对使用“托宾Q”的批评

大量公司金融领域的文献使用"托宾Q"(Tobin's Q)来衡量公司价值,本文对这种做法提出批评。本文将以基金首次持股为例,指出"托宾Q"的变动实际上是在捕捉公司股票价格的变动,而股价之所以变动源于投资学原理而非公司治理机制。这意味着,"托宾Q"与公司价值无关。在本文的例子中,基金首次持股前后公司"托宾Q"的提高在统计上显著,如果按照"惯例"那么将得出基金积极参与公司治理的错误结论。因此,公司金融的相关研究在使用"托宾Q"时必须明确说明"托宾Q"的变动是否源于股价变动,否则实证分析是无效的。     

上市公司投资支出与融资约束敏感性研究

从分析融资约束的影响因素入手,运用主成分分析法构建了度量融资约束的指标体系,实证检验融资约束对投资支出的影响程度,在一定程度上避免了单一指标对实证研究造成的偏差,并将融资约束引入投资的多元回归模型,建立投资与融资约束的联系;研究其敏感性,分析在内部现金流量和投资机会有所变化时投资-融资约束敏感性的差异.实证结果表明,融资约束对投资有制约作用,公司受到的融资约束越大,投资支出就会越小;投资机会和内部现金流量对融资约束的制约作用有影响,托宾Q大于1和内部现金流量为负的企业投资-融资约束敏感性更弱.     

股权分置改革对于上市公司现金持有水平的影响

股改后中国上市公司现金持有水平的变化趋势发生了逆转。本文以我国上市公司数据为样本,研究了国有股股东持股量、法人股股东持股量、股权集中度以及公司财务杠杆、托宾Q值、公司规模对于这一变化趋势的解释力。分析结果表明,公司现金持有水平由上升转为下降的原因可部分归因为股改导致的国有股比例下降、股权集中度下降和公司债务比例下降,也有一部分要归因为外部投资机会的增加,即托宾Q值的上升。公司规模的变动并不是影响公司现金持有水平变动的关键因素。     

创业板上市公司投资行为研究

本文采用托宾Q理论观察创业板上市公司的投资行为,发现创业板公司上市前普遍存在过度投资行为,但在上市的当年及以后年度均处于价值最大化的投资状态,即存在上市前托宾Q＜1,上市后托宾Q＞1的现象.从高技术企业发展理论与社会资本角度,对其投资动因进行剖析后,本文认为,扩大经营规模是创业板公司投资的内在动因,创业企业家的社会关系网络是创业公司投资重要的推动因素.     

100家中国500强企业价值观导向实证研究

采用内容分析法对100家中国500强企业的价值观陈述进行了实证分析和评价。通过多维尺度描绘技术,将价值观陈述中的要素分为4个类型:外部激励、外部约束、内部约束和内部激励。根据不同类型价值观要素的特点,采取Q型分层聚类法,将价值观陈述内容划分为7种导向,并结合样本企业在500强排行榜中的地位变化,分析了不同价值观导向企业的竞争力变化。研究表明,导向4的企业保持500强地位比例较高(85%),具有这种价值观导向的企业往往以内部和外部约束型要素为主导价值观,但缺乏外部激励型价值观;导向2的企业保持500强地位比例较低(62%),具有这种价值观导向的企业仅仅以内部约束型要素为主导价值观,但是同时缺乏外部激励型与外部约束型价值观。     

基于东方管理的服务创新与服务利润链实证研究:以通信服务业为例

创新已经成为国内通信服务企业的竞争利器,探讨创新影响企业内部运作、外部顾客满意度和企业绩效的路径和模式.本文以河南省新联通为例,运用调查研究方法和案例研究方法,探讨基于东方管理的服务创新与员工满意、顾客满意和绩效之间的关系.本文得到如下结论:(1)基于东方管理思想的"内部服务创新-员工满意-顾客满意-企业绩效"的服务利润链路径得到验证,但强度较弱,这表明东方管理思想和服务创新理论在国内通信服务企业的应用是有效的,但其作用有待提升;(2)内部和外部服务创新通过直接和间接两条路径影响企业绩效;(3)内部创新影响路径(内部服务创新→员工满意→顾客满意→企业绩效)的强度小于外部创新影响路径(外部服务创新→顾客满意→企业绩效)的强度,表明针对员工的内部服务创新还未成为当前国内通信服务企业创新的重点;(4)除了创新对绩效的间接影响外,内部服务创新和外部服务创新会直接影响企业绩效,这表明国内通信服务企业的创新可能仍倾向于绩效导向,而非顾客导向,即表现出行为短期化.     

