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1.
M. J. Albizuri 《Theory and Decision》2010,69(4):555-567
In this study, we present a cost-sharing rule for cost-sharing problems. This rule prescribes the same allocations in a problem
and in its dual one. Moreover, in some specific problems it gives the same allocations as the serial cost-sharing rule (Moulin
and Shenker, Econometrica, 60, 1009–1037, 1992) does in a related problem. That is why we call it as the self-dual serial cost-sharing rule. We give two
axiomatizations of this new rule and another one for the serial cost-sharing rule. 相似文献
2.
Miyagawa (Games and Economics Behavior 41(2), 292–308 [2002]) provides a simple extensive game form that implements a large class of two-agent bargaining solutions
in subgame-perfect equilibrium. This class includes all of the Nash, Kalai–Smorodinsky, and relative utilitarian solutions.
This note extends Miyagawa’s result to multi-agent bargaining problems. 相似文献
3.
Envy is sometimes suggested as an underlying motive in the assessment of different economic allocations. In the theoretical
literature on fair division, following Foley [Foley, D. (1967), Yale Economic Essays, 7, 45–98], the term “envy” refers to an intrapersonal comparison of different consumption bundles. By contrast, in its everyday use “envy” involves interpersonal comparisons of well-being. We present, discuss results from free-form bargaining experiments on fair division problems
in which inter-and intrapersonal criteria can be distinguished. We find that interpersonal comparisons play the dominant role.
The effect of the intrapersonal criterion of envy freeness is limited to situations in which other fairness criteria are not
applicable.
相似文献
4.
The Value of a Probability Forecast from Portfolio Theory 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
D. J. Johnstone 《Theory and Decision》2007,63(2):153-203
A probability forecast scored ex post using a probability scoring rule (e.g. Brier) is analogous to a risky financial security. With only superficial adaptation,
the same economic logic by which securities are valued ex ante – in particular, portfolio theory and the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) – applies to the valuation of probability forecasts.
Each available forecast of a given event is valued relative to each other and to the “market” (all available forecasts). A
forecast is seen to be more valuable the higher its expected score and the lower the covariance of its score with the market
aggregate score. Forecasts that score highly in trials when others do poorly are appreciated more than those with equal success
in “easy” trials where most forecasts score well. The CAPM defines economically rational (equilibrium) forecast prices at
which forecasters can trade shares in each other’s ex post score – or associated monetary payoff – thereby balancing forecast risk against return and ultimately forming optimally hedged
portfolios. Hedging this way offers risk averse forecasters an “honest” alternative to the ruse of reporting conservative
probability assessments. 相似文献
5.
Alexander Zimper 《Theory and Decision》2007,63(1):53-78
This paper examines the existence of strategic solutions to finite normal form games under the assumption that strategy choices
can be described as choices among lotteries where players have security- and potential level preferences over lotteries (e.g., Cohen, Theory and Decision, 33, 101–104, 1992, Gilboa, Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 32, 405–420,
1988, Jaffray, Theory and Decision, 24, 169–200, 1988). Since security- and potential level preferences require discontinuous
utility representations, standard existence results for Nash equilibria in mixed strategies (Nash, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 36, 48–49, 1950a, Non-Cooperative Games, Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton
University Press, 1950b) or for equilibria in beliefs (Crawford, Journal of Economic Theory, 50, 127–154, 1990) do not apply. As a key insight this paper proves that non-existence
of equilibria in beliefs, and therefore non-existence of Nash equilibria in mixed strategies, is possible in finite games
with security- and potential level players. But, as this paper also shows, rationalizable strategies (Bernheim, Econometrica, 52, 1007–1028, 1984, Moulin, Mathematical Social Sciences, 7, 83–102, 1984, Pearce, Econometrica,
52, 1029–1050, 1984) exist for such games. Rationalizability rather than equilibrium in beliefs therefore appears to be a
more favorable solution concept for games with security- and potential level players.
相似文献
6.
