A Comparison of the Percentages of theOld-old and theYoung-old Elderly in Selected Countries

ＡＣｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎｏｆｔｈｅＰｅｒｃｅｎｔａｇｅｓｏｆｔｈｅ＂Ｏｌｄ－ｏｌｄ＂ａｎｄｔｈｅ＂Ｙｏｕｎｇ－ｏｌｄ＂ＥｌｄｅｒｌｙｉｎＳｅｌｅｃｔｅｄＣｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓＡｇｉｎｇａｃｃｅｌｅｒａｔｅｓａｌｏｎｇｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｉｎｔｈｅ...     

A Dramatic Rise in the Elderly Population in Selected Countries of Asian and the Pacific Region

ＡＤｒａｍａｔｉｃＲｉｓｅｉｎｔｈｅＥｌｄｅｒｌｙＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｉｎＳｅｌｅｃｔｅｄＣｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓｏｆＡｓｉａｎａｎｄｔｈｅＰａｃｉｆｉｃＲｅｇｉｏｎＣｈｉｎａａｎｄＩｎｄｉａａｒｅｔｈｅｍａｊｏｒｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｏｒｓｔｏｔｈｅｉｎｃｒ...     

The Aging Situation in Asian and the Pacific Region and Sub-regional Differences in the Percentage of Population Aged 60 and Over

ＴｈｅＡｇｉｎｇＳｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎｉｎＡｓｉａｎａｎｄｔｈｅＰａｃｉｆｉｃＲｅｇｉｏｎａｎｄＳｕｂ－ｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌＤｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓｉｎｔｈｅＰｅｒｃｅｎｔａｇｅｏｆＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎＡｇｅｄ６０ａｎｄＯｖｅｒＴｈｅｐｅｒｃｅｎｔａｇｅｏｆｅ...     

World Population Aged 60 and Over by Region

ＷｏｒｌｄＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎＡｇｅｄ６０ａｎｄＯｖｅｒｂｙＲｅｇｉｏｎＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｇｉｎｇｍｅａｎｓａｒｉｓｅｉｎｔｈｅｐｅｒｃｅｎｔａｇｅｏｆｔｈｅｅｌｄｅｒｌｙ．ＴｈｅｒｅｗｉｌｌｂｅａｓｔｅｅｐｒｉｓｅｉｎＡｓｉａａｎｄｔｈｅＰａｃ...     

A Comparison of the Aging Speed in Selected Countries of the World

ＡＣｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎｏｆｔｈｅＡｇｉｎｇＳｐｅｅｄｉｎＳｅｌｅｃｔｅｄＣｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓｏｆｔｈｅＷｏｒｌｄＴｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｙｅａｒｓｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｄｆｏｒｔｈｅｐｅｒｃｅｎｔａｇｅｏｆｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｇｅｄ６５ａｎｄｏｖｅｒｔｏｍｏｖ...     

The Relationship between the Percentage of the Elderly and Per Capita Income in 1990

ＴｈｅＲｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅＰｅｒｃｅｎｔａｇｅｏｆｔｈｅＥｌｄｅｒｌｙａｎｄＰｅｒＣａｐｉｔａＩｎｃｏｍｅｉｎ１９９０Ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｌｙ,ｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓｗｉｔｈａｈｉｇｈｅｒｐｅｒｃａｐｉｔａｉｎｃｏｍｅｈａｖｅｅｎｔｅｒ...     

Social Aspects of Sustainable Competitiveness in the Selected European Countries in the Period 2012–2015

Social Indicators Research - The paper examines the impact of the social dimension of sustainable competitiveness on the economic dimension, where the social dimension is represented by Indicators...     

Status of the Elderly in Family

ｔａｔｕｓｏｆｔｈｅＥｌｄｅｒｌｙｉｎＦａｍｉｌｙＴｈｅｓｕｐｐｏｒｔａｎｄｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｆｏｒｔｈｅｅｌｄｅｒｌｙｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｒｅｇａｒｄｅｄａｓｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｖｉｒｔｕｅｓｏｆｔｈｅＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｐｅｏｐｌｅｓｉｎｃｅｔｈｅａｎｃｉｅ...     

