国内外产品创新管理研究综述

本文从新产品战略与评价理论、新产品成败、产品开发绩效、创新组织理论和产品设计功能成本等五个方面概述国外的产品创新管理研究,并介绍了我国学者自80年代以来相关的工作。最后给出一个相当丰富的文献目录。     

创新动力与R&D溢出

本文从产业组织角度,比较已进入市场的企业与新进入的企业在技术创新动力上的差异,主要从四个方面考察：沉没成本效应;转换效应;效率效应;代理成本与创新激励。此外,企业创新的动机还受到R&D溢出的影响,本文对产业内和产业间R&D溢出所导致的企业创新行为作了具体分析。     

IT能力、界面管理与顾客创新

在解构IT能力维度的基础上,构建出新产品开发活动中企业IT能力、界面管理和顾客创新之间关系的理论框架模型并提出相应假设,以江苏省的高新技术企业为调研对象,运用结构方程模型的方法对所获数据进行实证分析.结果表明,IT基础设施对IT技术能力、IT人员能力均具有显著的积极影响;IT技术能力和IT人员能力对顾客创新具有显著的积极影响;界面管理在IT技术能力、IT人员能力影响顾客创新的关系中具有积极的调节效应.     

A Retrospective Look at Production and Operations Management Articles on New Product Development

We present a retrospective look at the articles on New Product Development that appeared in the first 50 issues of Production and Operations Management (POM). We discuss some of the strengths and weaknesses of this POM literature stream. This article is not intended to be a literature review or an exhaustive review of the articles. Rather, we seek to identify new opportunities for rigorous and relevant research, research that has the potential of differentiating and enhancing POM within the Operations Management literature.     

Incentives in a Stage‐Gate Process

Many large organizations use a stage‐gate process to manage new product development projects. In a typical stage‐gate process project managers learn about potential ideas from research and exert effort in development while senior executives make intervening go/no‐go decisions. This decentralized decision making results in an agency problem because the idea quality in early stages is unknown to the executive and the project manager must exert unobservable development effort in later stages. In light of these challenges, how should the firm structure incentives to ensure that project managers reveal relevant information and invest the appropriate effort to create value? In this study, we develop a model of adverse selection in research and moral hazard in development with a go/no‐go decision at the intervening gate. Our results show that the principal's uncertainty regarding early‐stage idea quality—a term we refer to as idea risk—alters the effect of late‐stage development risk. The presence of idea risk can alter the incentives offered to the agent and may lead the principal to reject projects that otherwise seem favorable in terms of positive net present value. A simulation of early‐stage ideas, found through search on a complex landscape, shows that the firm can mitigate the negative effects of idea risk by encouraging breadth of search and high tolerance for failure.     

Managing Cost Salience and Procrastination in Projects: Compensation and Team Composition

The rising trend of projects with high‐skilled and autonomous contributors increasingly exposes managers to the risk of idiosyncratic individual behaviors. In this article, we examine the effects of an important behavioral factor, an individual's cost salience. Cost salience leads individuals to perceive the cost of immediate effort to be larger than the cost of future effort. This leads to procrastination in early stages and back‐loaded effort over the course of the project. We model the problem confronting the manager of a project whose quality is adversely impacted by such distortion of individual effort over time. Complementary to prior works focused on the planning and scheduling tasks of project management in the absence of human behavior, we find that managers should reward contributions made in earlier stages of a project. Our analysis also yields interesting insights on the project team performance: teams with diverse levels of cost salience will perform better than homogeneous teams. We also address another important facet of team composition, namely, the choice between stable and fluid teams, and find that the practice of creating fluid teams might have previously unrecognized benefits when behavioral aspects of projects are considered. We conclude with insights and organizational implications for project managers.     

How Inventory Cost Influences Introduction Timing of Product Line Extensions

In the industry with radical technology push or rapidly changing customer preference, it is firms' common wisdom to introduce high‐end product first, and follow by low‐end product‐line extensions. A key decision in this “down‐market stretch” strategy is the introduction time. High inventory cost is pervasive in such industries, but its impact has long been ignored during the presale planning stage. This study takes a first step toward filling this gap. We propose an integrated inventory (supply) and diffusion (demand) framework and analyze how inventory cost influences the introduction timing of product‐line extensions, considering substitution effect among successive generations. We show that under low inventory cost or frequent replenishment ordering policy, the optimal introduction time indeed follows the well‐known “now or never” rule. However, sequential introduction becomes optimal as the inventory holding gets more substantial or the product life cycle gets shorter. The optimal introduction timing can increase or decrease with the inventory cost depending on the marketplace setting, requiring a careful analysis.     