André Casajus 《Theory and Decision》2011,71(2):163-174
We revisit the characterization of the Shapley value by van den Brink (Int J Game Theory, 2001, 30:309–319) via efficiency,
the Null player axiom, and some fairness axiom. In particular, we show that this characterization also works within certain
classes of TU games, including the classes of superadditive and of convex games. Further, we advocate some differential version
of the marginality axiom (Young, Int J Game Theory, 1985, 14: 65–72), which turns out to be equivalent to the van den Brink
fairness axiom on large classes of games. 相似文献
7.
On Decomposing Net Final Values: Eva,Sva and Shadow Project 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A decomposition model of Net Final Values (NFV), named Systemic Value Added (SVA), is proposed for decision-making purposes, based on a systemic approach introduced in Magni [Magni, C. A. (2003), Bulletin of Economic Research 55(2), 149–176; Magni, C. A. (2004) Economic Modelling 21, 595–617]. The model translates the notion of excess profit giving formal expression to a counterfactual alternative available
to the decision maker. Relations with other decomposition models are studied, among which Stewart’s [Stewart, G.B. (1991),
The Quest for Value: The EVA™ Management Guide, Harper Collins, Publishers Inc]. The index here introduced differs from Stewart’s Economic Value Added (EVA) in that it
rests on a different interpretation of the notion of excess profit and is formally connected with the EVA model by means of
a shadow project. The SVA is formally and conceptually threefold, in that it is economic, financial, accounting-flavoured. Some results
are offered, providing sufficient and necessary conditions for decomposing NFV. Relations between a project’s SVA and its
shadow project’s EVA are shown, all results of Pressacco and Stucchi [Pressacco, F. and Stucchi, P. (1997), Rivista di Matematica per le Scienze Economiche e Sociali 20, 165–185] are proved by making use of the systemic approach and the shadow counterparts of those results are also shown. 相似文献
8.
Aymeric Lardon 《Theory and Decision》2012,72(3):387-411
In cooperative Cournot oligopoly games, it is known that the β-core is equal to the α-core, and both are non-empty if every individual profit function is continuous and concave (Zhao, Games Econ Behav 27:153–168,
1999b). Following Chander and Tulkens (Int J Game Theory 26:379–401, 1997), we assume that firms react to a deviating coalition by choosing individual best reply strategies. We deal with the problem
of the non-emptiness of the induced core, the γ-core, by two different approaches. The first establishes that the associated Cournot oligopoly Transferable Utility (TU)-games
are balanced if the inverse demand function is differentiable and every individual profit function is continuous and concave
on the set of strategy profiles, which is a step forward beyond Zhao’s core existence result for this class of games. The
second approach, restricted to the class of Cournot oligopoly TU-games with linear cost functions, provides a single-valued
allocation rule in the γ-core called Nash Pro rata (NP)-value. This result generalizes Funaki and Yamato’s (Int J Game Theory 28:157–171, 1999) core existence result from no capacity constraint to asymmetric capacity constraints. Moreover, we provide an axiomatic
characterization of this solution by means of four properties: efficiency, null firm, monotonicity, and non-cooperative fairness. 相似文献
9.
Previous work by Diffo Lambo and Moulen [Theory and Decision 53, 313–325 (2002)] and Felsenthal and Machover [The Measurement of Voting Power, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited (1998)], shows that all swap preserving measures of voting power are ordinally equivalent on any swap robust simple voting game. Swap preserving measures include the Banzhaf, the Shapley–Shubik and other commonly used measures of a priori voting power. In this paper, we completely characterize the achievable hierarchies for any such measure on a swap robust simple voting game. Each possible hierarchy can be induced by a weighted voting game and we provide a constructive proof of this result. In particular, the strict hierarchy is always achievable as long as there are at least five players. 相似文献
10.
We study political influence in institutions where each member chooses a level of support for a collective goal. These individual
choices determine the degree to which the goal is reached. Influence is assessed by newly defined binary relations, each of
which ranks members on the basis of their relative performance at a corresponding level of participation. For institutions
with three options (e.g., voting games in which each voter may vote “yes”, “abstain”, or vote “no”), we obtain three influence
relations, and show that their strict components may be cyclic. This latter property describes a “paradox of power” which
contrasts with the transitivity of the unique influence relation of binary voting games. Weak conditions of anonymity suffice
for each of these relations to be transitive. We also obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for each of these relations
to be complete. Further, we characterize institutions in which the rankings induced by these relations, and the Banzhaf–Coleman
and Shapley–Shubik power indices coincide. We argue that extending the influence relations to firms would be useful in efficiently
assigning workers to different units of production. Finally, we provide applications to various forms of political and economic
organizations. 相似文献
11.
