英国议会制度的演进及两院权力的历史变迁

英国是西方议会民主制的发源地,英国的议会制度源远流,历经封建主义和资本主义两个社会历史发展阶段,有极其丰富的历史内容,对英国的政治发展和政治制度构建产生了深远影响。英国议会由上院(贵族院)和下院(平民院)组成,在英国的政治发展进程中,两院的权力关系也经历了一个重大的变化过程。     

中西预算审查监督比较研究

预算制度的历史变迁,经历了从专制的王权预算到民主政府预算的转变过程。预算审查监督作为立法机构对政府预算的控制制度,也经历了同样的发展过程。它既是政府预算制度发展的最终结果,也是政府预算制度产生的最初目的。本文通过中西预算审查监督历史比较分析,研究在我国中央和地方政府预算制度改革中,各级人大对本级政府预算审查监督的启示与借鉴意义。一、西方主要国家议会财政权的发展途径英国议会财政权的最终确立经历了400多年时间。此后,其他资本主义国家议会财政权相继确立,如美国通过独立战争、法国通过资产阶级革命确立了议会财政权…     

政府收支分类改革与重构政府预算监督体系

为完整、准确地反映政府收支活动,进一步规范预算管理、强化预算监督。财政部决定自2007年1月1日起全面实施政府收支分类改革,这一举措,必然对我国现行预算管理模式,尤其是预算监督机制产生深远影响。原有政府收支分类由于收入范围过于狭窄,支出项目分类较粗,分类体系欠规范弱化了部门预算监督职能。新的政府收支分类体系为保证预算的详细和规范创造了必要的条件。细化和完整的部门预算对部门预算各监督主体:人大监督、财政监督、社会舆论监督提出新的要求。以此次政府收支分类改革为契机,重构部门预算监督体系十分必要。     

中国地方人民代表大会预算监督研究

加强地方人民代表大会预算监督不仅有助于深化预算改革,而且有助于进一步完善人民代表大会制度和社会主义民主。人大预算监督包括信息、对话与强制三个维度。基于这三个维度的全国范围的问卷调查发现,随着预算改革的推进,人大预算监督已经开始从原来的程序性监督迈向实质性监督,但是地方人大的预算监督仍然面临许多挑战。在未来的改革中,需要进一步加强人大预算监督,促使政府更好地对人民负责。     

浅谈人大常委会如何做好预算审查监督工作

继党的十八大提出要加强对政府全口径预算决算的审查和监督之后,十八届三中全会将做好预算审查监督作为支持和保证人民通过人民代表大会行使国家权力的一项重要内容。在全面深化改革的时代背景下,地方人大预算监督工作面临各种问题和困扰,必须按照十八届三中全会要求,着眼于健全制度,规范预算审查监督程序,整合资源,强化基层人大监督刚性,加强对重点项目的监督检查,善于和敢于监督回应、落实预算透明和民主参与。     

关于完善人大对政府预算审查监督制度体系的构想

审查批准预算、监督预算执行,是宪法和法律赋予各级人大及其常委会的重要职权。加强和改进人大预算审查监督,对于发展民主政治、建设市场经济、构建和谐社会具有重要意义。人大预算审查监督法制基础、运行机制和自身建设情况,还存在法律法规制度缺失、审查监督工作乏力、支持保证条件不足等问题。人大预算审查监督制度体系框架包括:具体制度安排,实施机制,制度环境,三者最终形成了政府预算“立法、决策、执行、监督”相互分离制约,“四位一体”的人大预算审查监督制度体系。     

规约政府:现代预算制度的本质及其成长的政治基础——以中西方现代预算制度成长比较为视角

规约政府是现代预算制度的本质.中西方现代预算制度成长的历史表明:支撑现代预算制度的政治基础是由宪政体制、产权制度和私有财产保护意识构成的组合式结构,这一结构的成熟与否决定着以此为基础的预算制度能否真正发挥规约政府的功能、能否成长为现代预算制度.基于这一理论可以看到,当前中国的现代预算制度建设正是因为其政治基础尚不坚实而受到诸多制约.     

浅谈人大常委会如何做好预算审查监督工作简

继党的十八大提出要加强对政府全口径预算决算的审查和监督之后,十八届三中全会将做好预算审查监督作为支持和保证人民通过人民代表大会行使国家权力的一项重要内容。在全面深化改革的时代背景下,地方人大预算监督工作面临各种问题和困扰,必须按照十八届三中全会要求,着眼于健全制度,规范预算审查监督程序,整合资源,强化基层人大监督刚性,加强对重点项目的监督检查,善于和敢于监督回应、落实预算透明和民主参与。     

基于新公共管理模式的政府预算体系

随着新公共管理理论在我国的应用,预算会计环境发生了巨大的变化.政府职能的转换、公共财政体制的建立、政府收支分类科目的变化、政府绩效评价制度的建设以及政府监督的加强等改革措施的实行,对政府会计及政府财务信息提出了新的要求.我国现行预算制度的不适应性日益突出,迫切需要进行预算会计改革,建立政府会计体系.应从新公共管理模式的透明度、负责任、灵活性、前瞻性、法律和正直原则的角度来构建政府会计体系.     

