从民间信仰层面透视高原藏族的生态伦理——以青海黄南藏区的田野研究为例

高原藏族在数千年的生态环境适应过程中,形成独特的环境—文化适应模式,由于自然环境的特殊严酷和脆弱,在高原藏区形成广泛的自然禁忌和神山圣水的集体表象,作为一种观念体系,它是高原藏族在适应特殊生态环境的基础上,形成的整体文化适应的一部分,反映出高原藏族对脆弱生态环境的谨慎适应。     

藏族寺院建筑选址文化探微

建筑选址文化是藏族人民在长期生活实践中,对高原自然环境的不断认识、适应和利用过程中产生的独特的知识门类,充分展示了藏族独特的自然和地理认知。文章主要以寺院相地文化为切入点,分析和解读藏族寺院建筑选址文化中的各种仪式,从而阐释了藏族入对高原自然环境的认知和与自然和谐共处的建筑选址理念。     

生态文明建设与民族传统文化的保护和传承——以广西少数民族地区为例

民族传统文化是以该民族居住地的生态环境为土壤而滋生。生活在广西的各族人民,在对自然环境和生物资源的适应、改造中,实现了民族传统文化的"以人为本"、"因地制宜"、"人人和谐"的局面。将民族传统文化与生态文明建设有机结合起来,广西的生态文明建设和民族传统文化更具有特色、生机与活力。     

高原藏族文化的生态环境价值探析——以青海玉树藏族自治州拉布寺"避杀生"为例

独特的生存环境、宗教信仰、自然禁忌等造就了高原藏族灿烂而神秘的传统文化,他们在生活方式、行为方式、风俗习惯等方面,无不体现出人与自然环境的一种良性互动关系。本文以青海玉树藏族自治州拉布寺的"避杀生"为例,解析了神秘的藏族文化所包含的生态环境价值,同时探讨了藏族文化中的生态环境价值得以实践的法资源应包括国家法、佛教教规以及以道德和民间风俗习惯为主的乡规民约等因素。     

试论民族文化的生态环境

本文提供了一个从自然生态即自然环境因素、文化生态即社会人文因素认识民族文化形成和发展的视角,剖析了自然与人关系演变史的三个阶段上民族文化的相应特征;列举了政治组织形式、战争、迁徙等文化生态条件对民族文化的规约。从自然和社会的双重背景论证了民族文化与生态环境的互动关系。     

卷首语

人类自其历史发端起,就一直在不断调适自身文化与周围环境之间的关系。生态人类学以此作为学科的逻辑起点,将文化视为人类适应生态环境的手段,把社会发展、文化变迁视为文化与环境适应互动的过程,进而,引出了"民族文化生态"或"生态文化"等概念,     

汉族与少数民族生育意愿的文化解读--关于汉族与藏族、贵州占里侗族生育行为的比较研究

自然条件的差异导致了各地迥然相异的物质生产方式和社会文化体系.因此,生活在不同地区人们的生育意愿受各自文化的影响而呈现出不同的生育行为和生育模式.本文拟比较汉族和藏族、贵州侗族的生育文化,分析这些民族生育文化中合理的文化价值,从而探讨儒家生育文化在当今生育政策中的消极作用及目前对生育模式作"传统--现代"二元结构之划分的局限性.     

生态学视阈中的藏族能源文化

能源是关乎社会进步和经济发展的重要资源,从世界各民族发展的历史来看,能源与火的利用关系极为密切。青藏高原特殊生态环境下形成的藏族传统能源文化,具有十分显著的民族特点和地域特点,其中蕴含的生态文化意义,对今天生态文化建构仍具有重要的启迪。     

民族艺术的瑰宝——藏族民间歌舞巡礼

藏族是我国历史悠久的伟大民族,在漫长的人类社会发展进程中,藏民族通过生产生活寄情于歌舞,以歌舞形式述说着对自然的敬畏和对美好生活的崇尚,孜孜不倦地追求着天人合一、自然和谐的美好理想.藏民族歌舞文化博大精深,源远流长,具有鲜明的民族特性和时代特征,它以种类繁多,形式多样而著称.由于藏族的生活地域与生产方式的不同,形成了各地区民间歌舞不同的风格与流派.     

