Toward a conceptual framework of international joint venture negotiations

Knowledge about determinants, processes, and outcomes of negotiation can help international business managers employ appropriate collaborative strategies that will result in maximum benefits. This article tackles a prominent issue in the dynamic, evolutionary process of international joint venture (IJV) development: contract negotiations during IJV formation. Building on a sociopsychological perspective together with transaction cost theory, this article presents an integrated conceptual framework on IJV negotiations in a general context where relevant antecedent, concurrent, and consequent factors are interlocked and mutually influential in sequence. It articulates three levels of antecedents of IJV negotiations (environmental, organizational, and individual), three core concurrent factors (term specificity, issue diversity, and contractual obligability, and three sequential consequences including the immediate outcome (IJV formation satisfaction), intermediate effect (IJV process performance), and ultimate effect (IJV overall performance). The interrelationships among them are proposed.     

Internationaler Joint Venture Erfolg: Eine Meta-Analyse

To analyze the success factors of international joint ventures (IJVs), this study meta-analytically integrates 106 studies of 32.318 firms. The results show that the success factors from the partner level (e.g., operational and strategic fit, partner experience) and IJV level (e.g., commitment, trust, control, interdependence, conflicts, conflict management, and organizational learning) determine IJV performance. Further, results reveal that IJV type, industry, and geographical distance moderate the relationships between success factors and IJV performance. Thus, this study contributes to extant knowledge by synthesizing and contextualizing quantitative empirical IJV research.     

营销渠道中的合同治理、公平与角色外利他行为

本文以交易成本理论等为理论基础，应用AMOS 24.0软件对660份问卷数据进行结构方程建模分析，探讨了营销渠道中的合同治理（合同详尽性、合同监督）、渠道公平（分配公平、程序公平）与依赖对经销商角色外利他行为的影响。研究表明：第一，合同的详尽性、经销商的合同监督对其感知的分配公平、程序公平均有显著的正向影响；第二，经销商感知的分配公平、程序公平对其角色外利他行为均有显著的正向影响；第三，经销商依赖会增强分配公平对角色外利他行为的正向影响，减弱程序公平对角色外利他行为的正向影响。第四，合同详尽性和合同监督通过分配公平、程序公平促进经销商的角色外利他行为。     

Gender and Employee Attitudes: The Role of Organizational Justice Perceptions

In this study, using path analysis, we tested whether procedural justice perceptions mediated the relationship between gender and distributive justice perceptions. Furthermore, we also tested whether the two forms of commitment (affective and normative) mediated the relationships between justice perceptions (distributive and procedural) and tenure intent. One hundred and eighty-three employees from Irish manufacturing organizations participated in the study. As hypothesized, we found support for the mediating role of procedural justice perception on the relationship between gender and distributive justice perception. Results also indicated that affective commitment mediated the relationships between justice perceptions and tenure intent and affective commitment. Finally, normative commitment did not mediate the relationships between justice perceptions and tenure intent. Further analysis using moderated regression analysis showed that gender moderated the relationships between distributive justice perceptions and affective commitment only. Gender did not have any moderating effect on normative commitment or tenure intent. Implications for research and practice are discussed.     

组织公正和心理契约违背对管理者行为的影响

整合了心理契约和组织公正领域的多元变量,对512位组织管理者进行问卷调查,检验了管理者对组织公正性的不同感受对组织心理契约违背与管理者EVNL行为关系的影响.发现,组织心理契约违背与组织程序公正、人际公正对管理者呼吁行为存在交互作用,组织心理契约违背与组织人际公正对管理者组织忠诚存在交互作用,而组织公正对组织心理契约违背与管理者消极行为(退出行为和忽略行为)没有关系.     

Offshoring and Cross‐Border Interorganizational Relationships: A Justice Model*

In this article, we develop an interorganizational justice model to explain cross‐border interorganizational relationships. The model contends that cultural distance (construed as the cultural differences between offshoring partners) would influence behavioral uncertainty and the boundary spanners' perceptions of justice. Specifically, the model predicts that high levels of behavioral uncertainty are likely to reduce relational commitment, whereas low levels of behavioral uncertainty are likely to enhance relational commitment. However, boundary spanners' perceptions of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice would mitigate the negative impact of behavioral uncertainty on relational commitment. The model also predicts that culturally similar boundary spanners would be more likely to share similar perceptions of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice than culturally dissimilar boundary spanners. This model has implications for further theoretical discussion and empirical research as well as management practice. Managers could use the interorganizational justice model to assess shared perceptions of justice among boundary spanners and develop transcultural justice competencies.     