我国政府预算透明度的考量和提升

在现代民主国家,政府预算的透明度具有重要意义,因为它在一定程度上代表着一国的民主程度。1990年代以来,通过以部门预算为主导的一系列预算改革,我国预算透明度有所提高,但按照国际标准考量,仍处于较低水平。在当前的政治和经济条件下,可以考虑着重从界定清晰的政府范围、严格预算外资金管理和推进部门预算等方面改进。     

Evaluating the Oversight of Scientific Misconduct

The office of Research Integrity has proposed a new definition of scientific misconduct that will substantively reduce the federal government's role of oversight of scientific practices. The standard is being changed despite the lack of evidence about the effects of current policies or understanding of why research misconduct occurs, how it can be detected and prevented, and the nature and effectiveness of sanctions. Given this lack of knowledge and the perception that the integrity of science is falling, we believe it would be unwise for the academic and scientific community to adopt this new standard.     

预算编制模式研究

预算过程包括编制、审议、执行和监督四个阶段,其中预算编制是整个预算过程的起点和基础。通常意义上,对预算的关注和斗争集中于审议阶段,而忽略了编制。事实上,科学的编制模式是形成优良预算案的决定性步骤。规划合理的编制模式,不但能防止审议阶段的矛盾聚集和激化,还能有效提高审议效率,避免浪费。合理的预算编制应是一个开放、主动、专业的综合性工作,既能保证反映民意,又能保证技术支持,还能与国家的整体规划相配合。     

预算立法中若干问题的意见与建议

预算立法的关键是要明确预算过程中公民、人大以及政府之间的权责关系。在我国宪法的框架下,预算立法的实质是通过人民代表大会制度来规范政府的预算行为。我国现行的《预算法》在三者关系方面还没有理顺,新近征求意见的《预算法(修改稿)》虽有所改进,但在预算立法宗旨,预算的公开性、完整性,预算编制标准,预算审批以及调整等方面尚存在值得商榷的地方。本文就这些问题提出了意见与建议。     

The Changing Shape of Welfare Policy in Korea: Analysis of Break Point in the Welfare Budget

This paper aims to investigate the welfare policy change in South Korea. Based on punctuated equilibrium theory, I analyze kurtosis and break point of the distribution of variation in the general government welfare budget. As a result, the change in welfare budget levels in South Korea has been quite moderate. But two break points were set in 1977 and 1999. These cutoff points are related with the change of the Korean Welfare State and clearly distinguished from different times. That is, the characteristics of structure that were built during these two time periods have lasted until now. Specifically, the responsibility of state in welfare is narrow. And the feature of employment‐friendly welfare policy was formed in 1977. Also, the focus on livelihood security and employment in welfare spending was constructed in 1999. The analysis of budget is a useful tool in examining the policy change. We expect to find more specific characteristics of the Korean welfare state including special accounts and funds in future.     

新中国减灾60年

减灾制度从新中国成立初期的创建与发展,到改革开放后的改革与创新,再到新世纪的现代化与法制化,这一变化过程不仅反映了生产力发展和科技进步,也是社会主义政治文明建设推进的结果。     

The Canadian Agency for the Oversight of Research Involving Humans: A Reform Proposal

In this paper, I propose the creation of a Canadian agency for the oversight of research involving humans. I describe first a series of significant problems with Canada’s current system of oversight. I then argue for the creation of a national-level agency, covering all research involving humans, with three branches (policy and standards, education, and compliance). Of particular note, the proposed compliance branch consists of a number of independent national and regional Research Ethics Boards (i.e., REBs no longer reside within institutions). There is also an Audit Committee and a Non-compliance Committee (with supporting staff of auditors and compliance officers) to ensure compliance with the policies and standards set by the Policy and Standards Branch. Finally, I answer a series of “frequently asked questions” about the proposed agency design such as “What about ‘local context’?” and “Why not have a system of accreditation of institutional REBs instead?” In sum, radical reform is needed and, in this paper, I present a proposal for such reform.     

A Disaster Foretold? The Case of the Personal Pension

With the creation of the State Earnings Related Pension Scheme (SERPS) in 1975, pensions policy in the UK was characterized by a consensus between the Labour and Conservative parties. By the mid 1980s, under the influence of New Right ideas, the Conservatives had broken with this consensus. Conservative pensions policy now centred on the ideological objectives of promoting individual property ownership and pension provision “independent”of the State. Such objectives were central to the creation of personal pensions under the 1986 Social Security Act. This article examines the political background to the emergence of this policy and seeks to evaluate how far the stated aims have been achieved. It does this by analysing the current controversy over methods of selling personal pensions and by looking at statistical evidence on the incomes of individuals who have taken out personal pensions. The argument concludes that personal pensions have been, predominantly, taken out by groups with low incomes, and the combination of low contributions and transaction costs threatens to lead to inadequate pension provision; such problems are likely to be particularly marked for women. In turn this conclusion, when set in the context of the tax regime applying to personal pensions, raises further doubts over the extent to which “independent”pension provision is likely to be achieved.     

借鉴国外有益经验,建设中关村法治环境

世界各国的经验表明,科技园区的建设和发展,需要适宜的法律环境来支撑和保障。中关村科技园区法治环境的建设需要正确界定政府与市场之间的关系。完善知识产权和风险投资法制建设是建设中关村科技园区法治环境的关键。     

西方国家政党与议会立法的运行机制分析

西方国家政党与议会立法的运行机制包括两个方面：一方面,是政党对议会立法的影响或控制。首先,通过政党组织———议会党团实现对议会的影响或控制,议会党团是政党影响或控制立法机关的组织形式。其次,充分发挥政党领袖和督导员的作用,他们往往通过职权、威望影响本党党员的投票行为。另一方面,是议会对政党的监督和制约。根据监督路径的不同,可以分为直接监督和间接监督。