回族文化中的生态价值研究——以宁夏南部山区为例

生态环境问题从根本上说是人及其文化与自然的关系问题.文化是人类适应环境的产物,其中必然包含着人们如何看待自身所处环境、如何处理人与自然环境关系的种种经验和知识.本文以宁夏南部山区为例,在对本地区生态环境现状认识的基础上,对该地区回族文化体系中所蕴含的生态价值观念、生态经验和生态智慧等进行梳理和分析,进而提出借助文化资源治理本地区生态环境的对策建议,以期对文化与环境关系问题的学术讨论及回族聚居区生态环境治理实践有所裨益.     

《格萨尔》中的生态意蕴探析

藏族史诗《格萨尔》宏大磅礴,从中既能领略到雪域高原的自然风貌和人文景观,又可感受到在恶劣的自然环境下人们生存的不易和生活的艰辛。史诗不仅再现了古代藏族在生存与发展过程中,认知自然现象、总结自然规律的智慧,也反映了古代人民在适应自然环境协调、发展过程中形成的纯朴观念,这些观念充满着朴素的辩证思想,对指导高原社会人们的社会实践发挥了积极作用。文章简要概述了《格萨尔》中的生态内容,并阐述了其生态意识产生的文化背景和思想内涵。     

甘肃南部林区族群生存文化的生态人类学研究——以舟曲县3个藏汉村寨为例

甘肃省南部林区属于国家长江上游水土保持重点防治区域,具有非常重要的战略地位。世代居住在这块地方上的藏、汉族群积累了大量与所处环境相适应的生存技能和经验。构筑起与这种生态环境相适应的生存文化,形成了以森林为核心的生态系统与以苯教为核心的生存文化之间的共生关系。在保护当地生态环境、改善类似地区的生态环境、改变同一地区不同族群的生态观念等方面都能发挥作用,具有很强的实用价值,应该进行深入发掘和总结。     

基于文化适应理论的人口较少民族文化变迁与社会发展——以云南布朗族为个案

全球化现代化的浪潮使得世界各民族处于急剧的社会文化变迁之中,发展中国家及其少数民族尤其是人口较少民族面临更为严峻的挑战,文化适应是应对这一挑战的必由之路。本文以布朗族为个案探讨社会变迁背景下人口较少民族文化传承与发展的路向。在对文化适应理论进行回顾之后,结合实证调查分析,本文认为,贝瑞所提出的文化适应理论能够较好解释及指引布朗族社会变迁及文化传承,在调适中寻求发展应是人口较少民族当前社会发展的最佳路径。     