Hiroyuki Nakata 《Theory and Decision》2011,71(4):559-574
This article constructs a static model of information acquisition when the agent does not know exactly what pieces of information
he is missing. A representation of preferences over information channels and menus of lotteries is shown by adapting the model
of unforeseen contingencies by Dekel et al. (Econometrica 69:891–934, 2001; Econometrica 75:591–600, 2007), which is an extension
of Kreps (Econometrica 47:565–576, 1979; Economic analysis of markets and games: essays in honor of Frank Hahn, 1992). Also,
characterisation of informativeness of an information channel analogous to the one by Blackwell (Ann Math Stud 24:265–272,
1953) is examined in conjunction with the preference for flexibility by applying the structure of Shapley value. 相似文献
12.
In multidimensional bargaining situations where individuals possess relevant private information, say about preferences, allocational efficiency is a central concern. Even if there is no squabbling over distribution—for example, if contingent commitments on allocations can be made before private information is secured—honest revelation comes only by sacrificing efficiency. Indeed, the incentive-compatible, second-best outcomes generally require that some allocations be off the contract curve (ex post inefficient). The potential for recontracting, by ruling out such inefficient allocations and the second-best equilibria they support, would hurt matters further.Support was received from the Decision, Risk and Management Science Program of the National Science Foundation. Rachel Algaze Croson provided able assistance; referees provided helpful comments. 相似文献
13.
?zkal-Sanver (Theory Decis 59:193–205, 2005) studies stability and efficiency of partitions of agents in two-sided matching
markets in which agents can form partitions by individual moves only, and a matching rule determines the matching in each
coalition in a partition. In this study, we present the relationship between stability and efficiency of partitions that is
analyzed for several matching rules and under various membership property rights codes, now allowing coalitional moves. 相似文献
14.
The Sleeping Beauty problem is presented in a formalized framework which summarizes the underlying probability structure.
The two rival solutions proposed by Elga (Analysis 60:143–147, 2000) and Lewis (Analysis 61:171–176, 2001) differ by a single
parameter concerning her prior probability. They can be supported by considering, respectively, that Sleeping Beauty is “fuzzy-minded”
and “blank-minded”, the first interpretation being more natural than the second. The traditional absent-minded driver problem
is reinterpreted in this framework and sustains Elga’s solution. 相似文献
15.
The paper presents a set of games of competition between two or three players in which reward is jointly determined by a stochastic
biased mechanism and players’ choices. More specifically, a resource can be found with unequal probabilities in one of two
locations. The first agent is rewarded only if it finds the resource and avoids being found by the next agent in line; the
latter is rewarded only if it finds the former. Five benchmarks, based on different psychological and game-theoretic assumptions
are derived and their predictions compared to actual behavior of 120, 40, and 48 participants playing repeatedly. Of the five
benchmarks—the unique (Nash) equilibrium, reinforcement learning, trust-based efficiency, maximum unpredictability, and regret-based
(Impulse Balance) equilibrium—regret for missed opportunities best accounts for the qualitative aspect of participants’ behavior
and regret attenuated by randomization best accounts for the quantitative aspect of behavior. 相似文献
16.
We examine heterogeneity of willingness to pay (WTP) to reduce risks of fatal disease and trauma to adults and children. Using
a stated-preference survey fielded to a large, nationally representative internet panel, we find that WTP to reduce fatal-disease
risks (caused by consuming pesticide residues on foods) are similar for several types of cancer and non-cancer diseases and
similar to WTP to reduce motor-vehicle crashes. WTP to reduce risk to one’s child is uniformly larger than to reduce risk
to another adult or to oneself. Estimated values per statistical life are $6–10 million for adults and $6–10 million for adults and 12–15 million for
children. 相似文献
17.
