结构调整、政府规模对“科技进步与经济增长”关系的影响——基于中介效应和调节效应的分析

基于中国1990—2011年相关数据,在验证科技进步对经济增长促进作用的基础上,引入结构调整中介变量和政府规模调节变量,深入剖析结构调整、政府规模与科技进步、经济增长的内在关系,研究表明:结构调整在"科技进步与经济增长"关系中中介效应显著,科技进步可以促进结构优化,加速经济调整和发展;政府规模在"科技进步与经济增长"的关系中调节效应显著,政府规模可以调节"科技进步与经济增长"的关系。     

融资约束、土地财政与地方政府投资行为

本文立足于中国特定的制度环境,从融资约束的角度建立了一个地方政府投资和土地财政关系的分析框架,采用地方政府2002-2010年间的面板数据,检验融资约束对地方政府投资的影响,从而为进一步的财政改革提供微观证据。本文的研究结果表明：（1）地方政府投资和土地出让收入呈显著正相关关系,这说明地方政府投资受到了融资约束,过度依赖于土地出让收入。（2）“事权”和“财权”不匹配所导致的财政缺口加大了地方政府融资约束,而金融发展则缓解了融资约束现象,财政缺口较小、金融发展水平较高的地区,政府投资与土地出让收入之间的相关性较小。最后,本文认为进一步的财税体制改革和金融市场发展可以改善地方政府的融资条件,促进地方政府更有效率地进行投资。     

基于小波多分辨分析的协整建模理论与方法的扩展;

为讨论经济及金融变量的多尺度行为,描述变量之间在不同时间尺度上的长期均衡关系,将小波多分辨分析引入协整建模理论,提出多分辨协整和多分辨误差校正模型两个概念,给出相应建模方法,克服了传统的协整建模理论无法揭示蕴含在变量内部的多时间尺度信息的缺陷。多分辨协整建模能够更加细致地捕获经济或金融变量在不同时间尺度上的关系,对两大股指的实证研究也支持了这一点。     

收入增长、分配公平与贫困减少

 利用CHNS调查数据,分两个阶段：1990-1999、1999-2005,依据收入分布函数定量讨论了收入增长、分配公平与贫困减少三者之间的关系。均值回归与O-B分解结果显示：收入决定机制是影响人均收入增长的主导因素,然而需要关注在1999-2005年间教育的系数效应为负。分位数回归与M-M分解显示：两个阶段,收入决定机制是导致居民收入分布向右偏移的主要原因;第一阶段的居民收入差距扩大主要源于劳动力特征的变化,第二阶段的居民收入差距扩大难以解释。Shapley分解结果显示：收入增长能显著减少贫困,而收入差距扩大会累及减贫效果;在两个不同阶段,贫困减少的增长效应贡献始终最大,而分配效应与贫困线变动效应贡献顺序发生了交替变化。     

财政支农、农村居民消费与农民增收的动态分析——以辽宁省为例

政府财政支出和居民消费的关系一直是经济界争论的焦点,文章基于1980-2007年辽宁省的时间序列数据,从宏观和动态的角度,运用单位根检验,Granger因果检验和向量自回归模型考察辽宁省财政支农,农村居民消费以及收入之间的关系,向量自回归模型的动态分析表明：农村居民收入和消费之间具有相互促进的正向联系,而财政支出的各方面对居民收入和消费的影响不尽相同,其中,基本建设支出对居民消费和收入都有负影响．即产生“挤出效应”,而生产性支出对居民收入产生正影响,而对居民消费却产生“挤出效应”,科技项目支出对居民收入和消费,先产生负影响,随着时间的推移,影响变为正;其他财政支出对居民收入产生正的影响,而对居民消费先产生“挤出效应”,随后又促进居民消费。     

Lassoing the Determinants of Retirement

This article uses Danish register data to explain the retirement decision of workers in 1990 and 1998. Many variables might be conjectured to influence this decision such as demographic, socioeconomic, financial, and health related variables as well as all the same factors for the spouse in case the individual is married. In total, we have access to 399 individual specific variables that all could potentially impact the retirement decision. We use variants of the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) and the adaptive Lasso applied to logistic regression in order to uncover determinants of the retirement decision. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first application of these estimators in microeconometrics to a problem of this type and scale. Furthermore, we investigate whether the factors influencing the retirement decision are stable over time, gender, and marital status. It is found that this is the case for core variables such as age, income, wealth, and general health. We also point out the most important differences between these groups and explain why these might be present.     

