《中国的民族区域自治》白皮书发表座谈会在京举行

3月2日,民族画报社、民族团结杂志社、中国民族报社在北京联合召开了《中国的民族区域自治》白皮书发表座谈会。 大家一致认为,《中国的民族区域自治》白皮书,全面、系统地介绍了我国的民族区域自治制度及民族自治地方的发展状况,重申了民族区域自治制度是我国的一项基本政治制度,向全世界昭示了新中国成立50多年来民族区域自治制度的成功实践,表明了采用民族区域自治制度来解决我国的民族问题是一个正确选择。在新的形势下坚持和完善民族区域自治制度,是实践“三个代表”重要思想的根本要求,是全面建设小康社会、构建社会主义和谐社会的一…     

民族区域自治的丰硕成果--新疆少数民族教育事业的发展

民族区域自治是中国共产党运用马克思列宁主义民族理论,结合中国实际情况解决中国民族问题的基本政策,也是国家的一项基本政治制度。民族区域自治的核心是民族自治权,它体现了各民族一律平等的原则和尊重各少数民族人民自主管理本民族内部事物的权利。新疆民族教育事业的发展和取得的巨大成就,就是党的民族区域自治制度在新疆实践的丰硕成果。     

从民族区域自治制度看马克思主义民族理论的中国化

民族区域自治制度是解决我国民族问题的基本政治制度和基本政策,是中国共产党结合中国的具体国情将马克思主义民族理论中国化的典范。本文主要从两个方面论述了这一主题:一、民族区域自治制度是解决我国民族问题的基本政治制度;二、确立和实行民族区域自治制度是中国社会历史发展的必然结果,是马克思主义民族理论中国化的产物。     

卷首语

民族区域自治,是中国解决民族问题的基本政策,也是中国的一项基本政治制度.50多年来,民族区域自治政策得到了认真的贯彻落实,对于民族区域自治建设问题的研究也不断深化.     

2005年中国少数民族十大新闻

一、中国政府发布《中国的民族区域自治》白皮书 2月,中国政府发布《中国的民族区域自治》白皮书。白皮书以大量详实、准确的事实和数据,系统介绍了我国民族区域自治发展的现状,说明实行民族区域自治是中国各族人民根据中国的历史发展、文化特点、民族关系、民族分布等具体情况怍出的共同选择。为此,国家民委、国务院新闻办公室于2月28日举行了新闻发布会。     

中国共产党民族区域自治政策的形成和发展--中国共产党民族纲领政策形成和发展研究之十

民族区域自治是中国共产党解决我国民族问题的基本形式、基本政策,也是我国的基本政治制度之-.本文论述了中国共产党在几十年的新民主主义革命过程中,把马列主义民族理论与中国民族问题实际相结合,探索解决中国民族问题的道路和基本形式、基本政策--民族区域自治政策的过程,论述了新中国建立50年来民族区域自治制度的发展和完善过程.     

民族区域自治制度与民族关系和谐的实证研究——基于云南藏区的问卷调查

本文以问卷调查采集的数据为依据,运用实证分析的方法对云南藏区民族区域自治政策落实情况与民族关系作了相关考察。认为民族区域自治制度的实现程度与民族关系的和谐呈显著正相关;民族认同与国家认同并不相悖,国家认同高于民族认同,民族认同寓于国家认同中;民族区域自治制度巩固了平等、团结、互助、和谐的民族关系;当代中国各民族的国家认同植根于中国特色社会主义伟大实践中,并将得到进一步巩固和升华。     

新中国成立前中国共产党民族区域自治的理论与实践

民族区域自治制度是中国共产党把马克思主义民族理论同中国民族实际相结合的产物，是中国共产党为解决国内民族问题而实施的一项基本政策和重要政治制度。民族区域自治思想的提出和民族区域自治制度的最终确立，经历了从主张民族自决、自治、实行联邦制到将民族自治与区域自治相结合，实行民族区域自治这一历程。     

加强民族地区法制建设坚持和完善民族区域自治制度

民族区域自治制度是宪法中规定的国家基本制度，在中国已经实践了半个多世纪。2001年颁布的《中华人民共和国民族区域自治法》（修订版），对民族区域自治进行了细致的法律规范，使民族区域自治制度法律化。中国民族区域自治制度是党和国家根据我国的实际情况用特殊措施保护少数民族合法权益的基本政治制度，是中国共产党把马列主义民族理论与中国民族问题的实际相结合，     

中国民族区域自治的历史过程

民族区域自治是我国的一项基本的政治制度,有其确立、发展、完善的过程.民族区域自治是我国处理民族问题的一项重要举措,也是中国共产党把马列主义民族理论与中国民族问题实际相结合的一个典范,综观其历史,对中国民族区域自治理论和实践进行总结与回顾,对进一步丰富、完善和发展民族区域自治的理论和实践,是十分必要的.     

