大学毕业生就业问题与政策研究

青年失业是世界各国的普遍现象,也是一个全球性的社会问题。在经济不断发展的今天,大学毕业生就业问题越来越严峻,成为中国政府日益重视的现实课题。大学毕业生就业难具有多重因素。经济增长方式不协调和高校教育模式的计划性与就业的市场化之间的矛盾成为就业困难的主要原因。由于就业困难。一些用人单位人才高消费和大学毕业生沦为边缘群体事件频发。2012年,第一批“90后”大学生步入就业市场,未来的大学毕业生的就业问题就是“90后”的就业问题,大学生的发展问题也就是“90后”的发展问题。因此,要研究“90后”大学生的发展特点,建立与完善大学毕业生就业的法律保障体系、就业社会政策和创业教育制度等相关政策势在必行。     

面对金融风暴我们该做什么——对新形势下做好大学生就业工作的建议

2009年全国高校毕业生将达610万人，加上往年毕业两未就业的高校生，待业大军将高达1000万人。而不期而至的金融危机，使大学毕业生的就业雪上加霜，显得极为严峻。在这种背景下，需要政府、学校、毕业生等各个层面采取相应的措施，力保大学毕业生顺利就业、稳定就业。     

高校毕业生就业心态分析

当下高校毕业生“供需见面、双向选择”的择业、就业模式,为毕业生提供了更多的就业机会,同时使毕业生的择业更自主化,但是毕业生成功就业几率与用人单位的人才需求密不可分。金融风暴引发就业机会显著减少与求职毕业生人数的不断扩大之间的矛盾,使得毕业生需承受比以往毕业生更多的心理压力。因此,能否正确认识自我,如何适度设置就业期望,加快调整好个人的就业心态,是当前经济形势下高校毕业生面临的一大难题。     

当代大学毕业生应具备的能力和素质

在市场经济条件下,大学毕业生就业不仅需要宽博扎实的基础知识,同时还需要具备各种必要的技能。随着社会的发展,用人单位对毕业生的要求越来越严格,因此,培养适应社会能力强的毕业生是提高教育质量的迫切需要,也是增强毕业生就业竞争力的现实要求。     

三方合力,破解高校毕业生就业难

在金融危机的余威影响以及我国经济发展的背景下,我国高校毕业生就业呈现出就业困难与就业不均衡的诸多特点。究其成因,在于政府、高校和毕业生三个方面未能履行好各自的职责。因此,构建政府宏观调控与政策扶持、高校教学改革与就业指导、毕业生观念调适与自我帮扶的就业体系在现阶段是必须的,而且是可行的。     

大学生“创业就业所需潜质”部分共性探究——基于六家企事业单位的调研报告

近年来,随着我国市场经济的不断发展和延伸,教育制度与教育水平的不断完善与提高,各类高校层出不穷,大学应届毕业生数量增长。在就业压力越来越大的背景下,国家明确要求把就业率和就业质量作为衡量高等学校办学水平的重要指标之一。同时又提出了"大众创业,万众创新"的口号,大力发展第三产业和新兴产业、鼓励毕业生自主创业。然而无论是创业还是就业,当今大学生仍旧面临着诸多难题。本文基于安徽财经大学"凌微思锐调研队"于2017年冬就"财经类大学本科生创业就业发展前景"的主题调研活动成果,根据现今大学生创业就业现状,总结出当今大学生创业就业所需具备的部分共同潜质。提出了自我定位、发展规划、再学习、企业文化这四个当今大学毕业生必须重视的方面,旨在提高当今大学毕业生未来就业能力或创业成功率。     

积极心理学视角下就业压力的研究述评

我国的大学教育从精英教育逐渐转变为大众化教育,每年毕业的学生都已百万计,就业压力也就成为大学毕业生的主要压力来源。在积极心理学的视角下,人们更加重视的是通过发掘自我潜能和美德来缓解压力。本文通过对积极心理学和就业压力的综述来揭示积极品质与就业压力的关系。     

自主择业,能走多远──大学生就业纠纷透视

大学生就业纠纷作为热点问题，正引起会关注并带给人以思考。据悉，大学生就业纠纷作为热点问题，正引起社会关注并带给人以思考。大学毕业生毕业后由国家统一分配已是最后一年，自主择业势在必行。就在新旧就业体制接轨之际，这些天之骄子与用人单位及学校之间的就业纠纷“剪不断，理还乱”，屡屡发生，沸沸扬扬，成为牵涉于家万户的热门话题。学府，岂能是“宰场”乱收费一直被社会各界视为“过街老鼠”，曾几何时，“乱收费”愈演愈烈，毕业生苦不“敢”言。奉莘学子，你能过几过“收费”关？全国首家大学毕业生状告学校乱收费的律师代理…     