考虑组织失效与协调的复杂产品研发项目设计变更风险传播模型

基于产品部件间的设计关联和组织产品间的镜像假设,构建一对一依赖的复杂产品研发项目组织-产品相依网络模型。在此基础上,构建考虑组织失效和组织间协调的复杂产品研发项目设计变更风险传播动力学模型,并针对由少数部件发生设计变更风险事件引发的复杂产品研发项目相依网络上的设计变更风险传播进行数值仿真。结果表明：组织失效和组织协调不足均会导致设计变更风险的积累,使得设计变更风险传播经历缓慢传播、失控传播后达到相对稳定状态;组织设计能力充足且组织间协调充分时设计变更风险传播不发生。复杂产品研发项目设计变更风险传播受到部件设计变更风险容量的显著影响,存在设计变更风险传播阈值η*3使得设计变更风险传播不发生;传播阈值η*3与初始变更源规模正相关;研发组织的冗余设计能力存在作用条件,使得传播阈值η*3保持在最低水平。研究成果完善了项目管理中风险动态分析框架,为提高复杂产品研发项目抵御设计变更风险的能力提供建议。     

产品创新与工艺创新协同发展分析模型与方法研究

本文从理论和实证两方面对产品创新与工艺创新协同发展问题进行了深入研究。系统分析和介绍了有关产品创新与工艺创新协同发展的匹配关系、策略选择等主要模型与方法,对其研究视角和结论进行了总结。在此基础上,运用文献计量法进一步阐述了产品创新与工艺创新协同发展分析方法研究的发展趋势。     

Stock Market Reaction to Green Vehicle Innovation

We study the stock market reaction to announcements of global green vehicle innovation over a 14‐year time span (1996–2009) using the event study methodology. We document that the stock market generally reacts positively to automakers' announcements of environmental innovations, consistent with prior research on the wealth effects of innovation announcements. Our results indicate that crucial green product development decisions such as innovation type and market segment choices exert direct influence on a firm's market value. These results hold after controlling for firm size, leverage, profitability, R&D intensity, and oil price changes.     

基于开放式创新的新产品开发模糊前端模型研究

开放式创新模式的出现对企业新产品开发(NPD)过程中模糊前端(FFE)创新活动带来重要影响。本文在对模糊前端、开放式创新以及知识共享等现有研究进行文献综述的基础上,重点对四个经典FFE模型的典型特征、共性与差异、优点与不足进行了系统分析,进而从开放式创新与知识共享的视角,探索并构建提出了FFE的开放式模型。并对该模型的五个重要环节、关键概念及其相互关系进行了界定说明与分析评价,既融入经典模型的深厚积淀,又弥补了传统模型在开放性与知识共享等方面的不足。为解决企业在开放式创新环境下新产品开发FFE阶段面临的新问题提供了很好的理论框架与方法支撑。     

制造业企业产品创新与工艺创新协同发展博弈分析

对制造业企业内部协同创新即企业产品创新部门产品创新与工艺创新部门工艺创新的协同发展进行了博弈分析,研究了产品创新部门与工艺创新部门在有限的创新投入情况下,产品创新与工艺创新投入比例应满足的条件。同时,对制造业企业外部协同创新即同行业中的两个制造业企业的产品创新与工艺创新的协同发展进行了博弈分析,研究了古诺条件下制造业企业在进行产品创新、进行工艺创新以及同时进行产品创新和工艺创新三种情况下,制造业企业产品创新成本函数、工艺创新成本函数应满足的条件,以及制造业企业如何进行产品创新和工艺创新协同策略选择。     

Distributed Development and Product Line Decisions

Distributed product development is becoming increasingly prevalent in a number of industries. We study how the global distribution of product development impacts the profit‐maximizing product line that a firm offers. Specifically, we formulate a model to understand the linkage between cost arbitrage as a driver of distributed development and consequent market implications such as customer perceived quality loss to remotely developed products. Analysis of the model reveals that a firm should expand the product line for a development‐intensive good only at intermediate values of cost advantage and quality loss. We modify the base model to include development capacity constraints as a driver of distributed development and find that the results are robust to this change. Our analysis affirms the need for product managers to incorporate the implications of distributed development in making their product line design decision.     

