考虑异质消费者的线下到线上供应链合作广告契约设计

本文针对一个拥有线上渠道的制造商和一个零售商组成的线下到线上(O2O)供应链,考虑渠道产品差异化策略下零售商为制造商线上渠道进行广告引流,刻画消费者对产品的异质性需求,分别设计对称信息和不对称信息下制造商的最优合作广告契约,通过对比两种情形中最优决策及利润的变化分析信息不对称的影响,并进一步探讨不对称信息下消费者渠道转换的麻烦成本、单位不匹配成本等重要参数对合作广告契约设计和供应链成员利润的影响。研究发现:不对称信息下,制造商可以策略性选择三种不同策略以最大化自身利润,其中不甄别零售商真实信息的混同均衡在某些条件下是制造商的最优策略;尽管信息不对称会给制造商带来利润损失,但制造商通过策略选择可缓和信息不对称的不利影响,某些条件下信息不对称并不损害供应链总体的利润;麻烦成本的变化会改变制造商不对称信息下最优合作广告契约的策略选择,某些条件下麻烦成本的增高对制造商利润反而存在正影响。最后,通过数值仿真对上述研究结果进行直观考察和说明。     

信息共享对供应链合作广告影响的博弈分析

本文研究需求不确定环境下合作广告供应链中的信息共享对供应链上下游企业决策及绩效的影响。在此供应链中,上游制造商决定产品批发价格及地方性广告费用分担比例,下游零售商决定地方性广告费用的投入及产品售价。运用斯坦伯格博弈模型研究了不确定性对上下游定价和广告投入决策的影响,分析比较了有信息共享和无信息共享两种情况下供应链各成员及供应链利润。结果表明,对零售商而言,其广告水平,产品售价,及期望利润都随着广告效应的增大而增加;对制造商而言,当广告费用分担率较大时,较强的广告效应会导致零售商对广告的过度投入,从而损害制造商的利润。给定制造商广告分担率,信息共享可以提高制造商期望利润,却减少了零售商期望利润,并可能减少供应链的总体利润。给定批发价格的情况下,信息共享会提高制造商及供应链期望利润,而对零售商来讲无差别。     

面向网络零售平台的合作广告策略研究

制造商通过第三方网络零售平台开展直销渠道已经成为普遍模式。除价格策略外，广告宣传是企业获得消费者最常用的策略之一，已有研究表明，合作广告策略可有效协调供应链冲突和优化绩效，但在新零售模式中，传统渠道和网络渠道的特点使得网络零售平台和传统零售商的广告宣传对不同销售渠道的影响更加复杂和有趣，因此本文研究网络零售平台的参与对制造商合作广告策略的影响。在文中通过数学建模的方法比较制造商的四种不同策略：不合作策略、制造商仅与传统零售商合作的策略、制造商仅与网络零售平台合作的策略和制造商与两者均合作的策略，通过对不同策略中渠道成员的利润进行比较，可得以下结论：1）制造商的最佳策略为同时与传统零售商和网络零售平台合作；2）当两渠道的广告存在相互"搭便车"行为时，渠道成员之间最优策略一致；3）当网络、传统渠道的广告宣传为竞争关系时，渠道成员的最优策略不一致，但存在"相对"最优策略：传统零售商和网络零售平台同时与制造商合作，该策略下传统零售商、网络零售平台的利润可能会降低，但降低比例为最小。     

Cooperative Advertising and Pricing in a Dynamic Stochastic Supply Chain: Feedback Stackelberg Strategies

Cooperative (co‐op) advertising is an important instrument for aligning manufacturer and retailer decisions in supply chains. In this, the manufacturer announces a co‐op advertising policy, i.e., a participation rate that specifies the percentage of the retailer's advertising expenditure that it will provide. In addition, it also announces the wholesale price. In response, the retailer chooses its optimal advertising and pricing policies. We model this supply chain problem as a stochastic Stackelberg differential game whose dynamics follows Sethi's stochastic sales‐advertising model. We obtain the condition when offering co‐op advertising is optimal for the manufacturer. We provide in feedback form the optimal advertising and pricing policies for the manufacturer and the retailer. We contrast the results with the advertising and price decisions of the vertically integrated channel, and suggest a method for coordinating the channel.     

