面向大规模定制的产品族功能性评价与选择方法

针对大规模定制生产模式下产品多样性和低复杂性的矛盾,系统地研究了一种大规模定制产品族的功能性评价与选择方法。分别以功能域的类功能需求(GFR)和物理域的类设计参数(GDP)对大规模定制产品族进行了描述,并基于公理设计理论建立了GFR和GDP之间的映射关系。提出了产品族功能的定制度的概念和计算方法,建立了基于定制度的定制功能的评价和选择方法。     

产品模块化对企业竞争优势的影响机理研究

利用珠三角大中型制造企业的调查数据,分别检验了战略柔性(先动柔性、响应柔性)、环境动态性在产品模块化(模块化设计、模块化生产)与竞争优势(品牌优势、大规模定制优势)间的中介与调节作用。结果表明:产品模块化对竞争优势有显著正向影响;产品模块化通过战略柔性完全中介作用于品牌优势;响应柔性在模块化设计、模块化生产与大规模定制优势的关系中分别起完全和部分中介作用,先动柔性则没有;环境动态性正向调节模块化生产与品牌优势的关系,负向调节模块化设计与竞争优势的关系,而在模块化生产与大规模定制优势关系中的调节作用不显著。     

不确定环境下的产品开发柔性研究

随着产品复杂性和市场变化速度的急剧提高,企业在产品开发过程中对产品需求的变化越来越难以预测.因此对不确定环境下产品开发过程中开发柔性的研究具有特殊的意义.本文通过对影响产品开发柔性变量的研究,提出了衡量产品开发柔性程度的"产品开发柔性指数"的概念以及确定方法,进而提出了利用产品开发柔性指数分析与确定现有方案的柔性以及进行不同设计方案的选择.最后提出了基于不确定环境的提高产品开发柔性的三种主要战略对策.     

采购价格柔性策略与供应链利润风险分析

面对原材料市场价格的大幅波动,供应链节点企业需要采用相应策略来规避价格波动带来的风险。本文通过设计价格柔性合同,分析供应链企业通过采购价格柔性策略来缓解采购价格波动给企业利润带来的风险。采用Stackelberg主从博弈模型研究得出了制造商的最优采购数量和供应商的最优价格柔性系数,并分别分析了各最优结果随采购价格柔性合同参数的变化趋势。利用供应链各主体的利润方差度量各自承担的利润风险,分析了供应商和制造商的利润风险随采购价格柔性合同参数的变化规律。     

众包供应链基于On/OffLine混合定制设计生产决策模型分析

互联网平台经济（Platform Economy）正颠覆传统企业商业模式,众包供应链（Crowdsourcing Supply Chain,CSC）作为一种新型的"互联网平台+设计创新"供应链,也正成为人们关注和研究的热点。本文在订单定制设计模式（Engineering to Order,ETO）的基础上,将定制设计和订单生产两环节相结合,并以交货期为驱动,按常规生产时间和加班生产时间来优化生产流程。在此框架下,建立了线下（Offline）自行定制设计的供应链生产模型;接着结合互联网众包平台的特点,以及众包线上（Online）和线下（Offline）的互补性,将众包线上定制设计环节有机嵌入融合到线下自行定制设计供应链中,以此优化和构建出基于众包的线上线下混合定制设计的供应链生产决策模型,设计出众包线上定制设计和线下定制设计动态切换条件;并通过粒子群算法（Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO）对上述模型进行求解;最后通过实例进行分析,发现定制订单数量不多时,线上线下混合定制设计对成本的降低不是很显著,但随着订单数量越多,线上线下混合定制设计优势将显著变化,并且具有一定程度的抗风险性;通过这个转换点也发现,众包定制设计的订单生产最好安排在期初和期末,众包线上定制设计订单应尽可能减少挤占线下自行设计的常规生产时间,而应转向在加班时间生产更为经济;同时,通过增加对众包设计者的设计报酬,发现不仅对整个供应链的成本影响不大,反而对众包设计者形成较大激励作用,进一步证明该模式的可行性和实用性。     

结合 SUＲ 与因子效应原则的多响应质量设计

针对多响应的质量设计问题，本文结合似不相关回归(seemingly unrelated regression， SUＲ) 模型与因子效应原则提出了一种新的建模与优化方法． 该方法不仅结合 SUＲ 模型与因子效应原则筛选出各响应模型的显著性变量，而且运用多变量过程能力指数衡量了过程能力满足规格要求程度的水平． 此外，该方法还通过贝叶斯抽样技术考虑了模型参数不确定性和预测响应值波动对优化结果的影响． 首先，在 SUＲ 模型中针对每个变量设置了一个二元变量指示器以考虑因子效应原则，通过所构建的混合二元变量指示器修正了过程响应和试验因子之间的函数关系; 其次，通过计算混合二元变量指示器和模型结构的后验概率以识别显著性变量，从而确定最佳的模型结构; 然后，在此基础上结合贝叶斯抽样技术构建了一种新的多变量过程能力指数，并通过最大化所构建的多变量过程能力指数获得了最佳的参数设计值; 最后，实际案例研究表明: 本文所提方法不仅能够有效地筛选出多响应过程的显著性变量，而且能够获得最佳的参数设计值．     