Trust,partner selection and innovation outcome in collaborative new product development

A key feature of collaboration in general and collaboration for innovation in particular is the existence of trust. Trust is important because it reduces the costs and risks involved in collaboration, while also increasing the overall performance. This article explores the role that trust plays during the selection of suppliers in new product development (NPD), and the outcome that reliance on trust has on the innovation effort. The research involves a case study of two organisations following contrasting approaches to NPD sourcing, but both relying on collaborative, long-term relationships. In both cases, we find goodwill trust as the key variable explaining the reliance on collaboration. We also find that over-reliance on goodwill trust and geographical proximity in selecting NPD suppliers leads to an emphasis on incremental innovation which hampers the ability of both organisations to engage in radical NPD.     

10‐year Anniversary of the New Product Development,R&D,and Project Management Department in Production and Operations Management—Progress,Thoughts, and Perspectives

The issue you are about to browse offers an opportunity to share many thanks, some observations, and a few forward‐looking thoughts about the department I have had the honor to edit over the last 4 years. It also offers an opportunity to expand the discussion beyond the boundaries of the particular department of Production and Operations Management (POM), and to take stock of the evolution path of the academic community that has formed around the department and its research topics over the past 10 years.     

组织知识、学习导向与新产品创新绩效

在文献回顾的基础上,把组织知识划分为顾客知识、竞争者知识、技术知识3种类型,提出组织知识、学习导向与新产品创新绩效关系的研究模型,构建结构方程和层次回归模型,利用L isrel和SPSS分析软件对长三角地区189家企业数据进行实证分析。研究结果表明,顾客知识对新产品市场绩效有正向影响,但对新产品创新效率没有影响;竞争者知识对新产品创新效率有正向影响,但对新产品市场绩效没有影响;技术知识对新产品市场绩效和创新效率都有正向影响;学习导向对新产品市场绩效和创新效率有正向影响,并正向调节顾客知识与新产品市场绩效、技术知识与新产品创新效率的关系。最后给出提升新产品创新绩效的管理启示。     

CoPS创新用户对系统集成商的激励研究——模型与模拟分析

本文通过模型的建立和模拟,对CoPS创新系统集成商的激励问题进行了探讨。认为在信息非对称条件下系统集成商的创新风险规避度和未来创新收益方差的大小将影响CoPS用户对系统集成商激励方案的设计,进而影响系统集成商最优努力水平的选择以及激励成本和总代理成本的大小,最后,影响各自收益的大小。     

Industry Clockspeed and the Pace of New Product Development

Recent empirical literature describes an industry's clockspeed as a measure of the evolutionary life cycle, which captures the dynamic nature of the industry. Among other factors, the rate of new product development is found to be associated with an industry's clockspeed. Yet the notion of an industry clockspeed and the essential factors driving suitable decision making in this area have remained relatively unexplored. We develop a simple definition and a corresponding analytic model which explains the interdependent relationship between a firm's own new product development activities and an industry clockspeed. Results from the single firm model show the conditions under which particular firms have an incentive to accelerate their new product development activities. Moreover, we link the single firm's NPD clockspeed decisions to the industry level by creating appropriate metrics which characterize different types of industries. Examples from high‐tech industries such as the personal computer and aerospace industries are included to illustrate our findings. Our intention is not only to offer analytical insights into factors driving the clockspeed for these industries, but also to establish a fundamental structured decision making approach, thereby stimulating future research on this important topic.     

Revenue and Cost Management for Remanufactured Products

This paper considers pricing and remanufacturing strategy of a firm that decides to offer both new and remanufactured versions of its product in the market and is concerned with demand cannibalization. We present a model of demand cannibalization and a behavioral study that estimates a key modeling parameter: a fraction of consumers who switch from new to remanufactured product. As we show, this fraction has an inverted‐U shape, and, thus, the underlying consumer behavior cannot be modeled using the standard methodologies that rely on consumers' willingness to pay (WTP). We find that by incorporating the inverted‐U‐shaped consumer behavior, the firm remanufactures under broader conditions, charges a much lower price, and typically remanufactures more units—leading to an increase of profits from remanufacturing by up to a factor of two as compared with making decisions based on the WTP only. Lastly, we find that the behavior of the low‐price market segment plays an important role because the firm reacts to it differently than the WTP‐based logic would suggest.     

The moderating effect of product complexity on new product development and supply chain management integration

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether product complexity moderates the impact of integration programs in both new product development (NPD) and supply chain (SC) management on operational performance. Results are based on statistical analyses of data collected from an international sample of manufacturing firms through the fifth edition of the International Manufacturing Strategy Survey (IMSS 5). The main findings are that NPD and SC integration do have an impact on performance, while product complexity alone has not. When considering the moderating effect, complexity has no impact on NPD integration, while there is a negative moderating impact on SC integration. This study bridges together different streams of research, showing how both NPD and SC integration allow managing product complexity while improving performance.