Time dynamics of elder victimization: Evidence from the NCVS, 1992 to 2005

Persons who are relatively younger have a comparably higher incidence of crime victimization than those who are older. Comparative studies of crime rates among those 65 and older with those for younger persons across time are virtually nonexistent. This study provides these analyses. Data from the National Crime Victimization Survey are used to study the relative victimization rate among US elders. Macroeconomic indicators and environmental interventions were included to examine whether structural forces influence elder crime victimization rates. Such influences are fractionally cointegrated with the long-term elder property and personal crime rates, with each having a distinct data-generating process. The results of these analyses suggest that personal, but not property, crime rates have declined since the passage of the Crime Bill of 1994. As well, the summer months are associated with elevated rates of property crime committed against elders but not personal crime.     

Patterns of local segregation: Do they matter for neighborhood crime?

In this paper, we extend recent research on the spatial measurement of segregation and the spatial dynamics of urban crime by conceptualizing, measuring, and describing local segregation by race–ethnicity and economic status, and examining the linkages of these conditions with levels of neighborhood violent and property crime. The analyses are based on all 8895 census tracts within a sample of 86 large U.S. cities. We fit multilevel models of crime that incorporate measures of local segregation. The results reveal that, net of city-level and neighborhood characteristics, White–Black local segregation is associated with lower violent and property crime. In contrast, local segregation of low income from high income households is connected with higher crime, particularly neighborhood violence.     

The typification of Hispanics as criminals and support for punitive crime control policies

The Hispanic population is now the largest and fastest growing minority in the United States, so it is not surprising that ethnic threat linked to Hispanics has been associated with harsher crime control. While minority threat research has found that individuals who associate blacks with crime are more likely to support harsh criminal policies, the possibility that this relationship exists for those who typify Hispanics as criminal has yet to be examined. Using a national random sample, this study is the first to use HLM to find that perceptions of Hispanics as criminals do increase support for punitive crime control measures, controlling for various individual and state influences. Moderated and contextual analyses indicate this relationship is most applicable for individuals who are less apt to typify criminals as black, less prejudiced, less fearful of victimization, politically liberal or moderate, not parents, and living in states with relatively fewer Latin American immigrants.     

虚拟世界中的真实恐怖——网络恐怖犯罪及其防范对策

网络社会被称为虚拟世界,恐怖分子可能利用网络的开放性、匿名性、隐蔽性特点以及网络的脆弱而实施恐怖犯罪活动。网络恐怖犯罪或者将网络作为其实施恐怖犯罪的手段,或者将网络视为其恐怖犯罪的攻击对象,其与传统的暴力性恐怖犯罪具有同样甚至更为严重的危害性,我们必须采取各种积极措施打击和防范网络恐怖犯罪。     

Re-examining the relationship between Latino immigration and racial/ethnic violence

Whether immigration increases crime has long been a source of political debate and scholarly interest. Despite widespread public opinion to the contrary, the weight of evidence suggests the most recent wave of U.S. immigration has not increased crime, and may have actually helped reduce criminal violence. However, with recent shifts in immigrant settlement patterns away from traditional receiving destinations, a series of contemporary studies suggests a more complicated immigration-crime relationship, whereby Latino immigration is said to increase violence in newer immigrant destinations (but not in established destinations) and has varied effects for different racial/ethnic groups. With few exceptions, these more recent studies rely on cross-sectional analyses, thus limiting their ability to examine the longitudinal nexus between Latino immigration and violent crime. This study brings to bear the first longitudinal data set to test the relationship between immigration and racial/ethnic homicide in U.S. metropolitan areas between 1990 and 2010. Results from bivariate longitudinal associations and multivariate fixed effects models are contrary to recent findings – Latino immigration is generally associated with decreases in homicide victimization for whites, blacks, and Hispanics in both established and non-established immigrant destinations, though these associations are not significant in all cases.     

风险社会语境下个人信息犯罪刑事防控体系之优化

风险社会语境下,强调把控风险和保障安全,这与日益严重的新型危害行为密不可分。个人信息犯罪作为风险社会孕育下的新型危害行为,具有非接触式犯罪和牟利性犯罪的主要特征。虽然《刑法修正案（九）》在一定程度上优化了个人信息犯罪的立法规定,但部分条款仍有待革新。文章依托风险社会理论对个人信息犯罪进行解析,并在此基础上提出相应的革新策略,以期推动我国个人信息犯罪刑事防控体系的完善。     

Exposure to violence,substance use,and neighborhood context

Adolescent exposure to violence and substance use are both public health problems, but how neighborhood context contributes to these outcomes is unclear. This study uses prospective data from 1416 adolescents to examine the direct and interacting influences of victimization and neighborhood factors on adolescent substance use. Based on hierarchical Bernoulli regression models that controlled for prior substance use and multiple individual-level factors, exposure to violence significantly increased the likelihood of marijuana use but not alcohol use or binge drinking. There was little evidence that community norms regarding adolescent substance use influenced rates of substance use or moderated the impact of victimization. Community disadvantage did not directly impact substance use, but the relationship between victimization and marijuana use was stronger for those in neighborhoods with greater disadvantage. The results suggest that victimization is particularly likely to affect adolescents’ marijuana use, and that this relationship may be contingent upon neighborhood economic conditions.     