考虑延时效应的供应链动态合作广告策略研究

广告的延时效应是供应链广告过程中的普遍现象,对供应链合作广告策略的制定具有重要影响.文章研究当产品品牌信誉受广告延时效应影响时供应链的合作广告策略问题,建立了含有时间延迟的品牌信誉动态模型和考虑品牌信誉的产品销售量模型.运用极大值原理,得到了制造商和零售商在分散式决策和集中式决策下的最优广告投入、品牌信誉和利润,以及分散式决策下制造商的最优合作广告参与率.研究发现:在集中式决策下制造商和零售商的最优广告投入和产品销售量均高于分散式决策下的相应值;延迟时间存在一个阈值,当延迟时间低于该阈值时,集中式决策下的供应链利润较高,反之则分散式决策下的供应链利润较高.研究结果为供应链合作广告策略的制定及供应链决策机制的选择提供了一定的参考.最后,通过数值算例分析了广告延迟时间对供应链最优广告策略及决策机制的影响.     

Supply chain coordination through cooperative advertising with reference price effect

Cooperative advertising, which usually occurs in a vertical supply chain, is typically a cost sharing and promotion mechanism for the manufacturer to affect retail performance. Research in the literature, however, rarely considers the important phenomenon that advertising has a positive effect on the consumer's reference price. In fact, when a consumer makes a decision to buy a product or not, a reference price is usually in his mind and plays a determinant role. Taking into account the impact of advertising on the reference price, this paper proposes a dynamic cooperative advertising model for a manufacturer–retailer supply chain and analyzes how the reference price effect would influence the decisions of all the channel members. In our model, both the consumer's goodwill and reference price for the product are assumed to be influenced by the advertising and are modeled in differential dynamic equations. In addition, the advertising level, the consumer's goodwill and the reference price are all assumed to have positive effect on sales. Utilizing differential game theory, this paper formulates the optimal decisions of the manufacturer and the retailer in two different game scenarios: Stackelberg game and cooperative game. Also, this paper proposes a new mechanism to coordinate the supply chain in which both the manufacturer and the retailer share each other's advertising costs.     

基于混合CVaR的供应链绿色研发-广告决策与协调机制研究

针对消费者绿色偏好异质性而引发产品需求不确定性的情形,构建了基于混合CVaR准则的绿色供应链双层风险决策模型,研究了一个具有不同风险态度制造商与一个具有不同风险态度零售商所组成供应链的最优绿色研发投入及广告宣传水平等决策问题,分析了成员不同风险态度对供应链相关决策的影响。在此基础上,提出一个基于风险补偿的双向成本分担契约协调机制,并给出实现供应链协调的合理转移支付区间,最后通过数值分析验证该协调机制的有效性。结果表明,无论供应链成员表现为何种风险态度,该契约均能实现供应链协调,并且对由风险规避制造商与风险追逐零售商所组成的供应链协调效果最为显著。     

Product design strategies in a manufacturer–retailer distribution channel

Product design decision has significant impacts on firm's competitive edge. In a distribution channel, product design strategy of a manufacturer depends not only on its own decisions, but also on the behaviors of its upstream and downstream partners along the channel. This paper investigates the optimal product design strategy of a manufacturer in a two-stage supply chain that consists of an upstream manufacturer and a downstream retailer. Customers are classified into two groups (i.e., two market segments) according to their difference on quality valuations. For each of the two potential market segments, the manufacturer needs to decide if it is beneficial to design a product with appropriate quality level to meet the demand of customers in the market segment. The retailer procures the product from the manufacturer, and then sells to customers at a retail price. By considering the interactions between the manufacturer and the retailer, this paper first describes the product design problem as a manufacturer-dominant Stackelberg game, and presents the optimal product design strategy for the manufacturer. To improve the performance of the supply chain, the revenue-sharing contract is then introduced into the product design problem. It is found that the revenue-sharing contract can perfectly coordinate the distribution channel in the product design problem. Numerical experiments illustrate the impacts of customer characteristics on the optimal product design strategies.     

