社会保障影响老年人居住偏好实现的实证检验

居住模式能否促进老年人主观福利的提升,关键在于老年人的居住选择偏好能否得到满足。将老年人的居住偏好是否实现作为因变量,将医疗保险和养老保险作为自变量,通过广义多层线性模型(GHLM)研究社会保障能否促进老年人居住偏好的实现。研究发现,仅仅32%左右的老年人居住偏好得以实现,且社会保障对老年人居住意愿实现的促进作用不明显。这与社会保障的覆盖面低、保障力度不够有关。建议政府在完善社会保障体系的同时,通过将遗产税、所得税等与居住模式挂钩,帮助老年人实现居住偏好,以增进老年人主观福利。     

四川住房保障建设及其供给特点

四川从1992年开始住房制度改革试点，1998年停止福利分房，原先计划经济下由各单位建设、分配、维修、管理住房改为实行完全商品化和市场化，而对城市“五保户”等困难户的住房则主要实行租赁补贴、敬老院居住等优抚保障。此后，四川房地产市场发展较快，城市居民住房需求和质量有了显著改善。但随着住房完全市场化，房价也不断飙升，     

权数在人口抽样调查估计中的应用研究

很多全国性大型人口抽样调查项目中的核心技术包括抽样方案设计、样本单元的权数计算等。用样本数据推断总体,权数的作用很关键,尤其是抽样调查越来越难保证做到等概率抽样的情况。为此,采用第四次中国城乡老年人生活状况抽样调查中的具体调查方案和实际调查数据,系统地对抽样过程中的权数进行测算,同时根据权效应对权数进行调整和控制,利用刀切法对相关统计量的标准误差和变异系数进行对比分析,来验证权数控制在提高精度方面的有效性。结合老年人生活状况的调查数据进行实证分析,结果表明,利用刀切法计算权数截取的标准误差比未调整权数的标准误差更有效,得到变量的变异系数更小。     

社会经济地位与老年健康——基于(CGSS)2013数据的实证分析

借助中国综合社会调查(CGSS)2013年的截面数据,选取3 108个60岁及以上老年人样本,采用有序Probit模型,从自评健康、心理健康和生理健康三个维度,考察反映老年人社会经济地位的诸多因素对其健康的影响。实证结果表明:较高的社会经济地位对老年人健康有明显的提升作用。城镇老年人的健康状况明显好于农村,但农村老年人更为广泛的社会网络对其精神支持的影响较城镇老年人更大。具有党员身份的老年人与其心理健康呈显著正向关系,老年人的健康状况也会随受教育程度的提高而改善,主观阶层认同较高的老年人的健康水平也相对较高。从人口学特征来看,老年男性的健康状况比女性要好,有配偶的老年人精神状态更加乐观。就政策含义而言,当下应针对老年群体的异质性给予更多关注,积极提升老年人的生命质量和生活质量,共同营造一个"健康老龄化"的社会。     

家门口办“养老驿站” 应大力推广

老人需要陪护送医应该去哪里找?哪家上门康复服务更专业靠谱?未来,北京市居住的老年人只要依托社区最近的养老服务驿站,就可以通过社区居家养老综合服务平台一键式解决。该平台目前已覆盖72家养老驿站,预计今年2月向全市养老驿站推广。平台可提供包括生活照料、人员派遣、医养结合、适老服务等在内的上百种服务项目。     

城镇社区环境对老年人主观幸福感影响的统计分析

文章基于“中国健康与养老追踪调查”对全国城镇社区2231位60岁以上老年人抽样调查的数据,运用Logistic回归模型对老年人主观幸福感的影响因素进行了分析.结果表明,在控制了人口特征、社会支持变量后,社区周边便民设施越齐全、社区内基础设施越完善、社区的社团组织越丰富,老年人的主观幸福感越高.因而我们建议应当重视适宜老年人居住与生活的社区环境建设.     