创业团队关系治理对提升决策承诺的影响研究

从创业者人力资本激励和组织公平理论视角,基于313个创业团队问卷调研的数据,探讨创业团队关系治理对决策承诺的影响,以及分配公平感和程序公平感在二者间的中介效应。研究显示:创业团队关系治理对团队决策承诺有显著的正向作用,分配公平感和程序公平感分别部分中介了创业团队关系治理与决策承诺间的关系;而在同时考虑分配公平感和程序公平感的双中介模型中,分配公平感的中介效应不再显著。     

HR systems and leadership attachment affecting idea generation and implementation: An experiment and two-source multi-level study

This paper focuses on the direct and interactive influence of leadership attachment styles (secure, anxious, and avoidant) and commitment HR system on two distinct stages of the individual innovation process—idea generation and implementation. We test our hypotheses in two studies. An experimental study of undergraduate students establishes a positive effect of secure attachment on idea implementation. The interplay between commitment HR system and avoidant attachment marginally predict idea generation; commitment HR system and neither secure nor anxious attachment predict implementation. A multisource multi-level field study in three EU-based private firms replicates the direct role of commitment HR system in stimulating idea implementation (but not generation) and suggests that secure attachment fosters both generation and implementation, whereas anxious attachment hinders both. Moderation analyses support only a marginal interaction between commitment HR system and secure attachment in fostering idea generation. We discuss theoretical, practical, and future research implications.     

员工个人特性对组织承诺与离职意愿的影响研究

本论文运用组织行为学的理论,在大量的问卷调查基础上,通过对我国员工的组织承诺和离职意愿的实证分析,揭示了员工的性别、年龄、学历、婚姻状况、户口等人口学特征变量和职位、连续工龄、离职次数、晋升概率、晋升次数等职务相关变量对员工的组织承诺有显著影响。同时,指出员工的组织承诺对离职意愿有显著影响。研究结果对提高员工的组织承诺以及预防员工离职具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Perception of and reactions to job insecurity: The buffering effect of secure attachment

By bridging attachment theory and cognitive appraisal theory, this study explored the moderating role of secure attachment in one’s perception of (i.e. primary appraisal) and reactions to (i.e. secondary appraisal) job insecurity. Study 1 used individual-level data collected from employees nested in 42 states in the US and state-level unemployment rate derived from U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. I found that secure attachment attenuated the negative impact of state-level unemployment rate on individual job insecurity. In Study 2 with data collected at two time points, I found that secure attachment mitigated the negative, lagged outcome of job insecurity on job satisfaction (but not affective commitment). Taken together, I found that secure attachment enabled individuals to positively appraise state-level unemployment rate and constructively cope with job insecurity. Results of both studies converge to support the proposed buffering role of secure attachment in one’s perception of and reactions to job insecurity.     

Birds of a feather: Leader-member demographic similarity and organizational attachment in Mexico

Although a number of studies have investigated the consequences of leader-member similarity in the United States, there has been a dearth of research on its effects in other countries. Using a sample of 135 Mexican workers and their managers, this study assessed the effects of leader-member demographic similarity on members' organizational attachment (absence and organizational commitment) in a North Mexican manufacturing facility. Results showed that leader-member gender similarity was negatively associated with absence, and this effect was stronger for dyads with female leaders than for dyads with male leaders. Age similarity had mixed effects on attachment. While it had a negative association with absence (an indicator of lack of attachment), it also had a negative association with organizational commitment (an indicator of attachment). These findings are interpreted in the context of social psychological phenomena and elements of Mexican culture.     

Enhancing corporate social responsibility: Contract design under information asymmetry

We consider a two-stage supply chain in which a contract manufacturer (CM) sells products through a brand name retailer. The contract manufacturer can invest in corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities to improve customer perception about the firm and increase demand, while the retailer can influence the demand by exerting marketing efforts. We design optimal contracts for such a supply chain, which faces information asymmetry. The wholesale price contract was developed as the base model to derive insight into the value of information sharing. We examine the impact of CSR cost on CSR commitment and profits. We find that CM׳s CSR cost impacts the CM׳s and the retailer׳s profits differently. Under certain conditions, the CM׳s profit will increase with cost, while that of the retailer is uncertain. We also propose two-part tariff contracts for both the symmetric and asymmetric cases with the aim of maximizing the retailer׳s profit and improving CM׳s commitment to CSR. Finally, numerical experiments are conducted to illustrate and validate the proposed models and provide managerial insights.     

Survivors and Victims,a Meta‐analytical Review of Fairness and Organizational Commitment after Downsizing

There is a lack of consistent evidence that downsizing leads to improved financial performance. Lowered commitment after painful downsizing periods is identified as an important reason why downsizing does not show the intended long‐term effects. This paper provides a meta‐analytical overview of the impact of fairness on organizational commitment for survivors and victims after a downsizing operation. Among 37 samples (11,256 persons), a positive relationship was found between fairness and affective organizational commitment (ρ=0.40) for both survivors and victims. Three moderators of the fairness–commitment relationship were identified: (1) for survivors, procedural justice matters more than distributive justice; (2) the impact of fairness is stronger in countries with an individualistic (versus collectivistic) culture; (3) fairness matters more when mass layoff is initiated for profit maximization (versus economic necessity).     

