1982年人口普查现役军人数字

我国1982年的人口普查获得了全面、准确的数据,由于以前公布的普查资料未包括现役军人,引起国内外人口学者的关注。现将国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口统计司公布的现役军人资料刊载如下。同时刊登了刘铮同志就此写的一篇文章,供读者参考。     

1976年世界各国人口基本数字

我们在这里译载的是美国人口情报社编制的《1976年世界人口资料表》。表中数字是该社根据联合国出版物发表的数字以及各国官方发表的资料进行估计而得。该社每年年中即出版一份当年的世界人口资料表,对当年世界各国和各地区人口基本数字作出最新估计,对了解世界人口状况,具有一定参考价值。     

1979年世界各国人口基本数字

本刊曾先后译载美国人口情报社编制的1976、1977年《世界人口资料 表》。为便于了解世界人口情况的最新估计,现将该社编制的《1979年世界人口资料表》译载于下。 1979年的资料增添了“发达”地区与“发展中”地区的综合性数字,关于这两类地区包括的范围,采用联合国1978年的处理方法,详见原表注①。本表还增添了一个指标——“生命素质指数”(PQLI),它的内容与变动范围见原表注⑩。 原表中处理错误或不当之处,已作更正。与我国有关的数字均删去。     

对人口、环境、资源问题的反思

<正> 当代人类面临的严重挑战是:人口激增,环境污染,资源短缺。这些问题的产生和解决,虽受多种因素的制约,但归根到底还是物质资料生产、人口生产和自然环境这三者之间的关系问题。一、物质资料生产和人口生产之间的关系是互为前提的统一历史过程的两个方面。在这两类生产中,物质资料生产处于决定地位,它决定着人口生产的基本状况,人口生产处于被决定地位,又对物质资料生产产生深刻的影响。物质资料生产对人口生产的决     

1977年世界各国人口基本数字

本刊1977年第2期曾译载美国人口情报社编制的《1976年世界人口资料表》。为了便于前后对比分析,现将该社编制的《1977年世界人口资料表》译载于下。 与1976年的表内指标相比,本表有两处改变。一是用“自然增长率”指标代替了过去的“年人口增长率”;二是删去了“年龄中位数”而增添了“64岁以上人口的百分比”。 原表中处理错误或不当之处,我们做了适当更正。与我国有关的数字均删去。     

江苏省劳动力资源的利用和开发

劳动力资源在社会主义现代化建设的各种资源中是一种最重要的资源。劳动力资源的状况如何,不但关系到社会主义经济建设的发展,而且关系到社会生活的各个方面。研究我省的经济和社会发展战略,不可不对劳动力资源的状况及其特点进行科学的分析。第三次人口普查和江苏省1985年千分之一人口抽样调查,为我们分析劳动力资源及其利用情况提供了丰富的资料。本文即利用这些资料,对江苏省劳动力资源的利用和开发作一粗略的分析。     

甘肃省劳动力资源现状及开发利用问题探讨

劳动人口(男:15———59岁,女:15———54岁)是全部人口中最重要的组成部分,是劳动力的源泉。对劳动力淘汰的利用是否合理,将直接影响着经济建设和其它各项事业发展进程。从目前状况看,甘肃省劳动适龄人口数量大,年龄构成轻,但文化素质低,利用不合理。高强度的劳动力利用率已在为制约经济发展的潜在因素。本文以第四次全省人口普查资料为主,就甘肃省劳动力资源的现状及戈利用问题作一简析。     

浅析平凉地区劳动力的资源与素质

本文主要依据第三次全国人口普查资料,对平凉地区劳动力资源的发展趋势及其素质做一初步分析。(一)1982年7月1日,全区劳动适龄人口(男:15—59岁,女:15—54岁)972,062人,占总人口(1,735,143)的56.02%。男、女劳动适龄人口分别为516,420人和455,642人,依次占男、女人口的57.55%和54.39%;劳动适龄人口性比例为113.34,男多女少,能够利用的可能性较高。从劳动力资源构成情况看,具有以下几个主要特点:     

论生育行为对女性劳动力资源供给的影响

本文利用“北京市１９９０年第四次人口普查资料”和“１９９１年北京城区婚姻与家庭抽样调查”数据，从宏观与微观不同层面，就生育行为对女性就业的影响进行了研究。笔者区分了“在业率”与“工作率”两个极易混淆的指标；对有关西方经济学模型进行了验证，并由此得出相应的结论。     