基于功能和零部件配置元的在线定制顾客需求研究

根据公理化设计理论,研究产品从功能域向物理域的映射,讨论功能与部件之间的关系,提出功能配置元和零部件配置元的概念,定义顾客基于功能配置元和零部件配置元的产品在线定制矩阵;通过对顾客在线调查结果的分析,得到顾客对功能配置元和零部件配置元及其特征项总体关注程度,定义在线定制服务提供商在线定制综合能力评价指标体系,构建反映在线定制服务提供商在线定制综合能力系数的计算方法,结合顾客对功能配置元和零部件配置元及其特征项总体关注程度的分析方法,确定在线定制服务提供商提供给顾客进行产品在线定制的各功能配置元和零部件配置元及其特征项,并对顾客在线定制产品的类型进行了划分.最后举例证明该方法的可行性.     

建筑设计边界处理的柔性边界运用

柔性边界是边界中的一种重要形式,不仅具有人性化的特点,更可以改善人居环境。本文基于柔性边界的概念、作用及其在建筑设计中的运用;结合设计实例探讨了刚性边界柔化的设计方法。     

企业知识管理系统柔性与环境不确定性的匹配度计算模型

旨在为进行企业知识管理系统(EKMS)柔性的评价与决策提供量化工具。分析了EKMS柔性的组成、环境不确定性的主客观因素及EKMS柔性与环境不确定性匹配的涵义,提出了EKMS柔性与环境不确定性的评价指标体系及测度方法,在此基础上借鉴空间几何概念设计了EKMS柔性与环境匹配度的计算方法及判断准则,最后给出了算例。     

生产系统柔性的度量方法研究

本研究分析了生产系统柔性的重要性和特点,提出了生产系统柔性的三维矢量描述,并建立了柔性的最优化模型.分析了生产系统硬件要素和软件要素对系统柔性的影响.根据柔性的三维矢量描述,设计了柔性的实用度量方法,并将此方法具体应用于企业生产系统柔性的度量.     

Strategic Maneuvers for Outsourcing Flexibility: An Empirical Assessment

Tan and Sia (2006) conceptualize outsourcing flexibility within a set of four dimensions: robustness, modifiability, new capability, and ease of exit, and propose a portfolio of preemptive, protective, exploitive, and corrective maneuvers to manage flexibility in outsourcing. In this article, we build upon their proposed framework by anchoring the strategic maneuvers through a multitheoretic lens and empirically validate the research propositions. A survey of 171 outsourcing projects in Singapore was conducted. The findings bear evidence that the four proposed dimensions of outsourcing flexibility are conceptually distinct and that different strategic maneuvers contribute differently to the various flexibility dimensions. The empirical findings also affirm the importance of structuring flexibility for outsourcing success, with some flexibility dimensions manifesting different intensity in enabling outsourcing success for IT outsourcing versus business process outsourcing. We conclude by proposing a more holistic approach for effective flexibility management in outsourcing and highlighting research gaps that may need deeper theorizing and empirical extension.     

A generalized procedure for minimizing makespan in a CNC environment

This paper presents the problem of scheduling N jobs, each manufactured in a number of settings, in order, on a CNC machine equipped with an automatic tool changer. A generalized procedure to minimize makespan in a CNC environment has been developed and tested on real industrial problems, considering possible constraints. It is worthy of mention that the procedure suggested finds an optimal solution of the problem discussed by Sule in a short and simplified manner. The step-by-step analysis shows the simplicity and flexibility of the proposed approach.     

基于Esscher变换的巨灾指数期权定价与数值模拟

巨灾指数期权是最重要的巨灾衍生工具之一,在我国有很好的发展前景。但巨灾指数期权在我国推广的一个主要技术障碍是,在信息较少的情况下,如何对巨灾指数期权进行快速的定价。本文提出了一种基于Esscher变换的巨灾指数期权定价的解析表达公式,区别于以往文献采用亚式期权或随机时间变化的方法。这个方法的优势在于能够反映巨灾指数的跳跃性、两部性（损失期和延展期）、上界性特点。同时,Esscher 变换的无套利等价性也赋予该方法坚实的理论基础,有较好的延展性,可以使用多种分布过程。首先,具体给出漂移泊松、漂移伽马和维纳过程条件下的巨灾指数期权定价公式。通过数值模拟分析结果与Black-Scholes公式结果及巨灾指数历史数据的对比,认为基于漂移伽马过程的定价结果能更好地反映巨灾指数的特点。最终,指出了巨灾指数的开发和本文提出的方法在中国具有很好的应用前景。     

系统集成创新与知识的集成和生成

自主创新中的集成创新与引进吸收消化再创新都可以看作是系统集成创新。系统集成创新是把已有的知识、技术创造性地以系统集成的方式创造出前所未有的新产品、新工艺、新的服务方式或新的经营管理模式,其新颖性表现在系统的集成思想和方式上。系统集成创新具有成本低、时间短、风险小、灵活性大的特点,特别适用于我国当前的发展水平。从系统思想出发,探讨了系统集成创新的特点,并研究了创新过程中的知识集成与生成问题。指出基于二分法的知识转化与生成之思路的局限性,提出基于多阶段知识集成的知识转化与生成的思路与步骤。     