我国内外资工业企业能源消耗特点分析

基于2007年区分内外资企业的非竞争型能源投入占用产出表,本文测算了我国工业内、外资企业的直接综合能耗强度与完全综合能耗强度差异,并从宏观角度分析了用于满足消费、投资和出口需求时,工业各部门内、外资企业的完全综合用能情况。分析结果表明,我国工业内、外资企业的用能效率存在显著差异。就单位产值的完全综合能耗而言,外资企业比同部门的内资企业要低10%-40%左右。因此,在满足同等比重的最终需求时,外资企业比相应的内资企业耗能更低。特别是在出口的生产上,外资企业在满足了我国61%的商品出口需求的同时,其完全综合用能仅占出口用能的53%。该测算对我国相关工业技术节能的政策制定具有重要参考意义。     

2005年西宁市市场物价平稳运行

一、物价基本形势 2005年在供求总体基本平衡的市场格局下,西宁市市场物价总水平在平稳状态下运行。据西宁市城调队调查资料显示:2005年我市居民消费价格总指数为99.9,比去年下降 0.1%;服务项目价格指数为100.3,比上年上升0.3%;消费品价格指数为99.7,比上年下降 0.3%。在跟踪调查的八大类商品价格中:食品类、医疗保健和个人用品类、娱乐教育文化用品及服务类及居住类四类价格指数比上年均有不同程度的上升,指数分别为101.0、103.8、     

结婚还是独身，这是个问题

民政部公布的报告显示,2005年全国离婚的比上年增加12万对,结婚的比上年减少44.1万对,这种现象除了可用统计分析中的“基数”原因解释外,其背后的经济涵义却颇费思量。事实上从2002年新婚姻法实施以来,结婚并未因门槛的降低而出现井喷,相反离婚率却持续走高。用理性的经济学去解剖浪漫的、神圣的婚姻有些不合适,更有些残忍,但是可行。因为现代社会的婚姻几乎都是出于自愿,偏好理论以及理性经济人假设适用于此,同时婚配过程是在信息不完全的前提下由当事人进行选择与竞争的过程,因此,成本收益分析、效用价值分析等原理也就有用武之地。即使是…     

分层抽样下的西蒙斯随机化回答模型

本文通过结合分层抽样技术和西蒙斯模型,提出了分层抽样下奈曼分配时的西蒙斯随机化回答模型。该模型在应用于总体为分层总体的时候比简单随机抽样下的西蒙斯模型有着更高的精度,在实际的调查操作中也有着更强的可行性。本文还探讨了受访者在不完全真实回答情况下的情形,并对模型进行了改进。     

子女数量对家庭收入的影响

基于2005年全国1%人口抽样调查数据,利用生育偏好和生育政策的城乡差异构造工具变量,实证分析子女数量对家庭收入的影响。结果显示,子女数量的增加显著抑制家庭收入的提升,生育二胎导致家庭收入平均下降20.8%。此外,这种负向影响还表现出显著的城乡差异,农村家庭生育二胎使得家庭收入显著下降8.8%,而城镇家庭收入则下降21.2%。进一步地,区分是否三代同住以及母亲职业类型家庭的异质性分析结果显示,在非三代同住家庭、母亲在机关企事业单位任领导职务或从事专业技术类职业的家庭中,子女数量对家庭收入均具有显著的负向影响。分析结论凸显了宏观层面人口结构调整和居民收入提升以及微观层面生育决策与家庭收入之间的双重权衡。     

Impact of baseline ECG collection on the planning, analysis and interpretation of 'thorough' QT trials