The Characteristics of Romantic Relationships Associated with Teen Dating Violence

Studies of teen dating violence have focused heavily on family and peer influences, but little research has been conducted on the relationship contexts within which violence occurs. The present study explores specific features of adolescent romantic relationships associated with the perpetration of physical violence. Relying on personal interviews with a sample of 956 adolescents, results indicate that respondents who self-report violence perpetration are significantly more likely than their non-violent counterparts to report higher levels of other problematic relationship dynamics and behaviors such as jealousy, verbal conflict, and cheating. However, we find no significant differences in levels of love, intimate self-disclosure, or perceived partner caring, and violent relationships are, on average, characterized by longer duration, more frequent contact, sexual intimacy and higher scores on the provision and receipt of instrumental support. Finally, violence is associated with the perception of a relatively less favorable power balance, particularly among male respondents. These findings complicate traditional views of the dynamics within violent relationships, add to our understanding of risk factors, and may also shed light on why some adolescents remain in physically abusive relationships.     

论朱熹的犯罪学说与和谐社会

中国古代犯罪学说历史悠久,内涵丰富。早在先秦时期诸子百家就已建构了包括犯罪根源剖析和犯罪预防措施两者紧密结合的犯罪学说体系。朱熹继承前贤思想理论,结合南宋的社会现实,深入分析了当时犯罪频发的根源主要是个人私欲和社会弊端,并且有针对性的提出了预防犯罪的具体措施。朱熹犯罪学说对今天和谐社会的构建有重要的历史借鉴意义。     

网络犯罪与中国刑法应对

传统犯罪网络变异的原因是多方面的,直接诱因是网络空间的技术性代际差异;传统犯罪的网络变异表现为犯罪构成要件要素的变异、社会危害性的变异和犯罪形态的变异三个方面。扩张化的司法解释是解决这一问题的首要选择,但其局限性也是明显的;面对网络空间中传统犯罪的变异态势,将部分预备行为提升、独立化为实行行为,将部分共犯行为加以正犯化,将会是未来刑事立法无法回避的两个选择。     

刑法身份与身份犯之身份新论

刑法身份是指法律规定的,对定罪量刑具有影响的一定的个人要素或一定的单位附属条件.这里的"定罪"是指在确定对行为者适用刑法并追究其刑事责任或适用刑罚的前提下才予以考虑的确定具体罪名的司法活动或立法活动,有别于确定刑法适用范围、应当追究刑事责任的活动."量刑"指的是在定罪的前提下对行为者选择适用刑种和刑期,甚或包括免除刑罚的一种司法或立法活动.刑法身份具有法律事实特征、本质特征和刑法性特征,可以分为:自然人刑法身份与单位刑法身份,定罪刑法身份与量刑刑法身份,主体刑法身份与对象刑法身份,明文规定式刑法身份与暗含式刑法身份,积极刑法身份与消极刑法身份,自然刑法身份与法定刑法身份等.身份犯之身份,是指法律规定的行为者在行为时所具有的影响定罪量刑的个人要素或单位附属条件.其除具有刑法身份一般特征外,还具有犯罪主体依附性特征和时间性特征.     

Do theories of crime or violence explain race differences in delinquency?

We examine race differences in delinquency using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. We use a new method that permits an examination of offense specialization. We argue that an examination of offense patterns provides an opportunity for testing theoretical explanations of race effects. If race differences in violent crime reflect race differences in serious crime, then theories of crime can explain race effects. Otherwise, theories of violence are needed to explain the phenomenon. Our results suggest that black adolescents have higher rates of violence, particularly armed violence, but they do not have higher rates of serious (or minor) property or drug crime. Race differences in violence are generally stronger for adolescents who would otherwise be at lower risk: girls and adolescents from educated and intact families. Puerto Rican adolescents also have higher rates of violence than Anglos, but other Hispanic groups do not. We conclude with a discussion of the implication of the empirical literature (including our results) for various theoretical explanations of race differences in violence.     

No experience required: Violent crime and anticipated,vicarious, and experienced racial discrimination

There is a growing body of evidence linking racial discrimination and juvenile crime, and a number of theories explain this relationship. In this study, we draw on one popular approach, Agnew's general strain theory, and extend prior research by moving from a focus on experienced discrimination to consider two other forms, anticipated and vicarious discrimination. Using data on black, white, and Hispanic youth, from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN), we find that experienced, anticipated, and to a lesser extent, vicarious discrimination, significantly predict violent crime independent of a set of neighborhood, parental, and individual level controls, including prior violent offending. Additional analyses on the specific contexts of discrimination reveal that violence is associated with the anticipation of police discrimination. The effects tend to be larger for African American than Hispanic youth, but the differences are not statistically significant. These findings support the thesis that, like other strains, discrimination may not have to be experienced directly to influence offending.     