考虑制造商创新的供应链双向需求信息共享研究

本文考虑制造商创新,研究由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的两级供应链双向需求信息共享问题。制造商与零售商均拥有部分需求信息,且制造商进行成本降低创新,根据逆向分析求解方法分析制造商与零售商在均不共享、制造商单方共享、零售商单方共享、相互共享需求信息情形下的均衡决策,并分别通过求解制造商和零售商的事前利润来探讨制造商与零售商的需求信息共享价值。研究发现：制造商在四种需求信息共享情形下的创新投资增量均与获取的需求信息正相关,而与创新系数负相关。制造商的需求信息共享价值在制造商单方共享和互共享需求信息情形下总为负,在零售商单方共享情形下总为正。零售商的需求信息共享价值随着制造商创新能力的增强由负变正。本文在供应链双向需求信息共享的研究中引入制造商创新,拓展了相关研究,具有一定的理论价值和实践意义。     

An Analysis of Manufacturer‐Retailer Supply Chain Coordination in Cooperative Advertising*

In the literature of cooperative (co‐op) advertising, the focus of the research is on a relationship in which a manufacturer is the leader and retailers are followers. This relationship implies the dominance of the manufacturer over retailers. Recent market trends have shown a shift in power from manufacturers to retailers. Retailers, as a result, may now possess equal or even greater power than a manufacturer in some instances when it comes to retailing. Based on this new market phenomenon, we intend to explore the role of co‐op advertising in a manufacturer‐retailer supply chain through brand name investments, local advertising expenditures, and sharing rules of advertising expenses. Two co‐op advertising models are developed and compared. The first co‐op advertising model is based on the traditional leader‐follower relationship of a manufacturer and a retailer. The second model incorporates partnership into co‐op advertising coordination. Business examples and managerial implications of the models have been discussed. A cooperative bargaining technique is utilized to implement the partnership co‐op advertising model.     

Manufacturer encroachment with advertising

This paper studies manufacturer encroachment in a supply chain wherein the manufacturer and/or the retailer should invest in informative advertising. Using a game-theoretic framework, we explore three schemes of advertising and their influences on manufacturer encroachment. First, if the manufacturer controls advertising, encroachment will result in higher advertising intensity relative to the non-encroachment case, sometimes leading to a win-win situation for both the manufacturer and the retailer as the boosted demand flows into the wholesale market under encroachment. Second, if the retailer controls advertising, an encroaching manufacturer should further reduce the wholesale price as compared to the counterpart with no advertising. This downward pressure on wholesale price can benefit the retailer, but might hurt the encroaching manufacturer. Third, we incorporate manufacturer advertising and retailer advertising into a cooperative advertising scheme, where the manufacturer can set a participation rate to adjust the advertising cost for the retailer. Interestingly, an encroaching manufacturer will pay the retailer more to subsidize his advertising cost. Under this scheme, the manufacturer is always better off under encroachment, and the retailer can also gain as a result of advertising cost-sharing from the manufacturer. Our results also apply to the case of persuasive advertising. Although persuasive advertising leads to different prices or advertising decisions, there are always chances for the retailer to benefit from manufacturer encroachment.     

不同价格模式下的双渠道供应链决策研究

针对由直销渠道和传统零售渠道组成的供应链,考虑需求同时受价格和广告投入影响的情况下供应链的最优决策问题。分别讨论由零售商决定渠道价格的价格一致模式和制造商与零售商分别决定渠道价格的价格非一致模式下的Stackelberg博弈模型,并研究在价格非一致模式下合作广告对决策的影响。最后算例分析将两种价格模式与集中决策模式下的最优决策值及供应链总收益进行比较。分析结果表明,对于制造商和整个双渠道供应链而言,采用价格非一致模式优于价格一致的模式。对于零售商而言,在一定条件下价格一致模式对自己有利。     

预测信息分享对制造商开通直销渠道的影响

研究了零售商预测信息分享对制造商渠道结构选择的影响.运用不完全信息动态博弈分别建立了单渠道和双渠道供应链决策模型,得到了贝叶斯均衡的渠道价格和各方最优期望利润.研究发现当零售商的需求预测精度比较低时,制造商应当开通直销渠道.零售商没有动机将预测信息与制造商分享.设计了一个信息分享补偿机制使得零售商能自愿分享其私有信息.在信息分享补偿机制下,虽然制造商为获取零售商预测信息付出了成本,但是依然有动机开通直销渠道.     

