股票市场透明度、信息份额与价格发现效率

股票市场透明度是交易机制设计的一个重要方面,这关系着资本市场能否有效促进价格发现及其效率。2003年12月8日深圳证券交易所买卖盘揭示范围由三档变为五档,股票市场透明度增加。基于信息份额模型,本文研究了市场透明度的增加对价格发现效率的影响。结果表明,新增加的两档报价向市场传递了边际信息含量,有助于投资者做出理性投资决策;同时,交易价格偏离有效价格的定价误差显著减小,收益自相关性程度降低,交易价格更加趋向于有效。因此,市场透明度的增加促进了资本市场价格发现及其效率的提高,为今后市场透明度的改革提供了有意义的参考意见。     

Analyzing the Effect of Express Orders on Supply Chain Costs and Delivery Times

Delivery time differentiation is a supply chain concept that has been implemented in various industries, but not yet in the automotive industry. One reason is that the effects of delivery time differentiation on the supply chain are not well understood. The BMW Group, for instance, has considered offering an express order option, where express orders bypass standard orders in the supply chain processes to achieve short delivery times. Express orders distort planning processes, increase operations cost, and increase the delivery times of standard orders, however the effects have not been quantified yet. This study analyzes the impact of express orders on the supply chain, when express orders are built‐to‐order. To understand the supply chain consequences of express orders better, we analyzed the relevant supply chain processes at BMW Group. We determine the effect that built‐to‐order express orders have on delivery times and on component demand. To analyze the effect of introducing express orders on expected delivery times and expected cost, we use queuing theory and derive expressions for the transient behavior of a discrete time batch queue. Our analyses indicate that many supply chain processes are only marginally affected. However, the orders to the suppliers become considerably more uncertain, which must be compensated by additional safety stock. Our results indicate that express orders can be an attractive option for BMW and other automotive companies. If the fraction of express orders stays at a reasonable level, express orders can be delivered within about two weeks.     

机构投资者信息搜寻、公开信息透明度与私有信息套利

本文利用特有的机构投资者私有信息搜寻数据,研究了机构投资者的信息搜寻、透明度与私有信息套利的关系。本文的研究发现,机构投资者的信息搜寻和信息披露的透明度降低了私有信息套利,而且机构投资者信息搜寻、信息披露透明度在私有信息套利严重的公司对降低私有信息套利的作用更加明显。同时,本文的研究结果也表明,机构投资者信息搜寻与信息披露透明度对私有信息套利存在交互效应,随着信息披露透明度的提高,机构投资者信息搜寻对私有信息套利的边际效应下降。     

A cutting-and-inventory control problem in the manufacturing industry of stainless steel wares

Circular pieces are often cut from stainless steel roll to make common commodities such as pots and cups. The related factories are often make-to-order ones. The stock rolls usually have the same width. Each working order requires pieces of the same size. Pieces of different sizes cannot appear in the same cutting pattern because the orders do not arrive simultaneously. The approach proposed in this paper assumes that the original roll can be slit into a strip and a partial roll. The strip is used to fulfill the current order. The partial roll will be used to fulfill future orders and cannot be slit further. The approach determines several standard widths for the partial rolls and uses a greedy procedure to select the roll (either the original roll or a partial roll) to fulfill the current order. The computational results indicate that the approach is efficient in improving material utilization.     

Optimal Delivery Time Quotation and Order Sequencing

This paper examines the problem of quoting a common delivery time for several orders. The decision maker responsible for the quote must trade off the cost associated with a long delivery time against the cost of tardy orders that might be induced by a short delivery time. First, an aggregate cost model is investigated where it is assumed that some cost is incurred if the quoted delivery time exceeds a given threshold and the cost of order tardiness is dependent on the order. Both exact and heuristic solution procedures are proposed for this model. Finally, for the situation where the costs cannot be quantified, a bicriteria formulation of the problem is pursued and the set of nondominated solutions is identified.     