Flexibility configurations: Empirical analysis of volume and product mix flexibility

In this paper we address flexibility and investigate the relationship between volume and product mix flexibility. One view of flexibility is that of being a capability in itself; another view is that of flexibility as an enabler, providing the manufacturing system with properties on which other competitive capabilities are built. In this research, the latter view of flexibility is used, where flexibility acts as a second order competitive criterion. The aim is to differentiate between two dimensions of flexibility important to the manufacturing value chain, i.e., volume and product mix flexibility, and to investigate how different flexibility configurations are related to various manufacturing practices. A clustering research approach is used to identify groups of companies based on flexibility configurations. The groups are then analyzed with respect to characteristics and impact on operational performance. For the empirical investigation, we use empirical data from the high performance manufacturing (HPM) study, including three industries and seven countries—a total of 211 plants. We find that flexibility configurations based on high or low levels of volume and mix flexibility combinations show significant differences both in terms of operational performance, and in terms of emphasis put into different flexibility source factors.     

ENROLLMENT FORECASTING: USE OF A MULTIPLE-METHOD MODEL FOR PLANNING AND BUDGETING*

A multiple-method approach is presented for making enrollment projections at the departmental, school, and university level. The various methods utilized are based on the application of a cohort model (macro level) and regression techniques (micro level). The model demonstrates its flexibility in selecting one of a number of regression techniques according to a comparison approach using historical and projected results. This multiple-method approach has proved to be highly accurate and thus useful in allocating and redistributing resources to the operating units of a university. Previous efforts have relied almost solely on a single regression technique for projections and allocation purposes rather than a method based on a measure of flexibility, adaptability, and prediction confirmation.     

Interactive effect of individual factors on nurses' health and sleep

There is a tendency in studies concerning individual diferences in shiftwork tolerance to analyse the moderating effect of individual factors separately as if they acted independently. The aim of this study was to examine the interactive effect of individual factors (i.e. morningness, flexibility, languidity, neuroticism, extroversion) on nurses' health and sleep. A hundred female nurses (mean age 25.9 years, SD = 3.7 years) working a 2 × 12-h shift system were chosen from a larger study conducted among Intensive Care Unit staff. All subjects completed the Standard Shiftwork Index. Multiple regression analyses show that interactions of neuroticism and other factors (languidity, morningness) predict the majority of health and sleep complaints rather than neuroticism itself. Correlation analyses revealed that the interaction of neuroticism and languidity correlates higher with some indices of impaired health and sleep disturbances than when these factors are taken separately. The contribution of flexibility together with extroversion in interactions with neuroticism, and with neuroticism and languidity weaken the relations of languidity and neuroticism with health and sleep indices. The results show that some individual features tend to strengthen or counteract one another in relation to symptoms of shiftwork intolerance.     

Piecewise linear approximations for the static–dynamic uncertainty strategy in stochastic lot-sizing

In this paper, we develop a unified mixed integer linear modelling approach to compute near-optimal policy parameters for the non-stationary stochastic lot sizing problem under static–dynamic uncertainty strategy. The proposed approach applies to settings in which unmet demand is backordered or lost; and it can accommodate variants of the problem for which the quality of service is captured by means of backorder penalty costs, non-stockout probabilities, or fill rate constraints. This approach has a number of advantages with respect to existing methods in the literature: it enables seamless modelling of different variants of the stochastic lot sizing problem, some of which have been previously tackled via ad hoc solution methods and some others that have not yet been addressed in the literature; and it produces an accurate estimation of the expected total cost, expressed in terms of upper and lower bounds based on piecewise linearisation of the first order loss function. We illustrate the effectiveness and flexibility of the proposed approach by means of a computational study.     

Interactive effect of individual factors on nurses' health and sleep

Abstract

There is a tendency in studies concerning individual diferences in shiftwork tolerance to analyse the moderating effect of individual factors separately as if they acted independently. The aim of this study was to examine the interactive effect of individual factors (i.e. morningness, flexibility, languidity, neuroticism, extroversion) on nurses' health and sleep. A hundred female nurses (mean age 25.9 years, SD = 3.7 years) working a 2 × 12-h shift system were chosen from a larger study conducted among Intensive Care Unit staff. All subjects completed the Standard Shiftwork Index. Multiple regression analyses show that interactions of neuroticism and other factors (languidity, morningness) predict the majority of health and sleep complaints rather than neuroticism itself. Correlation analyses revealed that the interaction of neuroticism and languidity correlates higher with some indices of impaired health and sleep disturbances than when these factors are taken separately. The contribution of flexibility together with extroversion in interactions with neuroticism, and with neuroticism and languidity weaken the relations of languidity and neuroticism with health and sleep indices. The results show that some individual features tend to strengthen or counteract one another in relation to symptoms of shiftwork intolerance.