城市高龄老人的照护资源与照护供给分析

文章通过对"中国高龄老人健康长寿影响因素研究"项目2000年调查资料的分析发现,中国超过2/5的80岁以上城市高龄老人需要他人提供某种日常生活方面的帮助,超过1/10的高龄老人日常生活严重依赖他人。女性对照护的需求大于男性。这些照护服务主要是由家庭提供和资助的。家庭照护在中国城市老年照护体系中居于基础地位。鉴于中国人口和社会发展的趋势,应大力发展社区照护,支持家庭照护,建立完善的分工合理的老年照护供给体系。     

中国工程外迁移民社区安置中的资源挖掘问题——以江苏省大丰市为例

资源挖掘对工程外迁移民社区安置具有重要意义。本文在对江苏省大丰市三峡外迁移民安置点的调研基础上,探讨了移民社区安置中的资源挖掘问题,主要是闲置房地资源的利用,社会网络资源的重建,(移民)人力资源的开发,以及投资性资源的启动等。     

社会网络视角下中国农村成年男性初婚风险的影响因素分析

在婚姻挤压背景下,男性拥有较多的社会网络资源是否意味着他们有更多结识异性和获得应急性经济支持的机会,从而增加了其初婚的概率?利用2008年西安交通大学人口与发展研究所在安徽X县调查的数据,从社会网络角度出发,采用事件史分析方法分析影响18~50岁农村男性初婚风险水平的因素。分析结果表明,当前农村男性的初婚年龄主要集中在22~27岁之间,27岁以上仍未结婚的男性,其成婚的概率急剧下降,成为婚姻市场的弱势群体;男性自身的特征和资源拥有状况,包括婚前社会网络、个人经济和非经济特征、家庭和社区因素,往往决定着个人的初婚风险水平,一般来说,男性自身特征和资源拥有状况越差,结婚的可能性越小。     

Migrant Networks and International Migration: Testing Weak Ties

This article examines the role of migrant social networks in international migration and extends prior research by testing the strength of tie theory, decomposing networks by sources and resources, and disentangling network effects from complementary explanations. Nearly all previous empirical research has ignored friendship ties and has largely neglected extended-family ties. Using longitudinal data from the Migration between Africa and Europe project collected in Africa (Senegal) and Europe (France, Italy, and Spain), this article tests the robustness of network theory—and in particular, the role of weak ties—on first-time migration between Senegal and Europe. Discrete-time hazard model results confirm that weak ties are important and that network influences appear to be gendered, but they do not uphold the contention in previous literature that strong ties are more important than weak ties for male and female migration. Indeed, weak ties play an especially important role in male migration. In terms of network resources, having more resources as a result of strong ties appears to dampen overall migration, while having more resources as a result of weaker ties appears to stimulate male migration. Finally, the diversity of resources has varied effects for male and female migration.     

Anticipating digital futures: ruins,entanglements and the possibilities of shared technology making

ABSTRACT

Contrary to the corporate production of digital cities, shared technology making explores ways of innovation that are open to all, informed by diverse knowledges, and led by citizens. However, this exploration faces corporate translation of ethical and societal values for capital accumulation and concerns around the right to participate. Building on Tsing’s concept of ‘ruins’, this paper considers the anticipation of digital futures while the neoliberal ruination of shared technology making is in full swing. The paper examines the entanglements in hackathon rationalities and practices and demonstrates that the possibilities of shared technology making emerge from disrupting technocratic visions and repurposing corporate innovation resources and techniques. Drawing on the analysis, the paper argues that these entanglements are crucial to digital futures. They disclose in concrete ways how neoliberal co-optation can be disturbed and transformed. Equally importantly, they urge continuous explorations to assemble diverse practices and values for building momentum towards sustained processes of shaping desirable futures.     

Using New Technologies for Time Diary Data Collection: Instrument Design and Data Quality Findings from a Mixed-Mode Pilot Survey

The goal of this study is to examine the association between location-sharing in location based social networking (LBSN) services and social capital, such as trust, reciprocity, and network resources. A cross-sectional survey (n = 491) was conducted by adopting a simple random sampling method in 2014. The findings showed that intensity of LBSN services is positively associated with all social capital aspects. In general, compared to a group of non-users of LBSN services, those groups of users with low and high intensity of LBSN services were higher in trust, reciprocity, and network resources. Therefore, this study proposes theoretical and practical implications of location-sharing to scholars in social sciences demonstrating how use of LBSN services influences accumulation of social capital.     