高职院校毕业生就业心理及影响因素分析——以深圳职业技术学院为例

采用深圳职业技术学院2013届毕业生的调查数据,探讨了高职院校毕业生就业心理及影响因素。描述分析发现,高职大学毕业生对就业前景普遍感到不容乐观,感觉就业压力较大,但对自身的就业有一定的信心。在就业过程中最大的困惑是缺乏工作经验和自我定位不够准确。多元回归分析表明,毕业生人力资本和社会资本对毕业生的就业心理均存在显著的影响。其中,学习成绩、受奖励情况及父亲职业对毕业生就业压力、就业信心和就业前景均存在显著的正面影响。     

高职毕业生就业难原因分析

当前高校毕业生就业难问题 中,最突出的实际上是高职大学 生的就业问题。在社会上存在 “用人高消费”的情况下,高职大 学生就业竞争力本来就不如本科 生、研究生,就业率甚至还不如 中职生。在如今的高校毕业生 中,高职大学生将占到一半的比 重,如果就业率上不去,就会成 为制约毕业生就业工作的全局性 大问题。因此,有必要对高职大 学生就业难的问题作一解读。     

Save the World on Your Own Time: Or, What’s the Matter with Sociology?

This essay explores the question of why sociology departments, compared to other university departments, are often viewed negatively by higher-level administrators (deans, provosts, chancellors and presidents). We are asked to consider, as sociologists, how departments are ranked and evaluated by administrators. The characteristics of any good university department are identified (e.g., grants, support from alumni, publications, quality of teaching, national rankings, student enrollments); and, the characteristics of dynamic and healthy departments are outlined (e.g., student learning is primary; there is a commitment to the goals of the larger organization; leadership is provided by the unit to solve all-university problems; there is a focus on learning; faculty are productive; there are strong communication links across the organization). The question is posed and then systemically answered as to how sociology departments compare in terms of these standards. It is suggested that a major factor in terms of how and why sociology departments are negatively evaluated is the fact that sociology uses narratives of power and explanations of organizational behavior that are inherently oppositional, i.e., there is an “us” and “them” mentally that sometimes develops. Other reasons for organizational marginalization are identified such as the “canon wars” and their lingering effects, and the fact that the sociological enterprise has been diluted by the teaching of “sociology” in many other campus units, such as composition programs. Finally, questions are raised about how sociology, as an intellectual enterprise, differs from other disciplines in terms of pedagogy, the sequencing of courses, “grand” theory, and forms of apprenticeship. It is recommended that sociologists act positively to help the organizations within which they work to identify common problems and solve them. It is argued that sociology can and should “own” the area of civic engagement as a means of making a positive and distinctive contribution. Sociological “stories” grounded in the reality of everyday life are compelling. It is suggested that sociologists need to deepen connections with their communities and to offer real solutions to real problems.     

Supply and demand: A study of labour market trends and the employment of new social work graduates in victoria

Abstract

At a time of significant restructuring in the community services labour market, it is particularly pertinent to analyse the current labour market opportunities available to new social work graduates. In 1995, using a small RMIT-funded (Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology) research grant, five schools of social work in Victoria collaborated to pilot a survey of the employment paths of the previous year's social work graduates. The survey was repeated in 1996. A complementary project which analysed the job advertisements for social work and social work-related positions during six months in both 1995 and 1996 provided further insight into the employment opportunities being advertised. Survey results showed a high rate of employment among new graduates with a decreasing number of graduates being employed in designated “social work” positions. This trend was reflected in the requirements for the positions advertised. The implications of this diversity of jobs and the decrease in designated “social work” positions are discussed, particularly in terms of broader changes in the world of work.     

The Organizational Practice of Gendered Employment: Disparate Impact and Gender Segregation in the Japanese Entry-Level Labor Market

Abstract

This article discusses the supposedly “gender-neutral” Japanese organizational hiring practice of using a track-based employment system. In this system, prospective employees are required to accept nationwide transfers in residence to obtain career-track positions. Women have difficulty fulfilling this requirement because of cultural expectations to settle down and tend to domestic affairs (day care is often hard to access). Using job placement data on graduates from a Japanese university, I found that women are more likely to be hired into firms without this track system, where they are mostly hired for non-career-track positions. Therefore, seemingly gender-neutral bureaucratic rules actually disparately affect women, maintaining gender inequality in the corporate-centered economy of Japan.     