基于分层MTO订单的准入策略研究

研究按订单生产(make to order,MTO)模式下随机订单的准入策略.本文提出的准入决策方法分为两步,首先在考虑随机订单的不同属性基础上,采用TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution)方法计算新到订单与理想订单的接近程度,以此作为订单的综合收益,从而对新订单进行分层排序;其次采用MDP(Markov decision process)模型分别计算接受和拒绝订单的期望收益,从而决定是否接受该订单.研究发现,当市场需求接近或大于产能时,企业可从订单分层中获益;反之,市场需求显著小于产能时,分层不会带来额外收益.企业分层收益随需求增加或产能减少而递增,且与生产前置期呈倒U型关系.数值模拟发现,订单分层越精细,收益越大,且分层数约为需求与企业产能的比值时,订单分层收益接近最大值.     

基于DEA的中国证券市场竞争力国际比较

证券交易所作为市场经济的轴心，其高效运行是经济持续健康发展的必要条件。近年来，中国证券市场不断发展，规模和竞争力都不断进步，这与其在国际化层面的落后表现不符。在Lo（2013）对全球最大45个交易所的竞争力研究的基础上，本文拓展了交易所国际化程度的指标，并且采用面板数据，针对沪深两所的竞争力变化进行深入研究。首先，本文利用2008年至2016年的面板数据和DEA-Malmquist方法研究沪深两所上市和交易竞争力的动态演变，并且给出近五年来45个证券交易所竞争力发展速度的排名。其次，本文利用2016年的截面数据和context-dependent DEA方法研究沪深两所当前的上市和交易竞争力以及国际化程度排名，并且将2013年的国际化程度排名与2016年进行对比，研究近年来我国证券市场国际化程度的变化。结果表明，与Lo（2013）的评价结果相比，两个交易所的综合排名快速提升，上交所的上市竞争力和深交所的交易竞争力已经跻身前列，但两市的发展并不平衡，尤其是上市竞争力差距明显。相对于2013年，沪深两所的国际化程度均有所提升，说明沪港通、深港通和QFⅡ等开放政策及市场规范建设措施成效显著，但总体处于落后水平，这是制约沪深交易所竞争力提升的关键要素。为了尽快打造世界一流的证券市场，实现资本强国目标，我们应该借鉴新加坡、香港、印度等市场的成功做法，重点做好去"政策市"和推进国际化两方面的工作，尤其是分红政策和股东保护监管，丰富交易品种，扩大互联互通，开设"国际板"等。相比国内外同类文献，本文创新引入了国际化程度指标，组合运用DEA-Malmquist和context-dependent DEA方法，并聚焦于国际情境下的沪深交易所竞争力动态演变和政策效应分析。     

透明度与市场效率——基于信息不对称的适应性学习研究

通过拓展Pouget模型,考察了当所有投资者采用适应性学习(有限理性)规则更新信念时,订单信息的透明度增加如何影响市场的价格发现效率和福利配置效率.结果表明,透明度增加后,市场效率大幅降低,价格发现和福利配置都难以收敛到理性预期均衡.进一步剖析投资者的策略选择可以发现,透明度增加后,拥有信息优势的知情者倾向于提交对自己更加有利的订单,而放弃均衡的交易策略;非知情者为了规避由此带来的逆向选择风险,也会放弃均衡策略而倾向于提交更加保守的订单,最终导致市场效率大幅下降.     