从民间文学看哈尼族的传统生态观

The Hani’s rich folk literature has preserved their traditional culture. Interpreting it from the perspective of ecological culture may lead us to the conclusion that the Hani’s traditional eco-logical understanding is that of a harmonious rela-tionship between man and nature. This ecological understanding is similar to that of other ethnic groups in Yunnan, such as the Bai, Dai, Wa, Yao, Naxi, Jingpo, Bulang, and other ethnic groups, which shows that this ecological under-standing is common across the Chinese nation. Meanwhile, this ecological understanding has an enlightening role for human beings to keep the eco-logical balance in the present day. This article tries to investigate the deep connection between the Hani’s folk literature and the natural ecology, and reveals the Hani’s traditional ecological under-standing. 1 . The Hani’s traditional ecological under-standing is revealed in their folk literature The Hani have no fairy tales in the strict sense, their literature is a kind of“universal litera-ture” enjoyed by both adults and children. Howev-er, the Hani’s folk literature also created a roman-tic world similar to that of fairy tales. This “fairy tale world” is just the world of nature reflected in the Hani’s literature. The typical characteristics of this world are harmony and happiness. In this har-monious and happy world, mountains are a para-dise for man and all other things on earth. In this paradise, man is only a part of nature, they are not the spirit or the core of the world. Man, animals and plants have their own places, and their own happiness. Meanwhile, they support each other, and have a common development. In a word, man and nature have a highly harmonious relationship. When environmental protection and ecological bal-ance become a common topic in today’s discourse, one can gain some insight by reading Hani fairy tales and legends. Therefore, digging out the eco-logical beauty from Hani folk literature still has a practical purpose. How then does Hani folk literature describe the relationship between man and nature? We find that the Hani folk literature is full of stories con-cerning how the animals and plants save mankind. Many works reflect this idea: if mankind had not been assisted by the animals and plants, it must have died out long ago, therefore, man should show his thanks to the animals by protecting them. Be-cause the animals and plants saved man’s life, and man knew to show his gratitude to them, the rela-tionship between man and nature is always good in the fairy tales, although they live in their own ways, they never disturb each other — they have a totally harmonious relationship. Moreover, man can even marry animals and have descendants with them. The harmonious relationship between man, animals and plants is a basic theme of the Hani folk literature, as well as a basic part of the Hani eco-logical understanding. The relationship between man, animals and plants reflects not only a friend-
ship, but a kind of family relation, because they can even become couples, although the couples can sometimes suddenly turn hostile — they may have disagreements or even come to blows. When this happens, the deities could help to solve the problem— this is another aspect which reflects a harmoni-ous relationship between man, animals and plants. In the Hani folk literature, the harmony be-tween man and nature is also reflected in the mutu-al assistance between man, animals and plants. In this kind of literature, man, animals and plants are always equal; they not only have a common goal and the same standards for good and evil, but also have a common language, with which man, animals and plants are able to negotiate with each other, help each other and reap their own rewards. 2 . The cultural sources of the Hani’s tradition-al ecological understanding Although literature is a creation of the writer, it reflects social life. The writers’ imaginings can-not be separated from the practicalities of place, and folk literature has its own particularity. Folk literature is created by several folk artists from gen-eration to generation. It might be a result from sev-eral people’s discussions during the creative process or when the work is passed down, hence, it is typically collective work and has typically mass characteristics. Although the individual plays a significant role in the creation of a work, the content of folk literature does not always reflect a single artist’s idea, but the idea of a group. There-fore, we say that the harmonious ecological under-standing reflected in the Hani literature actually re-flects an overall awareness of the Hani people. Why did the Hani form this kind of common awareness, then? We believe that it is decided by the Hani’s living environment and common cultural resources. Most Hani people live in the mountain-ous or semi-mountainous areas between Mt. Ailao and Mt. Mengle. The living environment partly in-fluences ideology. Because of the level of inacces-sability, and self -sufficient life style, communi-cation among the different Hani villages is rare,
however, what they see every day in their living ar-eas are mountains; therefore, their similar living environment leads them to have a similar under-standing of the mountains. The Hani are a “migrated ethnic group”. Their ancestors originally lived in the remote north. Due to natural and social causes, they moved south. Following the cultural development and improvement of natural conditions, their popu-lation gradually increased. After they stepped into the mountainous areas of Mt. Ailao, they had im-proved material conditions and peaceful life, and the population dramatically increased. Later, they settled down in the broad area of the Honghe and Lishejiang drainage basins. The Hani’s history of migration and development indicates that no matter how large a population they have, and how they are scattered, their culture has the same origin. Therefore, tracing the origin of the Hani culture is very important to understand why the Hani share a common awareness of the harmonious relationship between man and nature. Another point worth noting is that the Hani are called as an “Ethnic Group of Stories”. The Hani like telling stories, and making up stories, therefore, there are many popular stories among the Hani. This is because Hani have no writing, which makes the essence of the Hani culture lie in their oral stories. The ancestors’ stories, and their wisdom are all spread and handed down through these stories. The Hani stories actually play act as cultural carriers, burdened with the task of preser-ving culture, and playing an educational role. It is due to the influence of the ancestors’ traditional culture that the Hani have kept an awareness of maintaining a harmonious relationship between man, animals and plants. Then, which factors in the Hani’s cultural origin have promoted this awareness and made it exist for a long time? This article separately discusses the impact of the origin of the heavens, earth, man, animals, and plants, as well as the understanding of animism to this awareness.
In the Hani’s traditional religion, animism is a basic tenet. The Hani believe that the universe is created by the gods, and all things on earth are brought about by the gods. These deities infuse the things in the universe with a spirit; man cannot hurt other things, including those things without life;and the proper relationship between man and nature is harmony. A harmonious relationship means to obey the deities’ will, and is a special representation of their worship. Some people be-lieve that the formation of this kind of understand-ing is directly related to the ecological environment in which the Hani live. They live in the mountain-ous areas and conduct farming work from genera-tion to generation. The forest and water sources are their basic production materials. While using and transforming nature, they must protect and respect nature. Only in this way can an ethnic group un-dergo constant development in a difficult environ-ment—this already has become common knowledge during the process of inheriting the Chinese culture in the past thousand years. And to the Hani peo-ple, this is their principle, as well as their life philosophy. The Hani’s understanding of animism is a kind of pantheistic ideology, which belongs to religious aspect and does not fit with materialism. However the understanding of animism plays a very big role in the Hani’s formation of a self-consciousness in protecting the animals and plants, and keeping the ecological balance. Its role is not limited to an in-dividual or a local area, instead, its meaning to the whole Hani area cannot be underestimated. Hence, we take it as one of the sources for the for-mation of the harmonious natural understanding of all Hani people.     