The current guidelines, ICH E14, for the evaluation of non-antiarrhythmic compounds require a 'thorough' QT study (TQT) conducted during clinical development (ICH Guidance for Industry E14, 2005). Owing to the regulatory choice of margin (10 ms), the TQT studies must be conducted to rigorous standards to ensure that variability is minimized. Some of the key sources of variation can be controlled by use of randomization, crossover design, standardization of electrocardiogram (ECG) recording conditions and collection of replicate ECGs at each time point. However, one of the key factors in these studies is the baseline measurement, which if not controlled and consistent across studies could lead to significant misinterpretation. In this article, we examine three types of baseline methods widely used in the TQT studies to derive a change from baseline in QTc (time-matched, time-averaged and pre-dose-averaged baseline). We discuss the impact of the baseline values on the guidance-recommended 'largest time-matched' analyses. Using simulation we have shown the impact of these baseline approaches on the type I error and power for both crossover and parallel group designs. In this article, we show that the power of study decreases as the number of time points tested in TQT study increases. A time-matched baseline method is recommended by several authors (Drug Saf. 2005; 28(2):115-125, Health Canada guidance document: guide for the analysis and review of QT/QTc interval data, 2006) due to the existence of the circadian rhythm in QT. However, the impact of the time-matched baseline method on statistical inference and sample size should be considered carefully during the design of TQT study. The time-averaged baseline had the highest power in comparison with other baseline approaches.     

On future household structure

Summary.  We develop a method for computing probabilistic household forecasts which quantifies uncertainty in the future number of households of various types in a country. A probabilistic household forecast helps policy makers, planners and other forecast users in the fields of housing, energy, social security etc. in taking appropriate decisions, because some household variables are more uncertain than others. Deterministic forecasts traditionally do not quantify uncertainty. We apply the method to data from Norway. We find that predictions of future numbers of married couples, cohabiting couples and one-person households are more certain than those of lone parents and other private households. Our method builds on an existing method for computing probabilistic population forecasts, combining such a forecast with a random breakdown of the population according to household position (single, cohabiting, living with a spouse, living alone etc.). In this application, uncertainty in the total numbers of households of different types derives primarily from random shares, rather than uncertain future population size. A similar method could be applied to obtain probabilistic forecasts for other divisions of the population, such as household size, health or disability status, region of residence and labour market status.     

基于超效率模型的上市公司投资价值评价

DEA方法的C2R模型难以解决相对有效单元进一步识别的问题,而超效率模型通过重新定义生产可能集,可以对决策单元进行充分排序和评价。以上证50指数中的33家上市公司为样本,运用C2R模型和超效率模型对2002-2005年中国上市公司的经营效率进行了实证分析。结果表明,超效率模型确实能够对决策单元进行充分评价和排序,其超效率值大小的顺序即是股票相对投资价值的强弱排序。由此可见,超效率评价模型对投资者的投资决策具有较高的参考价值,在应用上更具有优势。     

广东省各地区市场化与经济增长关联度的经验研究

文章基于课题组所测得的广东省各地区2001年与2002年市场化指数的平行数据(Paneldata),运用最小中位数平方回归(theLeastMedianofSquaresregression,简称LMS)技术,对广东省各地区市场化与经济增长的关系进行了实证分析,充分考虑到了离群点(outliers)对于回归模型的影响,得出的结论是广东各地区市场化水平与经济发展水平及经济增长显著相关,短期市场化水平的变化与经济增长的关系不显著。     

针对加工贸易之非竞争型投入产出表的编制与应用分析

 在中国近三十年发展中,出口（尤其是加工贸易出口）发挥了重要作用。本文对普通的竞争型投入产出表做了进一步开发,编制出中国针对加工贸易的非竞争型投入产出表;然后采用包含居民部门的投入产出局部闭模型,就2002年与2007年中国加工出口和非加工出口对中国经济的影响进行了测算。结果表明：从2002年至2007年,出口对中国总产出、增加值和劳动投入的诱发量均显著增强,其中加工出口所诱发的绝对量大大小于非加工出口,但其诱发增长速度超过了非加工出口;从拉动机制看,出口对总产出和增加值的间接诱发系数增大,引致诱发系数却在下降;出口对劳动投入的直接诱发系数、间接诱发系数和引致诱发系数均在下降。     

Improved population-based probability of developing cancer when direct estimates of the cancer-free population are available