家庭社会资本与“留守儿童”养育的亲属网络——对湖南潭村的民族志调查

本文通过对一个农村社区的民族志调查,描述了该社区"留守儿童"生成的主要原因及当地人自行解决"留守儿童"问题而充分调动起来的亲属网络资源.在对当地亲属网络进行深描的基础上,讨论了解决农村"留守儿童"问题两个务实的措施.     

人力资本差异性作用的影响因素——基于教育程度与网络场域关系的分析

在当前中国建设人力资源强国的背景下,探讨人力资本作用效果的差异性具有特殊的现实意义,有利于深入理解教育程度与外在社会因素的作用机制。人力资本差异性作用及其结果的产生,不仅由人力资本自身内涵特征的不同而导致,而且由于拥有人力资本的个体处于一种实际的社会生活环境中,与社会宏观体制、中观组织环境等外在条件不断发生互动,因此人力资本作用效果的差异性亦受到外在社会环境的影响,即个体人力资本作用发挥及结果体现要受到其所处的社会宏观体制环境与组织制度背景的影响。实证分析结果证明,基于体制差异而形成的社会网络场域是影响教育程度作用发挥的重要外在社会体制环境与组织制度背景,导致人力资本作用结果在收入方面的差异性表现。     

In Social Capital We Trust?

It has been widely postulated in the literature that social capital is positively related to or is the same as trust. The present study presents three theoretical perspectives regarding how individual and organizational social capital may be related to network trust and generalized trust: the compositional element (Putnam), functional equivalence (Fukuyama), and mutual independence (Lin). To each of these perspectives we allocated distinct measures of individual and organizational network mechanisms considering their operational definition of social capital. Using nationally representative data sets from the United States and China, we developed a comparative research design through which the three perspectives were put into an empirical test. In conclusion, we found that the compositional element perspective is most prone to cross-national contingencies, whereas the mutual independence perspective is freer from such contextual influences. In particular, the positive association between number of membership in voluntary associations (organizational social capital) and generalized trust exists only in the United States, whereas individual social capital based on network diversity and resources is unrelated to generalized trust in neither country. Lastly, the functional equivalence perspective does not get empirical support from the data, particularly with regard to the proposed negative relationship between network closure and generalized trust. These findings challenge the assumptions concerning the positive association or equivalence between social capital and trust in the literature.

     

Visual Capacity,Out-of-home Activities and Emotional Well-being in Old Age: Basic Relations and Contextual Variation

This work examined the role of visual capacity in connection with psychological, social network related, and socio-structural predictors of out-of-home everyday functioning and emotional well-being. The results are based on a sample of 1519 community dwelling elderly (55–98 years; mean age 70.8 years), 757 of them were living in urban, and 762 were living in rural regions, half-and-half from East and West Germany. Structural equation modeling supported the hypothesis of robust relations among age, vision, intellectual functioning, out-of-home everyday functioning, and emotional well-being that are largely independent of the regional and societal macro context. In detail, vision mediated the effect of age on out-of-home activities of daily living (ADL/IADL) and leisure activities, while intellectual functioning mediated the effect of vision on out-of-home leisure activities. All effects on emotional well-being were mediated by out-of-home leisure activities. Enriching the micro level model with psycho-social variables (i.e., outdoor motivation and social resources) and an indication of the socio-economic situation (i.e., financial resources) revealed some contextual variations: At this meso level of analysis, social resources contributed less and outdoor motivation contributed more to out-of-home leisure activities in the urban than in the rural sample. Second, outdoor motivation was significantly related to social resources in the urban, but not in the rural sample. Third, financial resources contributed modestly but significantly to out-of-home leisure activities in the East German, but not in the West German urban and rural samples. It is concluded that visual capacity plays a substantial role in a robust micro level model able to predict everyday functioning and well-being. If additional resources adding to the prediction of these outcomes are also taken into consideration in a meso level analysis model, the whole variable interplay becomes more strongly affected by macro contextual variation.     

Supervisor–Subordinate <Emphasis Type="Italic">Guanxi</Emphasis> and Job Satisfaction Among Migrant Workers in China

In urban China, improving rural–urban migrant workers’ subjective wellbeing has become an important goal for workplaces and local governments. Drawing from the social capital theory and using original survey data, we examine the relationship between migrant workers’ guanxi (‘personal relations’ in the Chinese context) with their supervisors and their job satisfaction. Our results show that supervisor–subordinate guanxi is positively related to migrant workers’ job satisfaction. This relationship is mediated by network resources and personal power, which serve as their social resources in workplaces. Our study contributes to the positive psychology literature by understanding the role of guanxi in shaping Chinese migrant workers’ job satisfaction. Implications and future research directions are discussed.