唐朝时期党项族的迁徙与社会文化变迁

唐朝时期党项族在吐蕃的进攻下不断向内地迁徙。由于居住地或游牧地自然和社会环境的变迁,加速了党项族部落制的解体,促进了民族的整合和党项族社会文化的变迁。     

论当代生态科学理论视野中的藏族传统游牧文化

从物质层面看,在当代生态科学的理论视野中,藏族传统游牧文化成功地解决了草畜平衡、草场保护、草原生态系统内的能量节约与持续循环等重大问题;从精神层面看,在当代生态科学的理论视野中,藏族传统游牧文化成功地实现了生态化的生命观、自然观及与自然相处的和谐观;从制度层面看,在当代生态科学系统性、整体性及相互依赖性这一总的精神与原则的理论视野中,藏族传统游牧文化成功地完成了社会的秩序化与整合过程.     

四川民族地区旅游资源开发与生态安全保障机制研究

旅游资源开发一直被认为是促进四川、云南、贵州等西部民族地区地方脱贫致富的重要路径,然而过度的资源开发必将直接危及当地生态安全。四川地处长江上游,其民族地区的生态安全状况关系着长江流域以及整个国家的安全。本文从人与自然、人与社会关系的视角,探寻四川民族地区旅游资源开发过程中自然生态环境、民族文化生态环境的生态安全保障机制,以期切实有效地维护社会和谐稳定发展。     

试论维吾尔族丧葬习俗中的生态伦理思想

维吾尔族丧葬习俗是维吾尔族人生礼仪习俗的重要组成部分。在维吾尔族丧葬习俗中蕴涵着丰富的生态伦理思想:爱惜自然、约束和节制一切破坏自然环境的行为、促使人与自然共生共荣、和谐共处等。维吾尔族丧葬习俗中蕴涵的生态伦理思想,不仅对保护所在地区生态环境、节约资源、保护耕地、保护生存者的空间具有积极的社会意义和现实意义,而且对我国当前进行的殡葬改革具有一定的借鉴作用。     

民族地区生态环境建设在全面建设小康社会中的意义和对策

全面建设小康社会是政治、经济、文化、环境等各项事业的协同发展。人、自然、社会,无论哪一个方面出现了不和谐的音符,如较低的人口素质,或动荡的社会环境,抑或是恶劣的自然环境,都会影响到全面建设小康社会的进程。民族地区的生态环境建设在民族地区全面建设小康社会中具有极其重大的意义。本文为之提出了几点对策性建议。