Age-conditional probabilities of developing a first cancer represent the transition from being cancer-free to developing a first cancer. Natural inputs into their calculation are rates of first cancer per person-years alive and cancer-free. However these rates are not readily available because they require information on the cancer-free population. Instead rates of first cancer per person-years alive, calculated using as denominator the mid-year populations, available from census data, can be easily calculated from cancer registry data. Methods have been developed to estimate age-conditional probabilities of developing cancer based on these easily available rates per person-years alive that do not directly account for the cancer-free population. In the last few years models (Merrill et al., Int J Epidemiol 29(2):197-207, 2000; Mariotto et al., SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 2002; Clegg et al., Biometrics 58(3):684-688, 2002; Gigli et al., Stat Methods Med Res 15(3):235-253, 2006, and software (ComPrev:Complete Prevalence Software, Version 1.0, 2005) have been developed that allow estimation of cancer prevalence (DevCan: Probability of Developing or Dying of Cancer Software, Version 6.0, 2005). Estimates of population-based cancer prevalence allows for the estimation of the cancer-free population and consequently of rates per person-years alive and cancer-free. In this paper we present a method that directly estimates the age-conditional probabilities of developing a first cancer using rates per person-years alive and cancer-free obtained from prevalence estimates. We explore conditions when the previous and the new estimators give similar or different values using real data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program.     

Dynamic Analysis of Recurrent Event Data with Missing Observations, with Application to Infant Diarrhoea in Brazil

Abstract.  This paper examines and applies methods for modelling longitudinal binary data subject to both intermittent missingness and dropout. The paper is based around the analysis of data from a study into the health impact of a sanitation programme carried out in Salvador, Brazil. Our objective was to investigate risk factors associated with incidence and prevalence of diarrhoea in children aged up to 3 years old. In total, 926 children were followed up at home twice a week from October 2000 to January 2002 and for each child daily occurrence of diarrhoea was recorded. A challenging factor in analysing these data is the presence of between-subject heterogeneity not explained by known risk factors, combined with significant loss of observed data through either intermittent missingness (average of 78 days per child) or dropout (21% of children). We discuss modelling strategies and show the advantages of taking an event history approach with an additive discrete time regression model.     

Single-index regression models with right-censored responses

In this article, we propose some new generalizations of M-estimation procedures for single-index regression models in presence of randomly right-censored responses. We derive consistency and asymptotic normality of our estimates. The results are proved in order to be adapted to a wide range of techniques used in a censored regression framework (e.g. synthetic data or weighted least squares). As in the uncensored case, the estimator of the single-index parameter is seen to have the same asymptotic behavior as in a fully parametric scheme. We compare these new estimators with those based on the average derivative technique of Lu and Burke [2005. Censored multiple regression by the method of average derivatives. J. Multivariate Anal. 95, 182–205] through a simulation study.     

Demographic policy in the light of the resolutions of the Twenty-sixth Congress of the Communist Party

The USSR is moving from extensive to intensive type of population reproduction, not because of any governmental measures but as a reaction to objective circumstances. At present there is a reduction in the population cohort of working age. This has an adverse effect on production. And the number of the elderly is increasing; we must involve them more in the production process, in monitoring the service sphere, for instance. The infant mortality rate has declined sharply in the USSR, especially since World War II. The birthrate has also dropped, but it is still higher than in the US, France, or West Germany. Some authorities think that this (the ZPG) is a good idea, but this author thinks it is a bad idea, meaning a drop in society's productive forces. We need an active demographic policy, meaning one which ensures optimal reproduction of the population with an improvement in its health, culture, and living standard. The policy must be differentiated, as conditions vary from one part of the country to another. An example is the 1981 decree on assistance to families with children which provides for payments of 35-50 rubles/month to mothers who must stay home to look after children. The number of children per family to ensure reproduction must be 2.6 on the average. In the Central Asian republics family sizes of 4-5 children are anticipated, but in the RSFSR, Ukraine, Belorussia, and the Baltic republics the anticipated size of families is rather low. Measures must be taken to alter this by providing assistance to families with children.