Channel Coordination for a Supply Chain with a Risk‐Neutral Manufacturer and a Loss‐Averse Retailer*

This articles considers a decentralized supply chain in which a single manufacturer is selling a perishable product to a single retailer facing uncertain demand. It differs from traditional supply chain contract models in two ways. First, while traditional supply chain models are based on risk neutrality, this article takes the viewpoint of behavioral principal–agency theory and assumes the manufacturer is risk neutral and the retailer is loss averse. Second, while gain/loss (GL) sharing is common in practice, there is a lack of analysis of GL‐sharing contracts in the supply chain contract literature. This article investigates the role of a GL‐sharing provision for mitigating the loss‐aversion effect, which drives down the retailer order quantity and total supply chain profit. We analyze contracts that include GL‐sharing‐and‐buyback (GLB) credit provisions as well as the special cases of GL contracts and buyback contracts. Our analytical and numerical results lend insight into how a manufacturer can design a contract to improve total supply chain, manufacturer, and retailer performance. In particular, we show that there exists a special class of distribution‐free GLB contracts that can coordinate the supply chain and arbitrarily allocate the expected supply chain profit between the manufacturer and retailer; in contrast with other contracts, the parameter values for contracts in this class do not depend on the probability distribution of market demand. This feature is meaningful in practice because (i) the probability distribution of demand faced by a retailer is typically unknown by the manufacturer and (ii) a manufacturer can offer the same contract to multiple noncompeting retailers that differ by demand distribution and still coordinate the supply chains.     

基于策略性竞争博弈的供应链信息共享策略

在供应链成员的市场信息以及成本非对称的情形下,讨论两个终端企业（一个自产自销,一个从上游批发产品）,在供应链中信息共享策略的方案,包括：信息优势企业如何根据市场需求情况确定是否信息共享（若是,则如何共享）;信息劣势企业如何根据对方透露出的市场信息来决策订货量;上游供应链如何决策批发价,从而控制整个供应链的博弈态势,使下游销售商在竞争中更为主动。经过研究发现,低市场类型时,自产自销商乐于共享信息,使竞争对手摄于低迷的市场状况从而降低订货量;在高市场类型且市场波动较小时自产自销商依然选择共享,在乐观的市场条件下表明自己的竞争优势,从而一定程度上威摄入侵者;而市场波动较大时,由于信息共享的额外收益不足以抵消信息共享需付出的额外成本,从而选择不共享信息。     

考虑零售商公平关切与广告努力水平的碳减排策略研究

随着环境质量的下降，企业和消费者的环保意识不断提高，越来越多的企业开始增加产品的碳减排投入并且通过低碳产品的广告宣传来吸引环保型消费者购买。假设碳减排制造商生产一类低碳产品/环保产品，本文研究由一个碳减排制造商、一个进行广告宣传的零售商和具有环保意识的消费者构成的一个二级供应链，通过构建零售商公平中性或公平关切时是否进行碳减排成本分担建立四个模型，分析消费者环保意识以及零售商分担的低碳成本比例和公平关切系数对供应链企业的影响。研究发现：①当消费者环保意识增加时，在构建的四个模型中，低碳产品的碳减排水平、广告努力水平、批发价格和零售价格均增加；②随着公平关切系数的增加，不论零售商是否承担碳减排成本，产品碳减排水平、广告努力水平、批发价格和零售价格逐渐降低；③在零售商承担一部分减排成本且不关注公平时，随着零售商承担的减排成本比例的增加，产品碳减排水平提高；当零售商关注公平且关注度较低时，随着零售商分担的低碳成本比例增加，产品碳减排水平减少；当零售商关注公平且关注度较高时，随着零售商分担的低碳成本比例增加，产品碳减排水平升高；④消费者环保意识的增加与零售商主动分担碳减排成本都会有利于环境质量的提高，然而零售商考虑公平关切不利于提高环境质量；如果零售商关注公平，分担碳减排成本是否有利于环境质量提高取决于零售商关注公平的程度。     