We define an evolutionary process of “economic Darwinism” for playing the field, symmetric games. The process captures two
forces. One is “economic selection”: if current behavior leads to payoff differences, behavior yielding lowest payoff has
strictly positive probability of being replaced by an arbitrary behavior. The other is “mutation”: any behavior has at any
point in time a strictly positive, very small probability of shifting to an arbitrary behavior. We show that behavior observed
frequently is in accordance with “evolutionary equilibrium”, a static equilibrium concept suggested in the literature. Using
this result, we demonstrate that generally under positive (negative) externalities, economic Darwinism implies even more under-
(over-)activity than does Nash equilibrium. 相似文献
18.
Expected utility maximization problem is one of the most useful tools in mathematical finance, decision analysis and economics.
Motivated by statistical model selection, via the principle of expected utility maximization, Friedman and Sandow (J Mach
Learn Res 4:257–291, 2003a) considered the model performance question from the point of view of an investor who evaluates
models based on the performance of the optimal strategies that the models suggest. They interpreted their performance measures
in information theoretic terms and provided new generalizations of Shannon entropy and Kullback–Leibler relative entropy and
called them U-entropy and U-relative entropy. In this article, a utility-based criterion for independence of two random variables is defined. Then, Markov’s
inequality for probabilities is extended from the U-entropy viewpoint. Moreover, a lower bound for the U-relative entropy is obtained. Finally, a link between conditional U-entropy and conditional Renyi entropy is derived. 相似文献
19.
Jordan Howard Sobel 《Theory and Decision》2009,66(2):103-148
There are narrowest bounds for P(h) when P(e) = y and P(h/e) = x, which bounds collapse to x as y goes to 1. A theorem for these bounds – Bounds for Probable Modus Ponens – entails a principle for updating on possibly uncertain evidence subject to these bounds that is a generalization of the
principle for updating by conditioning on certain evidence. This way of updating on possibly uncertain evidence is appropriate
when updating by ‘probability kinematics’ or ‘Jeffrey-conditioning’ is, and apparently in countless other cases as well. A
more complicated theorem due to Karl Wagner – Bounds for Probable Modus Tollens – registers narrowest bounds for P(∼h) when P(∼e) = y and P(e/h) = x. This theorem serves another principle for updating on possibly uncertain evidence that might be termed ‘contraditioning’,
though it is for a way of updating that seems in practice to be frequently not appropriate. It is definitely not a way of
putting down a theory – for example, a random-chance theory of the apparent fine-tuning for life of the parameters of standard
physics – merely on the ground that the theory made extremely unlikely conditions of which we are now nearly certain. These
theorems for bounds and updating are addressed to standard conditional probabilities defined as ratios of probabilities. Adaptations
for Hosiasson-Lindenbaum ‘free-standing’ conditional probabilities are provided. The extended on-line version of this article
(URL: ) includes appendices and expansions of several notes. Appendix A contains demonstrations and confirmations of elements of
those adaptations. Appendix B discusses and elaborates analogues of modus ponens and modus tollens for probabilities and conditional probabilities found in Elliott Sober’s “Intelligent Design and Probability Reasoning.”
Appendix C adds to observations made below regarding relations of Probability Kinematics and updating subject to Bounds for
Probable Modus Ponens.
相似文献
20.
A previous work by Friedman et al. (Theory and Decision, 61:305–318, 2006) introduces the concept of a hierarchy of a simple
voting game and characterizes which hierarchies, induced by the desirability relation, are achievable in linear games. In
this paper, we consider the problem of determining all hierarchies, conserving the ordinal equivalence between the Shapley–Shubik
and the Penrose–Banzhaf–Coleman power indices, achievable in simple games. It is proved that only four hierarchies are non-achievable
in simple games. Moreover, it is also proved that all achievable hierarchies are already obtainable in the class of weakly
linear games. Our results prove that given an arbitrary complete pre-ordering defined on a finite set with more than five
elements, it is possible to construct a simple game such that the pre-ordering induced by the Shapley–Shubik and the Penrose–Banzhaf–Coleman
power indices coincides with the given pre-ordering. 相似文献