Inventory and transshipment decisions in the rationing game under capacity uncertainty

In this paper, we consider the inventory decisions of two retailers who are supplied by a single supplier with uncertain capacity. When capacity is allocated in proportion to the retailers׳ orders, the retailers compete for the capacity by inflating their orders (i.e., the rationing game). In addition, we allow the retailers to implement transshipment between them such that they cooperate by transshipping the surplus stock of one to another who is out of stock. Our analysis of Nash equilibrium orders shows that, while order inflation in the equilibrium orders persists in the rationing game with transshipment, it may not occur if the amount of capacity shortage is small and the transshipment prices are low. Thus, carefully chosen transshipment prices may alleviate order inflation behavior. We also characterize centralized orders that maximize the total profit of the retailers and compare them to equilibrium orders. In particular, we investigate coordinating transshipment prices that induce the retailers to choose centralized orders. Our numerical analysis shows that, even for two identical retailers, coordinating transshipment prices exist in a more limited range of parameter values in the rationing game than they do outside the rationing game due to capacity uncertainty and limitation.     

基于信息非对称模型的交易行为与波动性关系研究——交易规模和交易频率

本文基于信息非对称模型研究了上海股市的交易行为与股价波动的关系.实证研究发现:平均每笔交易量比交易频率包含更多的波动性持续信息,对波动性具有更好的解释能力,而且不同规模的交易对波动性冲击不同,其中最大笔交易对波动性的冲击最大.上述结果表明,我国股市中的量价关系是与信息非对称模型一致,而私有信息交易(大笔交易)可能是我国股市中个股过度波动的主要原因之一.     

基于订单持续期的投资者订单提交策略研究

运用ACD模型,采用2003年12月深成指43只成份股共计1 825 415条的逐笔委托记录,通过对订单持续期的实证检验分析了中国证券市场投资者的订单提交策略,研究发现:1)价差假说、深度假说、波动性假说、交易强度假说、信息透明度假说和订单积极性假说被证实,说明市场微观特性、市场状况、信息和订单提交者成交愿望等都影响投资者的订单提交策略;2)涨跌假说得到支持,说明股票价格涨跌影响该股票的订单持续期;撤单是机构投资者制定订单提交策略的重要手段.     

股东价值取向差异与股东利益最大化实践问题——佛山照明案例分析

本文比较分析了业务发展策略、投资行为和红利政策截然不同的2家同行企业上市以来,短期及长期股票投资收益,长期经营业绩和行业竞争地位。在短期投机交易获利偏好主导股票市场的环境下,佛山照明坚持基于增强主业产品市场持续竞争优势的业务发展策略和高派现政策,嘉宝集团采取迎合股票市场短期投机交易偏好的业务发展策略及高股票股利政策。分析结果表明,佛山照明没有给部分短期投机交易的A股股东创造资本高收益,但为大多数长期股东创造了价值。嘉宝集团则相反。本文进一步讨论了“股东价值最大化”在实践中面临的问题。我们认为,股票市场投资者及上市公司控股股东的价值取向都会多样化,股东价值最大化是股东细分市场上的目标股东价值最大化,而不是笼统的所有不同风险偏好的股东价值最大化。本文结果对上市公司股东价值最大化实践、正确运用金融经济学实证研究方法等有启示意义。     

Religion,governance and performance: evidence from Islamic and conventional stock exchanges

Based on a dataset of 31 conventional and Islamic stock exchanges we compare financial performance across these two groups for 2007–2011 period. Our results suggest that CEs and IEs are differently exposed to institutional constraints and have different drivers of profitability. Islamic stock exchanges’ performances are essentially driven by traditional listing and trading services and are affected by institutional factors such as the degree of foreign trading openness of their economies and measures of society development. Furthermore, they ensure greater stability during crisis, although Shari’ah compliant investments don’t affect their revenue generation. Conventional stock exchanges have higher trading intensity, higher level of revenues’ diversification and high capital investments, as they operate with different business models. Our results could have relevant business and strategic implications for further convergence between the two groups. Moreover our analysis could be significant for firms wishing to list their shares into Shari’ah Compliant Stock Exchanges or into Conventional ones and traders choosing the most convenient trading venue.     