人情支出与城镇居民家庭消费——基于地位寻求的实证分析

本文首次基于地位寻求理论和中国实际,在跨期效用最大化假设下导出了人情支出模型,并利用微观数据对中国城镇家庭的人情支出行为以及人情支出与消费的关系进行了实证分析。结果表明：(1)中国城镇家庭在人情支出上存在显著的地位寻求特征。（2）人情支出对消费既有促进效应又有挤出效应,且后者明显大于前者。     

Bayesian modelling of effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on child cognition based on data from multiple cohorts

High levels of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) result in significant cognitive deficits in children, but the exact nature of the dose-response relationship is less well understood. To investigate this relationship, data were assembled from six longitudinal birth cohort studies examining the effects of PAE on cognitive outcomes from early school age through adolescence. Structural equation models (SEMs) are a natural approach to consider, because of the way they conceptualise multiple observed outcomes as relating to an underlying latent variable of interest, which can then be modelled as a function of exposure and other predictors of interest. However, conventional SEMs could not be fitted in this context because slightly different outcome measures were used in the six studies. In this paper we propose a multi-group Bayesian SEM that maps the unobserved cognition variable to a broad range of observed outcomes. The relation between these variables and PAE is then examined while controlling for potential confounders via propensity score adjustment. By examining different possible dose-response functions, the proposed framework is used to investigate whether there is a threshold PAE level that results in minimal cognitive deficit.     

中国的通货膨胀及其不确定性

采用1990年1月以来居民消费价格指数(CPI)的月度数据,运用随机域回归模型、系列随机域的非线性检验方法和贝叶斯估计方法,对中国通货膨胀率与通货膨胀不确定性的关系进行了实证分析。研究发现:通货膨胀率与通货膨胀之间具有双向关系。通货膨胀率引起了通货膨胀不确定性,两者呈现U型关系;较高的通货膨胀不确定性引起通货膨胀率先升后降,呈现倒U曲线关系。     

政府公共支出对居民消费需求影响的动态演化

 内容提要:本文从我国居民的消费特征出发,在诠释政府公共支出对居民消费影响的机理以及模型建立的理论基础上,利用时变参数模型来探寻二者之间关系的动态演化。研究表明：从总量上看,政府公共支出对全国、城镇和农村居民的消费都具有挤入效应,但是这一挤入效应呈现先上升后下降的“倒U字型”趋势。从结构上来看,投资性支出和民生性支出对全国居民消费产生了挤入效应,而消费性支出产生了挤出效应。具体到城乡之间,投资性支出对城镇居民消费产生挤入效应,而对农村居民消费经历了一个先挤入再挤出的过程;消费性支出对城镇居民消费产生挤出效应,对农村居民消费则经历了一个先挤出再挤入的过程;民生性支出对城乡居民的消费均始终具有挤入效应。     

Age–period–cohort decompositions using principal components and partial least squares

Age–period–cohort decomposition requires an identification assumption because there is a linear relationship between age, survey period, and birth cohort (age+cohort=period). This paper proposes new decomposition methods based on factor models such as principal components model and partial least squares model. Although factor models have been applied to overcome the problem of many observed variables with possible co-linearity, they are applied to overcome the perfect co-linearity among age, period, and cohort dummy variables. Since any unobserved factor in the factor model is represented as a linear combination of the observed variables, the parameter estimates for age, period, and cohort effects are automatically obtained after the application of these factor models. Simulation results suggest that in almost all cases, the performance of the proposed method is better than that of a conventional econometric method. Empirical examples are also provided.     

The relation between unemployment and interest rate:

In bierens (1987) a granger casual relation was found between unemployment and the interest rate for the netherlands. In the present paper we will investigate whether there exists a similar granger casual relation between unemployment and interest rate for a number of other countries. It appears that, with our ARMAX modeling approach, this relationship is not confined to the netherlands, but also holds for the USA, Canada, Japan, Germany, the UK and France. For these countries the interest rate is the main explanatory variable, together with industrial production (the latter with one exception), whereas for most countries the wage rate is of minor or no importance as a determinant of unemployment. A number of economic theories can explain these phenomena of which the revenue maximization theory of baumol (1959) augmented with a flexible labor effort rate seems quite realistic     

陕西省税收与经济增长关系的协整分析

基于税收与经济增长的相关理论和陕西省1994—2007年税收与GDP的相关数据,对税收收入与GDP历史数据进行平稳性检验、格兰杰检验和协整检验,建立陕西省税收与GDP的误差修正模型。研究结果表明：陕西省的税收与GDP存在长期的协整关系,并且从模型可知,当GDP增长1%时,陕西省税收增长1.286 823%;经济增长是税收增长的格兰杰原因,但是税收不是GDP的格兰杰原因。     

