Perestroika,Second Edition

The author assesses the prospects of a "second perestroika" based on his interpretation of modern Russian history in terms of the concepts of revolution and counterrevolution.     

Interspousal Empathy,Marital Satisfaction,and Marriage Counseling

Interspousal empathy is conceived as a fundamental part of the structure of the marital relationship along with other elements of a couple's communication, role, and value systems. In a study of 25 couples receiving marriage counseling, it was found that improvement in interspousal empathy was associated with improvement in marital satisfaction. This finding has implications for approaches to marriage counseling and is supportive of those approaches that attempt to influence directly the empathic exchanges of the couple as well as other communication elements.     

谈谈高校危机干预中的哀伤辅导

危机干预是高校学生工作者面临的一项重点与难点问题。对于大学生自杀或意外死亡的危机干预的对象主要是其所在班级同学,干预的一项重要内容就是哀伤辅导。分析了哀伤的概念、反应与过程,并详细阐述了哀伤辅导的原则与程序。     

Social Work in Schools by Openshaw,L.

This paper reports out an agency's use of groups as a response to the increasing bureaucratization of its operation and the increasing alienation of its workers. It describes the slow evolution of traditionally trained supervisors into team leaders. Details of the training conceptualization, design, and process are given. The mediating strategies of the team leaders are described and incorporated into a new training role-the counterpart.     

浅谈军人心理咨询工作中存在的问题与对策

在新的历史条件下,军人心理问题日益突出,因此在部队各级成立专门的心理咨询机构,贴近部队实际和军人特点提供心理咨询服务,对部队的全面建设具有重要意义。开展军人心理咨询工作可以为提高部队战斗力提供重要精神支持和为官兵健康成长提供相应的保障。当前我军心理咨询工作存在一些问题,应对军人心理咨询工作的建设做进一步的研究与加强。     

District Segregation,Race Legislation,and Black Enrollment in Charter Schools*

Objective. This article examines how segregation at the school level within districts and charter school legislation predict black enrollment levels at local charter schools. Methods. This study uses the Schools and Staffing Survey Charter School Data 1999–2000, Common Core of Data, and a unique data set of district test scores to estimate OLS regression models of black enrollment in charter schools on district racial segregation and race provisions in charter school legislation. Results. Findings suggest that segregated school districts, those districts where whites and blacks are more unevenly distributed among schools, have a larger percentage of blacks enrolled in local charter schools than districts where schools are integrated. In addition, charter schools in states that do not have a racial clause have a smaller percent of blacks in their charter schools. Conclusion. Findings suggest that black enrollment in charter schools is a function of district segregation and state policy.     

Separate Schools: Gender,Policy, and Practice in Postwar Soviet Education

Christopher F. Black, Italian Confraternities in the Sixteenth Century (1989), xiv + 321 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, £35.00).

Ralph Houlbrooke, English Family Life, 1576–1716: An Anthology from Diaries (1988), xiv + 268 (Basil Blackwell, Oxford, £14.95).

Judith Moore, A Zeal for Responsibility: The Struggle for Professional Nursing in Victorian England, 1868–1883 (1988), xvii + 214 (University of Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia, $23.00).

Dieter Fricke, Handbuch zur Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung 1869 bis 1917 (1987), 2 vols, 1468 (Dietz Verlag Berlin, East Berlin, DM 58). [Handbook for the History of the German Labour Movement, 1869–1917].

Diane Langmore, Missionary Lives. Papua, 1874–1914 (1989), xxiv + 408 (University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, $28.00).

Christine Collette, For Labour and For Women: The Women's Labour League, 1906–1918 (1989), iii + 225 (Manchester University Press, Manchester, £29.95).

Sebastian Balfour, Dictatorship, Workers, and the City. Labour in Greater Barcelona since 1939 (1989), viii + 288 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, £30.00).     

Life Skills Counseling for Preventing Problems in Adolescence

Many social and health problems first appear in adolescence. Prevention is a humane and cost effective approach for human services professionals who work with young people. This paper addresses theoretical, methodological, and outcome issues for the behavioral approach called life skills counseling for helping adolescents avoid potentially serious social and health problems. The authors define life skills, discuss the applicability of the life skills approach to problem prevention, provide an overview of life skills counseling methods, and present results from four applications of the life skills approach to preventing problems encountered in social work with adolescents.     

Electives in the Schools

The incorporation, into the curriculum of the Soviet general education schools, of elective courses for deeper theoretical and practical study of certain subjects is integrally associated with the imminent transition to universal secondary education.     

Anonymous Enrollment in AIDS Prevention Telephone Group Counseling

SUMMARY

Participants in an outcome study of a 14-week AIDS prevention counseling intervention, delivered entirely by telephone, were able to enroll either confidentially or anonymously. Anonymous enrollees (27%) were more likely to be bisexual, in a primary relationship with a female, and colseted. They were less self-accepting of their sexual orientation, less acculturated in the gay community, and less likely to have close social supports for safer sex. They were less likely to have been tested for HIV antibodies or to have perticipated in risk-reduction programs despite reporting risk behaviors comparable to that of confidential perticipants. By the program's conclusion, most anonymous enrollees had provided their phone numbers or other personally identifying information. Participants who retained their anonymity throughout (10%) were less likely to complete treatment or follow-up assessments. The findings support the effectiveness of anonymous enrollment in facilitating the participation of potential clients and research subjects who might otherwise have remained unreached.     

Social Studies in Today's Schools

The need to create a new social studies course is mandated by cardinal changes in the country—by the desire to resurrect Russian statehood and overcome the "image of the enemy" in relations with other states; by substantial changes in the social sciences and opportunities that have opened up to explore the diversity of worldview positions, by perestroika in the sphere of education, designed to make it more humane and to shape citizens who are integrated into contemporary society and desirous of improving it; and by educators' and school students' vigorous rejection of the old content of the social disciplines. The old content deprived students of the opportunity to become properly acquainted with the multicolored picture of contemporary life in the country and the world; it failed to foster the correct orientation under rapidly changing circumstances and realization of one's own place in them.     

Competitiveness in Schools and Delinquency

Some theories to explain the relationship between school failure and delinquency are examined. It is argued that it is the condition of status deprivation through being given a low rank on the status hierarchy of the school that leads to delinquency. Policies of equality of opportunity achieve a reordering of children on the hierarchy, but leave the hierarchy itself intact. Delinquency may be part of a more general pathology which arises from competitiveness in schools.