文化认同是民族融合的先决条件

在我国多民族关系的发展史中 ,中华文化对中华民族的形成 ,对我国多民族国家的建立与发展 ,起到了重要的凝聚作用。而在这些丰富的中华文化中 ,大一统的思想、儒家文化、汉语汉俗和各民族科学、文学艺术的交汇 ,是中华民族大融合中决定性的因素     

创新理念 推进自治制度运行和自治地方治理现代化

Deepening reform, promoting the rule of law, and implementing the “Five Develop￣ment ” concepts have had a deep influence on the modernization of governance in ethnic autonomous regions. Based on a review of 30 years of success￣ful experiences in implementing ethnic regional au￣tonomous law, and focusing on the concepts of“innovation, coordination, green development, openness and sharing”, we need to conduct in -depth research on the ways to:promote governance by law, realize the modernization of governance;and promote the efficient implementation of ethnic autonomous systems in the ethnic autonomous re￣gion.
The 155 ethnic autonomous areas of China cover 64% of the total area of the country. There￣fore, the governance of the country cannot be a￣chieved without modernizing the governance in the ethnic autonomous regions. Modernizing the gov￣ernance in ethnic autonomous regions is a necessa￣ry element for modernizing the governance of the nation. The modernization of the ethnic autono￣mous regions actually means the legalization of the governance in ethnic autonomous areas, which is a main part of the legalization of the ethnic affairs.
The comprehensive, deepening of reform, and promoting governance by law have been strongly promoted. We should start from reality, respect differences, and take the development concepts of“innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing” into consideration so as to promote the ef￣ficient implementation of ethnic regional autono￣mous systems through various methods. We should update our concepts, weaken specificity, solidify locality, intensify new thinking, innovate the run￣ning of ethnic autonomous systems, and promote the modernization of governance in ethnic autono￣mous regions. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the theories and practices used since the imple￣mentation of ethnic regional autonomous regula￣tions, and under the premise of intensifying “the legalization of ethnic affairs”, we should deepen the comprehensive reform of the ethnic autonomous regions, comprehensively promote the governance by law, and realize the goal of building a moder￣ately prosperous society as scheduled through im￣proving and innovating the running of ethnic re￣gional autonomous systems.
“Ethnic areas are districts with rich resources and water sources; they are ecological screen zones, cultural characteristic zones, border areas, and poor areas.” At the same time, due to histori￣cal, social and natural factors,“the natural condi￣tions of most ethnic areas are not good; their be￣ginning phase of development is low; they have many historical debts; they are located far away from the central markets and urban areas;their ur￣ban-rural gap is very obvious”, and “their gap with the eastern areas ( of China) is growing larger and larger”. The reform and the promotion of gov￣ernance by law in ethnic autonomous areas should put more emphasis on locality, ethnicity and “au￣tonomy”. Of course, we must avoid of “artificial￣ly” intensifying ethnic consciousness, and creating ethnic “differences”. Meanwhile, we should “im￣prove the capability for legal management of ethnic affairs”, “intensify the construction of laws and regulations related to ethnic work”, “legally han￣dle those issues involving ethnic factors”, “insist on resolving issues involving ethnic factors by the law, and avoid of regarding civil and criminal problems related to ethnic people as ethnic prob￣lems, or regarding common disputes in ethnic are￣as as ethnic problems. ”
We should affirm that China’s ethnic relations are harmonious, and that their economics are de￣veloping rapidly. Since the implementation of the policy of “reform and opening -up”, especially since 2005 , the economics in ethnic autonomous regions have developed dramatically; the people’s living conditions have continuously improved;bas￣ic infrastructure has significantly speeded up; and ecological protection has solidly improved. Howev￣er, the problems still prevail. For example, the poverty in ethnic areas is still serious—there are more than 25 million poor in ethnic rural areas. Therefore, the task of poverty alleviation is still very tough. In addition, the gap between urban and rural areas and between different regions is very large in ethnic autonomous regions. Finally, the rate of urbanization is very low.