Rural–urban migration, agrarian change, and the environment in Kenya: a critical review of the literature

The nexus between migration dynamics and environmental change has drawn the attention of many researchers in the recent past. While the majority of studies focus on the impact of the environment on migration decisions, less emphasis has been placed on the feedback effect of migration on the environment in rural sending areas. This article provides a critical review of this relationship by focusing on the rich literature on rural–urban migration of smallholder households in Kenya and its effects on rural environments. The article argues that there are distinct relations between migration, agricultural change and the environment. These are mediated in varying degrees by flows of remittances, loss of labor, socioeconomic stratification, gender dynamics, and cultural factors. Overly generalizing assumptions about these relations, however, fail to grasp their complexity. We propose employing a translocal perspective to enrich future analysis and enhance the understanding of migration–environmental interactions.     

A Declining Crude Birth Rate in Some Asian and Pacific Countries

ＡＤｅｃｌｉｎｉｎｇＣｒｕｄｅＢｉｒｔｈＲａｔｅｉｎＳｏｍｅＡｓｉａｎａｎｄＰａｃｉｆｉｃＣｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓＡｇｉｎｇｉｓｔｈｅｉｎｅｖｉｔａｂｌｅｏｕｔｃｏｍｅｏｆａｄｅｃｌｉｎｅｉｎｂｉｒｔｈａｎｄｄｅａｔｈｒａｔｅｓｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄｂｙｐｏｐｕ...     

Rural–Urban Migration and Cross-National Variation in Infant Mortality in Less Developed Countries

The relationship between migration and child health in individual countries is well known, but the cross-national variation in this relationship is largely untested. Using Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from 52 medium and low income countries, this study examines the effect of rural–urban migration on infant mortality and whether its effect varies cross-nationally. A secondary objective is to determine whether there is a relationship between the time a child is born in the migration process and infant mortality. Hypotheses are developed on the basis of competing theories on the relationship between migration and health. There are modest, but significant cross-national effects of rural–urban migration on infant mortality, which were better revealed in the presence of family- and child-level variables. The results also show that the unadjusted effects of rural–urban migration are quite substantial, but were largely accounted for by family- and child-level factors including education, socioeconomic status (SES), marital status, birth order, maternal age at child’s birth, and inter-births intervals. The results largely point to a selection process, which is further confirmed by results showing that the hazards of infant death increase with length of urban residence. Programs that target increasing maternal education, improving household SES, and lengthening interbirth intervals would therefore greatly benefit child survival in less developed countries.     

The Ratio of the Elderly to the Working-age Population in Japan,Singapore and Thailand

ＴｈｅＲａｔｉｏｏｆｔｈｅＥｌｄｅｒｌｙｔｏｔｈｅＷｏｒｋｉｎｇ－ａｇｅＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｉｎＪａｐａｎ,ＳｉｎｇａｐｏｒｅａｎｄＴｈａｉｌａｎｄＪａｐａｎＳｉｎｇａｐｏｒｅＴｈａｉｌａｎｄＯｆｔｈｅｗｏｒｋｉｎｇ－ａｇｅｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｇｅ...     

Socio-Economic Disparities in the Development of the Romania’s Border Areas

The Romanian border areas include 898 Local Administrative Units 2 (LAU2), of which 88 are urban and 810 rural. Romania has borderline with the following countries: Bulgaria, Republic of Moldova, Serbia, Ukraine, Hungary, of which 63.5 % is Non-European Union boundary. According to the population structure, 51.6 % of the total population is urban and the rest of 48.4 % is rural. In order to assess the socio-economic territorial disparities in the development of the urban space of Romanian border areas, several research stages were carried out: selecting 22 relevant statistical indicators, analyzing territorial disparities, standardizing the absolute values of the indicators, grouping the elementary indicators by 7 multiple indicator clusters (secondary indexes) in order to reflect the main socio-economic development aspects: (1) housing, (2) public utilities infrastructure and green areas, (3) health, (4) labour market, (5) demography, (6) education and (7) local economy. Finally, the authors were able to compute secondary indexes and the Index of Socio-Economic Development as Hull Score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 14, revealing the levels of socio-economic development (high, average and low). Generally, the outcomes of the current study are in line with Romania’s complex socio-economic disparities, rooted in the historic background of the country. Spatially, the economic development follows a West–East direction, the less developed areas being concentrated in the Eastern and Southern part of the country.     

