provided. Finally, the performances of the technique are empirically analysed by means of both a simulation model and experimental application in a telecommunication systems manufacturer     

Development of sustainable platform for modular product family: a case study

Abstract

Defining product platform architecture is a critical issue to design and develop product variants. Different factors are highly dependent on the architecture type, such as number of variants, to measure modularity level, component commonality, market demand, etc. It is directly related to manage product portfolios and setting up business plan of a company. Before defining a product platform, whether it is modular or integral product designers need to follow specific design guidelines and checklists. This research mainly focuses on to define the platform architecture as well as provides necessary design guidelines and checklists for the product designers. It also highlights an example product of a case company with the objective to clarify/validate the proposed product design approach. In conclusion, this paper outlines the findings from this research and proposed some critical questions need to be answered within the scope of future research potentials.     

Disassembly of complex product structures with parts and materials commonality

This paper addresses the issue of parts and materials commonality when scheduling disassembly. In a disassembly environment, inventory management is complex due to the presence of multiple demand sources at the component level of the product structure. Commonality introduces a new layer of complexity by creating alternative procurement sources for the common component items. A novel scheduling algorithm is presented, followed by an example.     

Transition Modeling and Econometric Convergence Tests

A new panel data model is proposed to represent the behavior of economies in transition, allowing for a wide range of possible time paths and individual heterogeneity. The model has both common and individual specific components, and is formulated as a nonlinear time varying factor model. When applied to a micro panel, the decomposition provides flexibility in idiosyncratic behavior over time and across section, while retaining some commonality across the panel by means of an unknown common growth component. This commonality means that when the heterogeneous time varying idiosyncratic components converge over time to a constant, a form of panel convergence holds, analogous to the concept of conditional sigma convergence. The paper provides a framework of asymptotic representations for the factor components that enables the development of econometric procedures of estimation and testing. In particular, a simple regression based convergence test is developed, whose asymptotic properties are analyzed under both null and local alternatives, and a new method of clustering panels into club convergence groups is constructed. These econometric methods are applied to analyze convergence in cost of living indices among 19 U.S. metropolitan cities.