In sum, during the process of modernizing so￣cial governance in ethnic autonomous regions, we must pay full attention to the five“stage character￣istics” of ethnic work in China which are the:( i) co - existence of opportunities and challenges brought by the “reform and opening -up” policy and the socialist market economy;( ii) co-exist￣ence of the state’s constant support to the ethnic ar￣eas and its low level of development; ( iii ) co -existence of the state’s constant support to the eth￣nic areas and the weak level of basic public service capability in ethnic areas; ( iv ) co -existence of the constant exchange and fusion between various ethnic groups and the disputes involving ethnic fac￣tors;and ( v) co-existence of the great achieve￣ments in anti-national splittism, religious extrem￣ity, and violent terrorism, as well as the active ter￣rorism activities in some areas. Only when we rec￣ognize this situation, can we understand the speci￣ficity of doing ethnic work in China. The innova￣tion of governance of ethnic autonomous areas and the promotion of governance by law in the whole country must start from this actual situation.
At present, we still need to clarify the conno￣tations of autonomous rights. Based on a clear clar￣ification of the basic meaning of ethnic regional au￣tonomous rights, we should deepen reform, active￣ly transform the governance of the ethnic autono￣mous regions, further deepen relevant theoretical studies, and positively promote the ethnic regional autonomous system. The main purpose of the eth￣nic regional autonomous areas is to promote the de￣velopment of the various affairs of ethnic minorities and ethnic regional autonomous areas. The purpose for improving the ethnic regional autonomous sys￣tem is to ensure the development of ethnic minori￣ties and ethnic regional autonomous regions. Im￣proving the ethnic regional autonomous system should transform from one of preferential treatment to one of nuanced development.
Looking back to the past, the legal construc￣tion of ethnic regional autonomy has made great a￣chievements. However, the preferential policies of the state and relevant institutes are still the real factors promoting the development of the various af￣fairs of the ethnic minorities and ethnic autonomous areas. As described in this article, there are multi￣ple factors which influence the efficiency and per￣formance of the ethnic regional autonomy. The eth￣nic autonomous regions are restricted by natural conditions and economic development, therefore, they have to depend on assistance from the state and the relevant institutes—this is the objective re￣ality. However, the improvement of the ethnic re￣gional autonomous system must change the status of the past, and enable the ethnic regional autono￣mous system play out its actual role so that the va￣rious affairs of ethnic minorities and ethnic autono￣mous regions can step onto a road of nuanced de￣velopment.
The future development of the ethnic regional autonomous system depends on the consensus of theoretical and practical circles, i. e. a long-term mechanism whose purpose is to enable the system itself play its actual role should be established. Only by such a mechanism, can these puzzling problems be solved and gradually improved. Tak￣ing the breakthrough of the actual effect of the sys￣tem as the starting point of the ethnic regional autonomy’s deepening of the reform, one should take the following aspects into consideration:1 ) re-examine existing laws and regulations, and im￣prove them on the basis of institutional norms, en￣hance normalization, uniformity and manipulability of the ethnic regional autonomous regulations; 2 ) sort out the relationship between the institutions in ethnic autonomous areas and the upper levels of the state institutes, as well as the relationship be￣tween the institutions on the same level;on the va￣rious institutional levels, enhance clear cognition on the position, role and organizing principles of the ethnic regional autonomous system, and avoid taking the ethnic regional autonomous system as the affairs of the ethnic autonomous areas;3 ) im￣prove the supervisory mechanisms for running the ethnic regional autonomous system; and 4 ) im￣prove the mechanisms for handling disputes on the running of the ethnic regional autonomous system.
We must work closely, share the achieve￣ments, and promote the operation of the ethnic re￣gional autonomous system. For this purpose, we should:1 ) standardize the management of the eth￣nic regional autonomous system, and weaken the“specificity”;2 ) promote the governance capabili￣ty of the ethnic regional autonomous areas, and so￣lidify the concept of“locality”;3 ) enhance auton￣omous awareness and capability, intensify “new thinking”, motivate initiatives from the autonomous areas, and improve the autonomous system from the bottom-up, and rationally allocate the power and rights of the high-level organs and the auton￣omous organs in the ethnic autonomous areas.     