The Self as Public Property: Made in Israel

This article examines the connection between state order and self‐understandings in everyday life through a case study of the “Boarding School for Gifted Disadvantaged” in Israel. It includes content analysis of governmental protocols that documented the establishment of the boarding school (governmental constitution of a new self‐concept) and interviews with sixty of its graduates (self‐understandings in everyday life). The findings reveal how the new cultural order invented a new selfhood, “gifted disadvantaged,” previously unknown in Israel. This category is based on structural distinctions between being “naturally” gifted versus the governmental constitution of gifted status. Interviews with graduates indicate that they experience selfhood as a philanthropic gift bestowed on them by the state of Israel and voice their gratitude toward the state. The concluding discussion suggests that the graduates experience their selfhood as “public property.” The self, perceived as having been constructed from outside, is in a continuous dialectic between the presence and the absence of certain personal qualities.     

Von Sorbonne nach Bologna und darüber hinaus Zur Ideologie derzeitiger europäischer Hochschulpolitik

The intention of the paper is to provide a critical analysis of the preconceptions that underline the “Bologna-process”. Higher education may be seen in terms of an individual’s interest in becoming an active participant or professional in civic society or, somewhat to the contrary, in terms of the interest of the business world to shape the workforce to its own advantage. In fact, both individual and business interests have been part of the educational process since the foundation of the first European universities. The so-called Bologna process seems to focus mainly on the second understanding: The primary intent of the restructuring of higher education in Europe is to support the learning, mobility and employability of university students or graduates in order to improve the competitiveness of Europe’s business economy. The reference point for discussion is a series of documents that refer to the most recent economic vision of the European Union (“Lisbon Strategy”). Key concepts of this vision and of the critical discussion include learning, learning society, lifelong learning, higher education and employability. Empirical data of a European study on university graduates are used to support the critical analysis.     

Three scenarios for the future of work

After presenting a historical overview of the concept of work and the different meanings that it has acquired over the centuries, the author analyses the value it holds for Europeans, and the impact on work and employment of the popular rhetoric about a technological revolution and its “inevitable” consequences. She then considers the future of work in the light of three scenarios: a “dismantling of labour law”, a “technological revolution” (where automation brings an end to employment), and an “environmental transition”. She argues that the latter is compatible with the imperative to take action on climate change and the expectations placed in work and employment.     

Globalisierung und die Veränderung sozialer Ungleichheiten in modernen Gesellschaften

This article deals with the effects of globalization on individual life courses and employment careers and the resulting changes in patterns of social inequality in modern societies. Empirically, we draw back to results from the international research project GLOBALIFE which studied the effects of globalization on modern life courses for the first time. The results show that the effects of globalization on individual life courses show marked differentiation with regards to specific life course phases: while especially the employment of mid-career men remained considerably stable under globalization, the careers of young adults, mid-career women as well as late-career workers underwent significant alterations. At the same time, results from the GLOABLIFE study indicate that the changes induced by globalization have not yet led to identical results at the national level. Globalization appears to be differentially filtered by deeply embedded and path-dependent national institutions. These “institutional packages” entail variable forms of labour market “flexibilisation” which themselves differentially shape patterns of social inequality in modern societies: While Scandinavian countries have largely succeeded in limiting an increase in social inequality under globalization through active public welfare engagement, globalization has led to a significant amplification of social inequalities in other regime types, either between labour market insiders and outsiders (in conservative and Southern European countries) or between individuals with different human capital resources (in liberal countries).     

The Impact of Hukou Status on Migrants' Employment: Findings from the 1997 Beijing Migrant Census1

This article uses new data to analyze whether the 1990s brought a change in terms of migrants' access to urban jobs. The November 1997 “Beijing Migrant Census” provides a unique data set that enables a quantitative assessment of non‐locally registered migrants' access to the formal sector, and more specifically to “white‐collar” occupations. The results show that a university degree and a nonagricultural registration status are both means of increasing access to employment in the formal sector. The “formal” sector is defined as employment with five types of large, relatively stable employers — government organizations, state‐owned enterprises, joint ventures, shareholding enterprises, and enterprises owned/invested in by foreign, Hong Kong, or Taiwanese capital (San Zi). White collar jobs, in particular, are only available to migrants with a university degree, with hukou status having a limited relative effect. This article shows that qualified migrants are penetrating the formal job market while the majority of migrants are still taking low level jobs in the informal sector. This dichotomy represents a recent change that could reflect a new stream of migrants and/or more open urban employment. At the same time, the continuing segregation or marginalization of most migrants is clearly evident from the data.