The Only Gay in the Village? Everyday Life of Gays and Lesbians in Rural Slovenia

The article deals with the comparison of the characteristics, experiences, and perceptions of everyday life of gays and lesbians living in rural and urban areas of Slovenia. We focus on the following thematic aspects: (1) coming out; (2) intimate partnerships; (3) the access and the use of gay infrastructure; and (4) violence against gays and lesbians. The article also addresses and discusses the urban/rural divide as a Western construct that might not be completely applicable to other social and cultural contexts. Taking Slovenia as an example, this article questions the self-evidence of rural/urban divide as an analytical concept. On the basis of our research, we conclude that this concept requires continuous revisions and reinterpretations in a concrete social and cultural context(s). The characteristics of gay and lesbian everyday life either in rural or in urban context in Slovenia lead to the conclusion that even within a specific social and cultural context, the concept of urban/rural divide should be used carefully, taking into account complexities of everyday lives and various factors that influence them.     

Examining the rhythms of ‘urban elements’ on walking and driving routes in the city

ABSTRACT

The article follows Kevin Lynch’s renowned formulation of ‘urban elements’ to examine the mobilities, experiences and materialities on ordinary routes in the city. Utilizing route narratives and participant-produced visual data, the article focuses on various identifiable micro-temporalities and mobility rhythms on repeated walking and driving routes, building on Henri Lefebvre’s notion of ‘rhythmanalysis’. The article examines how a framework built around rhythm and urban elements can add to the analysis of contemporary urban sites from the perspectives of situated mobile contexts, noting sequences and polyrhythmia as central temporal characteristics in the body?environment relations.     

Rural–Urban Child Height for Age Trajectories and Their Heterogeneous Determinants in Four Developing Countries

The large literature on health differentials between rural and urban areas relies almost exclusively on cross-sectional data. Bringing together the demographic literature on area-level health inequalities with the bio-physiological literature on children’s catch-up growth over time, this paper uses panel data to investigate the stability and origins of rural–urban health differentials. Using data from the Young Lives longitudinal study of child poverty, I present evidence of large level differences but similar trends in rural versus urban children’s height for age in four developing countries. Further, observable characteristics of children’s environment such as their household wealth, mother’s education, and epidemiological environment explain these differentials in most contexts. In Peru, where they do not, children’s birthweight and mothers’ health and other characteristics suggest that initial endowments—even before birth—may play an important role in explaining "residual" rural–urban child height inequalities. These latter results imply that prioritizing maternal nutrition and health is essential—particularly where rural–urban height inequalities are large. Interventions to reduce area-level health inequalities should begin even before birth.     

Exploring the Influences of Job Satisfaction for Europeans Aged 50 + from Ex-communist vs. Non-communist Countries

Social Indicators Research - The paper deals with the analysis of the influences of job satisfaction among Europeans aged 50?+?(SHARE-ERIC’s data set-Wave7) filtered on main...     

Trends of Migrant Rural Labourers in Central and West China

ＴｒｅｎｄｓｏｆＭｉｇｒａｎｔＲｕｒａｌＬａｂｏｕｒｅｒｓｉｎＣｅｎｔｒａｌａｎｄＷｅｓｔＣｈｉｎａ￥／／ＴｈｅｆｌｏｗｏｆｒｕｒａｌｍｉｇｒａｎｔｓｆｒｏｍｃｅｎｔｒａｌａｎｄｗｅｓｔＣｈｉｎａｈａｓｂｅｃｏｍｅａｆｏｃｕｓｏｆａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｉ...     

Equality and Diversity in the Classroom: A Comparison of Students’ and Teachers’ Attitudes in Six European Countries

Globalisation and increased mobility of people within the EU have led to increased immigration and greater diversity within many EU countries, which have affected the composition of workplaces and classrooms. This includes diversity in terms of nationality, as well as ethnic, racial and religious diversity. This article expands awareness of diversity issues in the workplace to classrooms. It is based on a crosscultural comparative study of the attitudes of secondary school students and their teachers in six European countries: Ireland, the UK, France, Latvia, Italy and Spain. The sample included 320 students and 208 teachers for a total of 528 respondents. The article compares and contrasts attitudes towards non-national students, ethnic and religious minorities and disabled students, as well as gender issues, bullying and general perceptions of equality and diversity. The findings demonstrate generally positive attitudes among young people towards the increasing diversity in their classrooms. Moreover, the study revealed that in countries where there is greater diversity, the perception of difficulties is lower than in countries with less experience of diversity, suggesting that greater diversity and intergroup contact is resulting in more inclusive attitudes in schools. However, results comparing students with teachers identified consistent gaps in perceptions, with teachers having greater estimates of difficulties posed by diversity, together with smaller estimates of bullying behaviour. The study demonstrated that there is a need for teachers to have enhanced skills and competencies to deal effectively with this new environment in order to facilitate a more inclusive classroom.