Innere Kündigung als Thema in der Organisationsentwicklung

According to the theory of psychological contract employees are redressing the balance in the employment relationship when they perceive their employer has not fulfilled its obligations to the extent that it could. The psychological contract breach leads to reduction of commitment and willingness to engage in organizational citizenship behaviour. Factors which can lead to a psychological contract breach are leadership behaviour, career options, meaningfulness of work, participation and communication. Organizational development should focus on prevention of psychological contract breach—especially by specific leadership development programs.     

Decision-making Autonomy in UK International Equity Joint Ventures

This paper investigates approaches to decision making in international joint ventures (IJVs) from the perspectives of the transactions cost and resource‐based theories of the firm. In particular, the concept of autonomy in decision‐making in a sample of UK‐European equity joint ventures is examined. The study adopts a multi‐method personal interview and self‐administered questionnaire approach to examine managerial perceptions of decision‐making and autonomy in the parent firms and the joint venture. The findings show that there are differences in the perception of autonomy between each of the parent firms, and between the parent firms and the IJV management. When we unpack the nature of autonomy in detail, it is found that IJV managers have greater degrees of operational autonomy than strategic autonomy and that decision making by IJV managers takes place within the context of constraints set within the IJV's business plan. This confirms the transaction cost theory which posits that key internal markets (for management, technology and capital) will be under parent control and also supports the resource based view that key capabilities are protected under the business plan established by the parent firms. The influence on IJV autonomy of the moderating variables IJV performance and IJV duration are also examined.     

企业薪酬管理公平性对员工工作态度和行为的影响

作者对广东省七家饭店的员工及他们的主管进行了前后两次问卷调查,通过纵断数据分析,探讨员工的薪酬公平感和满意感与他们的情感性归属感、工作积极性和工作绩效之间的因果关系。数据分析结果表明,企业薪酬管理公平性是影响员工薪酬满意感的重要因素,员工的薪酬公平感和满意感会影响他们的情感性归属感,薪酬管理信息公平性会影响员工的工作积极性和工作绩效,员工的薪酬满意感与他们的工作积极性和工作绩效存在双向因果关系。     

Expatriate Managers,Product Relatedness,and IJV Performance: A Resource and Knowledge-based Perspective

Drawing from the resource and knowledge-based perspectives, we examine the role expatriates play as a critical managerial resource within the multinational's international joint-venture (IJV). By using a large sample (3772 IJV annual performance years) of Japanese IJVs in the USA from 1991 to 2001, we find that expatriate deployment shows a curvilinear (inverted-U) relationship with IJV performance. Further, this relationship is positively moderated by product relatedness between the parent and the IJV.     

Unsold Versus Unbought Commitment: Minimum Total Commitment Contracts with Nonzero Setup Costs

We study a minimum total commitment (MTC) contract embedded in a finite‐horizon periodic‐review inventory system. Under this contract, the buyer commits to purchase a minimum quantity of a single product from the supplier over the entire planning horizon. We consider nonstationary demand and per‐unit cost, discount factor, and nonzero setup cost. Because the formulations used in existing literature are unable to handle our setting, we develop a new formulation based on a state transformation technique using unsold commitment instead of unbought commitment as state variable. We first revisit the zero setup cost case and show that the optimal ordering policy is an unsold‐commitment‐dependent base‐stock policy. We also provide a simpler proof of the optimality of the dual base‐stock policy. We then study the nonzero setup cost case and prove a new result, that the optimal solution is an unsold‐commitment‐dependent (s, S) policy. We further propose two heuristic policies, which numerical tests show to perform very well. We also discuss two extensions to show the generality of our method's effectiveness. Finally, we use our results to examine the effect of different contract terms such as duration, lead time, and commitment on buyer's cost. We also compare total supply chain profits under periodic commitment, MTC, and no commitment.     

组织行为对管理者感知心理契约违背的影响

本研究运用512个中国管理者样本检验了组织沟通、组织公正和人力资源管理行为对管理者感知心理契约违背的影响。研究发现组织沟通对管理者感知心理契约违背不存在显著影响；直接上司沟通对管理者感知管理型心理契约违背存在负向影响。对关系型心理契约违背存在正向影响；程序公正对管理者感知管理型心理契约违背有负向影响,对管理型和交易型心理契约违背有正向影响；人际公正对管理者感知管理型和关系型心理契约违背有负向影响；人力资源管理实践对管理者感知心理契约违背有负向影响。     

Causal attribution for peer performance and international joint venture divestment

We theorize that compared to peers' consistent subsidiary performance (i.e., negative subsidiary performance of unsuccessful peers and positive subsidiary performance of successful peers), firms are more likely to attribute peers' inconsistent subsidiary performance (i.e., negative subsidiary performance of successful peers and positive subsidiary performance of unsuccessful peers) to external factors that would also influence their own international joint venture (IJV) in the same market. As a result, peers' inconsistent subsidiary performance is more likely to make the observing firms adjust the expected prospects of their own IJV, thereby changing the likelihood of divestment. We also examine the boundary conditions for the effects of peers' inconsistent subsidiary performance, namely the stability of the external environment and the presence of local partner(s) in the focal IJV. Analysis of 460 Japanese IJVs established from 1996 to 2015 provides support for the importance of causal attribution in learning from peer performance.