基于小民族聚居地旅游开发的民族文化保护战略研究--以黑龙江省同江市街津口赫哲族民族乡为例

本文从我国小民族文化衰亡的形势分析出发,指出了对我国小民族文化发展与保护应持有的认识;分析了小民族文化的旅游价值特性,并从民族文化的保护与发展的角度论述了旅游的意义;以黑龙江省同江市街津口赫哲民族乡为例确立了基于旅游开发的小民族聚居地民族文化保护战略。     

民族区域自治权的宪政解读

自治权是民族区域自治与《民族区域自治法》的核心,是宪法赋予民族自治地方自治机关的法定权力民族自治地方的自治机关能否依法行使自治权,是考核民族地区宪政实施真伪的“试金石”。我国是单一制国家,国家权力集中于中央政府,地方各级政府统一服从中央政府的管辖。而民族地区宪政只是国家宪政结构的子系统,这决定了民族地区宪政建设必须要与国家的宪政结构相匹配,受国家宪政体制的制约,不能逾越国家宪政体制设定的边际。     

西部民族地区全面建设小康社会应注意处理的若干问题

本文从历史和现实两个方面分析了我国西部民族地区的基本情况,认为正确认识和把握这一基本情况是民族地区全面建设小康社会的立足点,并指出民族地区全面建设小康社会的关键是处理好与民族有关的若干问题,即东部与西部的关系;民族自治地方与中央及非自治地方的关系;少数民族与汉族的关系;杂散居民族与聚居民族的关系;传统文化与现代经济的关系。文章最后提出了战略机遇期民族地区全面建设小康社会的根本途径是全面贯彻落实党的民族政策,促进各民族共同繁荣进步。     

民族自治地方和谐发展的制度困境与变革导向——评《民族自治地方社会和谐的法治保障研究》

《民族自治地方社会和谐的法治保障研究》一书从多重视角分析了民族自治地方构建和谐社会面临的问题和困难,找准了完善我国民族自治制度的突破口——制度根源,对制定和完善国家民族政策及民族法制提出了的积极有效的建议。研究视角独特、观点新颖,不失为近年来民族政策和法制研究的杰作。其立论始于实证分析,结论归于具有操作性的意见,对于民族区域自治制度的完善以及少数民族人权的法律保护,均具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

深刻认识中国民族区域自治制度的特点

民族区域自治有无特点以及有什么样的特点,无论是在社会中,还是在学术界,人们看法大相径庭,这在一定程度上影响了人们对民族区域自治制度的认识。文章分析了有关民族区域自治特点的各种观点,探讨了产生问题的主要原因,提出我国民族区域自治与内地非民族自治地方相比有四个方面的特点,与国外文化多元主义政策相比也有四个特点。     

关于西藏地区实行及建设区域自治的历史考察

依据相关史料,新中国在西藏地区实行区域自治有一个历史的过程。为实现西藏区域自治,中央始终坚持＂和平统一＂的基本方针。为此,党中央为促进达赖集团、班禅集团实现团结,变通规定,建立自治区筹委会,标志西藏地区实现了和平统一。1956年下半年,中央决定西藏六年内暂不改革;1957年3月初,中央再次决定西藏相关工作＂大下马＂,由自治区筹委会,实际上由旧西藏地方政府（噶厦）管理,实行＂区域自治＂。不过,该＂区域自治＂设置了＂区域管理＂、＂不能反对中央＂以及藏钞等不能进入其他藏区等规定。1959年3月,旧西藏地方政府违背这些规定,宣布＂独立＂,发动叛乱,反对中央。这迫使中央政府解散西藏旧地方政府、平息叛乱、改组筹委会,实行新的民族区域自治。     

中国民族区域自治的城市制度安排与制度创新

民族区域自治既包括农村区域自治 ,也包括城市区域自治。在城市化浪潮下 ,我国的民族区域自治正从以农村区域自治为主转向扩大城市区域自治的新阶段。城市化暴露了原以农村区域自治为主的民族区域自治制度的一些欠缺 ,即在城市区域自治的单位上 ,它仅有与自治区、自治州相适应的市 ,缺少与省、自治区、自治州相适应的自治市 ,不能满足中小民族、小聚居民族的城市区域自治的要求。在行政区划单位体系中增设自治市 ,是消解城市化与民族区域自治的矛盾与冲突的可行办法     

新世纪初我国民族法制建设的新成果--论《民族区域自治法》的修改

本文阐述了<民族区域自治法>修改的原因、原则、程序、特点和意义.文章指出,此次<民族区域自治法>的修改,以加快民族自治地方发展为主要内容,适应了西部大开发的战略需要;同时,对于完善民族法制建设、推动依法治国进程也具有重要意义.