“庄家”与信息披露的质量

采用时间系列研究方法 ,本文通过研究公司信息披露与股票价格和交易量之间的关系 ,探讨了“庄家”的存在对信息披露的质量 (信息含量 )的影响 ,我们的研究结果表明“庄家”的存在降低了信息披露的质量。另外 ,我们还发现不同类型的信息披露对股票价格及交易量的影响不同 ,其中以会计盈余及盈余相关信息的影响最为显著;信息披露与价格的相关性高于与交易量的相关性     

REDUCING OVERREACTION TO CENTRAL BANKS' DISCLOSURES: THEORY AND EXPERIMENT

Financial markets are known for overreacting to public information. Central banks can reduce this overreaction either by disclosing information to only a fraction of market participants (partial publicity) or by disclosing information to all participants but with ambiguity (partial transparency). In theory, overreaction can be similarly reduced by either communication strategy. A laboratory experiment shows that both communication strategies succeed in reducing overreaction, though not as much as theory predicts. The opportunity in our information age for central banks to choose between partial publicity and partial transparency to control the market reaction is then discussed.     

Optimal Production and Admission Policies in Make‐to‐Stock/Make‐to‐Order Manufacturing Systems

In this article, we study optimal production and admission control policies in manufacturing systems that produce two types of products: one type consists of identical items that are produced to stock, while the other has varying features and is produced to order. The model is motivated by applications from various industries, in particular, the automobile industry, where a part supplier receives orders from both an original equipment manufacturer and the aftermarket. The product for the original equipment manufacturer is produced to stock, it has higher priority, and its demands are fully accepted. The aftermarket product is produced to order, and its demands can be either accepted or rejected. We characterize the optimal production and admission policies with a partial‐linear structure, and using computational analysis, we provide insights into the benefits of the new policies. We also investigate the impact of production capacity, cost structure, and demand structure on system performance.     

基于状态依赖Hawkes过程的我国股市限价指令簿事件激励效应研究

指令驱动市场中,交易者对委托指令的提交和撤销往往表现出非平稳性和集聚性特征。量化评价限价指令簿事件间的激励关系,是探究限价指令簿动态演化的基础,指导交易者行为决策的重要参照。本文利用我国股票逐单委托数据重建了实时演化的限价指令簿,基于状态依赖Hawkes过程分析了不同市场状态下各类限价指令簿事件的自激励和互激励效应。共采用三种不同设定的状态依赖Hawkes过程模型进行实证分析,并探讨了我国股市中交易者的行为特征。实证结果表明,总体上我国股市中限价指令簿事件的自激励效应强于互激励效应,且不同市场状态下存在显著差异。激进事件所产生的互激励效应更为强烈,通过激进程度划分事件类型更能反映事件冲击和交易者的信息学习行为。     

Delistings and the costs of governance: a study of European stock exchanges 1996–2004

In recent years there has been a dramatic increase in delistings from stock exchanges in the US and Europe, and this trend has been partly attributed to increasing administrative costs in listed companies. Has corporate governance regulation gone too far? We examine delistings from European stock exchanges 1996–2004 and find that standard corporate governance regulation—like investor protection and corporate governance codes—is associated with more delistings and in particularly going private transactions. In contrast, the tendency to go private is found to be lower, when the quality of overall governance is high. The results continue to hold when we take into consideration that governance policy may be endogenous.     

投资者异质信念与上市公司盈余信息的甄别——基于A-H股分割市场的实证分析

本文采用2002-2006年A-H股市场季度盈余信息披露前后股票超额收益的面板数据分析,研究了投资者异质信念对股票定价的影响。研究认为:中国大陆会计准则执行的结果与国际会计准则执行的结果没有明显差异;A股、H股投资者能够正确识别各自交易所披露的盈余信息;A股市场存在明显的盈余公告前私人信息,并且这种信息对股票定价的作用一直持续到盈余公告后,国外投资者的信息获得劣势仍然比较明显;以机构投资者为主体的H股市场在信息处理能力上高于以个人投资者为主体的A股市场;投资者的异质信念显著影响股票定价;交易机制是导致分割市场间股票定价差异化的原因之一。