考虑商誉的双渠道供应链动态定价与联合减排策略

考虑由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的双渠道供应链，将产品商誉和减排量作为状态变量构建微分博弈模型。文章首先讨论了不同渠道结构下供应链成员的最优均衡策略，随后探讨了广告合作-减排成本分担契约对供应链协调性的影响，最后通过算例对模型进行了分析。研究发现，产品商誉轨迹随时间变化呈现多变性，而减排量轨迹则具有单调性。与单渠道相比，双渠道下零售商的广告努力和利润下降，而制造商的减排努力和利润增大，只有当传统渠道市场占有率较高且制造商竞争较小时，制造商单渠道的利润才高于双渠道，此时制造商将不会开设网络渠道。广告合作-减排成本分担契约可以实现制造商、零售商和整个供应链系统利润的帕累托改善，且消费者低碳偏好和品牌偏好越高，制造商和零售商越有动力达成合作。     

价格、质量与服务竞争情形下的二级供应链系统协调策略分析

本文研究了由一个零售商向两个制造商购买产品,在产品价格、质量和服务竞争同时作用下,供应链成员的协调运作策略。通过构建一条包括制造商、零售商和顾客的二级供应链模型,应用逆向归纳法以及最优化理论,求解供应链在集中决策、制造商不合作、制造商合作以及半合作（零售商与其中一个制造商合作）情形下供应链成员的博弈均衡。分析四种合作关系下两种竞争产品关于质量和服务的均衡解,并且分析消费者剩余。运用数值仿真讨论各种参数变化带来的影响。结果表明：制造商不合作情形虽然不能提高产品的服务水平,但是能够提高制造商的质量努力程度;零售商的集中协调有助于提升产品质量和服务水平,避免制造商之间合作可以为顾客提供较高质量和服务水平的产品,使顾客收益,增加市场中顾客总量,同时可以提升供应链的整体利润。     

The Role of Slotting Fees in the Coordination of Assortment Decisions

Large numbers of new products introduced annually by manufacturers may strain the relationship between retailers and manufacturers regarding assortments carried by retailers. For example, many retailers in the grocery industry will agree to broaden their assortments only if the manufacturer agrees to pay slotting fees for the new products. We investigate the role played by slotting fees in coordinating the assortment decisions in a supply chain. To do so, we study a single‐retailer, single‐manufacturer supply chain, where the retailer decides what assortment to offer to end customers. Double marginalization results in a discrepancy between the retailer's optimal assortment and the assortment that maximizes total supply chain profits. We consider a payment scheme that is analogous to slotting fees used in the grocery industry: the manufacturer pays the retailer a per‐product fee for every product offered by the retailer in excess of a certain target level. We show that, if the wholesale price is below some threshold level, this payment scheme induces the retailer to offer the supply‐chain‐optimal assortment and makes both parties better off.     

政府奖惩下闭环供应链中需求预测信息分享研究

考虑政府奖惩机制,在制造商直接回收的闭环供应链中,当市场不确定且制造商和零售商都能预测需求时,为研究零售商的需求预测信息分享问题,本文构建一个Stackelberg博弈模型,分别求得零售商信息分享和不分享情形下的均衡结果,探讨了需求预测信息精度对供应链成员利润及信息分享价值的影响,并研究了供应链均衡的信息分享策略。研究发现,需求预测精度的提高在大多数情形下会使供应链成员都受益。当制造商回收效率较高时,自愿分享需求信息是一个均衡;当制造商回收效率较低时,信息不分享是一个均衡;当制造商回收效率处于中等水平时,通过设计一个讨价还价机制,可以促使信息分享是一个均衡。此外,政府奖惩力度也会影响均衡的信息分享策略。