劳动力市场状况与犯罪:理论、仿真与浙江经验

劳动力市场状况与犯罪的关系是犯罪经济学最核心的研究主题之一.基于浙江28个县1980年到1989年的面板数据,本文对劳动力市场状况影响犯罪供给的机理和效应展开了详细的定性定量分析.双侧固定效应模型的估计结果显示:(1)工资差距每上升一个百分点,一般刑事犯罪率将平均上升0.15％;(2)相比侵财犯罪,暴力犯罪对工资收入差距扩大的弹性更大;(3)刑罚威慑弱化和快速的城市化是20世纪80年代后期浙江犯罪率显著攀升的重要原因.以上估计结果对犯罪供给方程估计中存在的不可观测的异质性、遗漏变量及样本选择等典型的内生性问题保持稳健,因而,为国内外犯罪经济学的实证研究提供了新证据,对我国转型期犯罪治理公共政策制定存在相应的参考价值.     

国家工作人员职务犯罪的情景预防策略研究

20世纪90年代以来,国家工作人员职务犯罪对我国的政治体制产生了巨大的冲击和影响,而传统犯罪预防体制下的社会治安综合治理对职务犯罪的预防显然存在着一定的缺陷,故将情景预防机制引入到职务犯罪预防之中,对职务犯罪预防体系的完善具有重要意义。     

How does gun violence affect Americans’ trust in each other?

This article examines how Americans' actual experience of gun victimization affects their trust in others and how this further connects to the widely-discussed association between gun crime and trust at the place level. Analyzing data from the U.S. General Social Survey (GSS), I find that, regardless when it occurred in life, Americans who were victimized by guns trust much less in others than those who had no such experience. In terms of the size of the effect, repeated gun victimization has the strongest effect, followed by adulthood victimization, and then childhood victimization. I also find that individuals who later achieve higher socioeconomic status are better able to recover from the psychological effect of childhood gun victimization, lending support for the experiential theory of trust that people can update their trust according to changing experiences later in life. Finally, combing the GSS data with data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), I also show that higher percentages of nonfatal and fatal gun violence victims lead to lower levels of trust both across and within the U.S. census divisions over time. Findings of this study demonstrate that America's gun violence affects not only just those killed, injured, or present during gunfire, but it can also sabotage the social and psychological well-being of all Americans.     

中英个人信息犯罪比较研究

中英个人信息犯罪的差异表现在诸多方面。立法模式上,英国采罪群模式,《2018数据保护法案》共规定了13个罪名,可分为四大罪群;我国采单一罪名模式,《刑法》以侵犯公民个人信息罪统一规制买卖、提供与非法获取个人信息的行为。定罪模式上,英国检察官与ICO均有权起诉,警告是案件分流的重要措施;我国以司法解释细化侵犯公民个人信息罪的追诉标准,“情节严重”的才构成犯罪。犯罪构成上,两国在个人信息的定义、犯罪主体、行为方式、主观过错上存在异同。刑事责任上,英国只配置了罚金刑,我国配置了自由刑和罚金刑。未来,个人信息犯罪将围绕具体的个人信息权利、义务不断完善。     

论单位犯罪的概念及其构成

新刑法颁布后,刑法学界对单位犯罪的概念进行了多种界定。笔者从犯罪构成的角度将单位犯罪的概念定义为:指公司、企业、事业单位、机关、团体经单位集体决定或负责人决定,为本单位谋取利益,故意或过失实施的危害社会,依照法律规定为犯罪并应受到刑罚处罚的行为;并对单位犯罪的构成进行了论述。     

从因变量到自变量——犯罪恐惧感研究的发展与启示

中国研究者多认为“公众安全感”概念与西方研究者的“犯罪恐惧感”概念相同或相近.从适用语境和内涵、二者出现背离的情形以及实务部门的观点进行比较分析可以看出这两个词并非相同的概念.从最初的犯罪恐惧感形成、影响因素分析到后来的恐惧感对人行为和社会的影响研究,对恐惧感的研究日见其深;对安全感的研究却驻足不前.不囿于因变量研究而视恐惧感为对个人和社会的重要影响因素,将为警察工作拓宽视角,极大提升警察机构的工作作风.     

对挪用公款罪法律适用中疑难问题的分析

挪用公款罪是一种多发的职务犯罪,在定罪量刑的法律适用中一直存在一些亟待解决的问题:如何计算多次挪用公款的数额,如何认定挪用公款进行营利活动,如何认定挪用公款罪的共同犯罪。在司法实践中,笔者认为,多次挪用公款的数额应从挪用人进行非法活动、营利活动还是一般活动的性质来计算和认定;营利活动应从挪用公款的用途来认定;共同犯罪应从挪用人的主体身体予以认定。