基于季报数据的收入公告后漂移现象研究

利用收入指标对股票超额收益率进行解释构成了理解"定价异常"的重要方面。为此,基于盈余公告后漂移的理论分析框架,以上证A股2008年1季度至2011年4季度的相关数据为基础,利用标准化预期外收入估计量(SURE)和分类检验模型方法对中国股票市场公告期内股票价格的收入公告后漂移现象进行实证检验,研究发现:在盈余公告期内,预期外收入与股票超额收益率呈现出负相关或是不显著的关系,即中国股票市场的收入公告后漂移效应不显著。之后的稳健性分析也同样证实了负相关或是不显著关系的存在,而这种异常可能与中国股市的弱有效率相关。     

基于多元经验模式分解的股票收益与宏观经济关系分析

提出一种基于多元经验模式分解的股票市场收益与宏观经济活动关系的分析方法。通过月度道琼斯指数和美国工业生产指数的联合多元经验模式分解,得到多元金融时间序列的多尺度分量。采用希尔伯特—黄变换和边际谱确定每个尺度的主周期,进而在不同尺度下对多元时间序列进行相关性分析及Granger因果检验。结果表明:股票指数在中、长周期的某些尺度上是工业生产指数的Granger原因,序列之间具有明显的相关性,股票指数领先工业生产指数16个月到32个月不等。     

New Zealand Consumption Equivalence Scales From Quasi-unit Record Data

This paper uses quasi-unit record data on expenditures and incomes of New Zealand households of different demographic profiles to estimate consumption equivalence scales which measure the relative levels of spending required by households of different composition to attain given levels of utility. The equivalence scales with respect to specific items of consumption, as well as total consumption, have been obtained from the parameters of the preference-consistent Extended Linear Expenditure System and a few alternative versions of a rank 3 complete demand system with demand shifters. Among the demographic variables included in the models, the type of housing tenure and the actual age of children have special relevance. For the sake of comparison, a few heuristic scales are also computed. The results are largely in line with those found in similar studies of Australia and New Zealand. The analysis is developed within the framework of hypothesized utility-maximizing behaviour of households.     

支出结构偏向对城市生产率的影响及其作用机制——基于2003—2013年中国城市的面板数据

中国正处于快速城市化的进程中,地方财政支出对推动城市化发展具有十分重要的作用。运用2003—2013地级及以上城市的数据,通过面板模型考察地方政府财政支出偏向对城市规模与城市劳动生产率二者关系的影响,及地方财政支出结构偏向对城市劳动生产率影响的作用机制。理论与实证研究发现,地方财政支出行为对城市规模及城市劳动生产率具有重要影响,城市地方政府支出结构偏向使得城市过度集聚,短期内促进了城市经济增长,长期来看却不利于城市劳动生产率的提高。     

How much reliable are the integrated ‘live’ data? A validation strategy proposal for the non-parametric micro statistical matching

The integration of different data sources is a widely discussed topic among both the researchers and the Official Statistics. Integrating data helps to contain costs and time required by new data collections. The non-parametric micro Statistical Matching (SM) allows to integrate ‘live’ data resorting only to the observed information, potentially avoiding the misspecification bias and speeding the computational effort. Despite these pros, the assessment of the integration goodness when we use this method is not robust. Moreover, several applications comply with some commonly accepted practices which recommend e.g. to use the biggest data set as donor. We propose a validation strategy to assess the integration goodness. We apply it to investigate these practices and to explore how different combinations of the SM techniques and distance functions perform in terms of the reliability of the synthetic (complete) data set generated. The validation strategy takes advantage of the relation existing among the variables pre-and-post the integration. The results show that ‘the biggest, the best’ rule must not be considered mandatory anymore. Indeed, the integration goodness increases in relation to the variability of the matching variables rather than with respect to the dimensionality ratio between the recipient and the donor data set.     

政府规模与公共服务支出:来自中国省级水平的经验证据

本文使用我国2000—2006年省级水平的面板数据,应用动态面板数据模型方法对我国政府规模与公共服务支出的关系进行了研究,并用政府消费支出比重和行政人员比重分别衡量政府规模,结果均表明,政府规模对公共服务支出存在显著的正的影响,从而引发了对现在政府机构改革的思考,并据此结论提出了相应的政策与建议。     

ASSESSING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SYMPTOMS OF ALLERGIC RHINOCONJUNCTIVITIS AND POLLEN COUNTS

The relationship between daily pollen counts during the peak pollen season and hay fever symptoms in known sufferers of pollen allergy was investigated in a Sydney hospital‐based study. This paper develops statistical models for both the short term (day to day) associations and the longer term relationships between these time series. Possible effects of asthma status are investigated. The analyses illustrate how different relationships between time series may be explored in a simple way by working on different time scales with suitably transformed variables.