"以人为本"的哲学意蕴探析

"人"属于哲学关注的中心,在西方哲学、中国传统哲学及马克思主义哲学中,"以人为本"的解读既存在一定的共性,也表现出诠释的差异性.时空差异、哲学前提、理论框架及价值取向的异质性是不同哲学流派对"以人为本"给出不同答案的成因.总体上,马克思主义哲学中的"以人为本"是对以往相关理论的"扬弃",实现了"唯物主义"和"人本主义"内在的对接与统一.     

坚持历史唯物主义 肃清人本主义影响

近几年来,在我国哲学界,人本主义的思潮有所抬头。一些哲学文章热衷于谈论人在马克思主义哲学中的地位,散布了一些错误观点。我们认为,在理论上进一步澄清这些重大原则上的是非问题,对于坚持和发展马克思主义哲学是必要的。一有的文章认为,“人既是马克思主义哲学的出发点,也是它的目的”,马克思主义哲学的“核心主题”就是研究“人的本质、人性的异化和复归、人的解放”的问题,因此,人性的异化和复归也就是社会发展的规律。我们认为这些论点是违背马克思主义哲学基本原理的。首先应该指出,马克思主义哲学不能以人为出发点,它直接背离马克思主义唯物论关于哲学基本问题的原则立场。尽人皆知,哲学的基本问题就是关于“思维对存在、精神对自然     

葛兰西的实践哲学体系--一种关于葛兰西的马克思主义观的新的观察视角

以往的研究对葛兰西的实践哲学思想缺乏总体的和根本的认识,仅仅停留于把它理解为葛兰西的马克思主义理论的哲学基础,这样既不能把它看作是囊括葛兰西的马克思主义理论总体的思想,也不能真正理解在怎样的意义上它能够成为表现葛兰西的马克思主义观的性质和特征的理论内容.为了能够从总体上把握葛兰西的理论和正确认识其本质特征,本文提出应以更为宽广的眼光看待葛兰西的实践哲学,即在看到它的哲学的和马克思主义观的意义的同时,把具有直接实践意义的领导权思想和"阵地战"的战略纳入实践哲学体系.     

实践唯物主义的理解与马克思主义哲学本质的再认识

实践唯物主义是马克思对自己哲学的一种概括。实践论和唯物论的统一 ,是马克思主义哲学的基本观点 ,是马克思主义哲学区别于以往哲学的重要标志。实践唯物主义从根本上克服了唯心主义和旧唯物主义的局限性 ,但它并没有超越唯物主义和唯心主义的对立。因此 ,作为辩证唯物主义、历史唯物主义和实践唯物主义的马克思主义哲学是一个有机联系的整体 ,只有这样理解 ,才能全面地认识和把握马克思主义哲学的本质     

尊重理论学习规律是学习马克思主义哲学的基本原则

马克思主义哲学原理告诉我们,学习马克思主义哲学离不开主体能动性,但主体能动性的发挥,又要以认识和尊重理论学习规律为前提。这既是辩证唯物主义世界观的根本要求,又是我们学习马克思主义哲学的基本方法论原则。本文就这一认识谈一点自己的体会第一,要重视在学习实践中加深对马克思主义哲学的科学性和指导作用的认识,增加学习马克思主义哲学的紧迫感。去年以来,各级领导干部通过学习党中央领导关于加强理论学习的一系列重要指示,应该说对于学习马克思主义的基本理论,包括学习马克思主义哲学的重要性是有一定认识的,学习的态度也是端正的。但是,还应该看到,由于一些同志还没有真正投入到理论学习的实践中     

马克思主义法哲学中国化问题研究论要

马克思主义法哲学是人类法律思维的宝贵结晶.要增强中国法学的科学性和理论的彻底性,就须积极致力于马克思主义法哲学的中国化--使之与中国法制建设和法学发展有机结合,为构建和发展适应依法治国、建设社会主义法治国家要求的中国当代法哲学和法学理论提供理论支撑.因此,应该努力探寻马克思主叉法哲学中国化的前提、条件、环境、方式、途径、步骤等重要课题,即厘清马克思主义法哲学的历史功绩和时代使命、马克思主义法哲学中国化的理论维度和实践依据、马克思主义法哲学与当代中国法制建设及法学发展等重大问题.     

21世纪马克思主义哲学学科建设笔谈——学科意识与学派关系

合理界定学科与学说、学派之间的关系，在此基础上正确认识马克思主义哲学学科的特点，正确看待马克思主义哲学研究中不同学派之间的学术争鸣，是关系到马克思主义哲学学科建设能否取得整体性进展的一个重要前提。以往我国马克思主义哲学学科建设之所以不尽人意，大都与未能妥善处理此类问题有关。     

新唯物主义起点--感性世界理论

马克思主义哲学的革命性变革,集中地表现为对旧哲学思辨传统的超越.感性世界理论的明确阐释,构成了新唯物主义得以生成的理论机制.通过感性世界的中介,哲学回归了生活世界,从而为新唯物主义奠定了更为坚实的理论基础.通过对感性世界的理论分析,可以透视出马克思主义哲学的生成机制和基本理路.在理论范域的确认上,马克思主义哲学实现了理论视角的根本转移;在关于感性世界的理论界定上,马克思主义哲学阐明了感性世界的属人性质;在感性世界的构成机制上,马克思主义哲学明确强调了"感性的活动"即实践在其中的重要作用;在对感性世界的理论阐释中,马克思主义哲学确立了人的理论中心地位.     

学科意识与学派关系

合理界定学科与学说、学派之间的关系,在此基础上正确认识马克思主义哲学学科的特点,正确看待马克思主义哲学研究中不同学派之间的学术争鸣,是关系到马克思主义哲学学科建设能否取得整体性进展的一个重要前提。以往我国马克思主义哲学学科建设之所以不尽人意,大都与未能妥善处理此类问题有关。     

略论早期西方马克思主义的哲学观

早期西方马克思主义理论家强调应该立足于近代西方哲学发展中的断裂点,重新思考马克思主义哲学的特质。他们由此把马克思主义哲学解释为一种以“实践”和“历史”为基础的现代唯物主义哲学。他们在论述马克思主义哲学特质的过程中,提出了一系列重大哲学理论问题,成为中国马克思主义哲学理论创新的重要思想资源。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

Is subsidiarity a conditio sine qua non for sustainability?

This paper argues that subsidiarity is a condicio sine qua non for sustainability. Through the complexity paradigm, the paper provides a historical reconstruction of both concepts to the end of elucidating their interdependence. The main thesis is that subsidiarity to sustainability is what self-organisation is to emergence. The paper ends with a sketch of future global governance structures based on a subsidiarity where cities take the lead on sustainability.     

Global employment and decent jobs, 2010–2030: The forces of demography and automation

Globally, an estimated 734 million jobs will be required between 2010 and 2030 to accommodate recent and ongoing demographic shifts, account for plausible changes in labour force participation rates, and achieve target unemployment rates of at or below 4 per cent for adults and at or below 8 per cent for youth. The facts that most new jobs will be required in countries where “decent” jobs are less prevalent and workers in many occupations are increasingly subject to risks of automation further compound the challenge of job creation, which is already quite sizable in historical perspective. Failure to create the jobs that are needed through 2030 would put currently operative social security systems under pressure and undermine efforts to guarantee the national social protection floors enshrined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).