A+H双重上市与公司业绩关系的实证分析

从纵向和横向两个维度,用单指标 (ROA 和托宾 Q)和综合指标(采用主成分分析法将 11 个财务指标合成而得)两种比较方法,对 2007 年以前完成A+H双重上市的 45 家非金融类公司在A股市场上市后的业绩变化进行实证研究.单指标和综合指标的纵向比较发现,整体而言,双重上市后公司业绩并未得到提高.为每一家双重上市公司按一定规则选取单纯A股上市公司作为对照样本,继续采取单指标和综合指标进行横向比较.结果表明,双重上市第1年的 ROA 明显低于对照组,双重上市后各年的综合业绩均值也没有表现出显著优势;而从托宾Q值看,双重上市公司明显不如对照组.在中国特殊的制度背景下,双重上市的积极效应难以发挥,导致双重上市难以提高公司业绩.     

股权集中度、企业规模、产权性质与企业市场价值的实证研究——基于投资者视角

笔者以上市公司的股权集中度、企业规模、产权性质等特征作为解释变量,以反映企业相对价值的托宾Q为因变量,研究上市公司的不同特征对企业价值的影响,以期为投资者评价上市公司价值、进行理性投资提供依据。通过对沪深300指数中所包含的275家上市公司2011年样本数据的实证分析发现,企业规模与企业市场价值呈负相关关系;股权集中度与企业市场价值呈负相关关系;国有控股上市公司的市场价值显著小于民营控股的上市公司。     

中小企业股权结构与公司治理绩效研究——基于委托代理理论解释的实证研究

本文以2006年深市中小企业板102家上市公司为样本,对股权结构与公司治理绩效间的关系进行分析.结果显示托宾Q与股权结构没有很明显的相关关系;EPS和托宾Q则与机构投资者持股比例正相关,即提高机构投资者持股比例将有助于公司绩效的提高.同时结合委托代理理论对分析结果进行了评价.     

股权属性、公司治理机制与股票价值--来自中国IPOs市场的经验证据

<正> 本文主要探讨中国上市公司第一大股东的股权属性(国有和非国有)与公司股票价值之间的关系。与以往的分析不同,本文主要是从首次公开发行市场的股票定价过程来分析这个问题,原因在于以往的分析往往以托宾Q来代表公司价值,而本文认为,在中国上市公司部分股权非流通的情况下,以托宾Q代表公司价值会影响结论的可靠性。 (一)研究方法和数据 1.本文研究思路。鉴于在目前我国上市公司部分股份不能流通的情况下,用托宾Q表示公司价值具有内在缺陷,本文将从首次公开发行市场来研究公司股权属性、公司治理机制对公司价值的影响。 在首次公开发行市场中,公司价值的确定包括两个过程,第一个是确定股票的发行价;第二个是公司股票发行后在二级市场上市所形成的价格——首日收盘价。在首次公开发行市场的两个定价过程中,不同的股权属性与公司治理机     

转型经济下中国企业创新选择的实证研究：环境与组织因素

本文研究了中国企业在转型经济时期的创新选择行为,主要分析了环境变化和组织结构特点对企业创新选择行为的直接和间接影响.本文的研究结果表明,快速变化的环境促使企业采用规模小、风险小而见效快的渐进创新,而不太可能采用风险大、投入大的突变创新;正是的、集权型组织结构有利于突变创新的出现,而不利于企业中渐进创新的产生.本文的研究结果还表明,环境和组织结构不但直接影响企业创新选择行为,还通过内部控制机制间接影响了企业的创新选择.     

Innovation communities' contributions throughout firms’ innovation processes: An outdoor sports industry case study

Although it is crucial for firms to select openness patterns and strategies to involve innovation communities more effectively, the literature treats innovation communities as homogeneous. However, organizations may mobilize various innovation communities, including external and/or internal members. Similarly, little is known about how firms may involve those different types of innovation community during the distinct phases of their innovation processes. In this context, our main research questions are: For what contributions do companies solicit innovation communities? Do these contributions vary in content and intensity depending on the community and the phase of the innovation process? We distinguish between three types of innovation community (user, practice, and epistemic) and use a dynamic approach, considering four innovation process phases (opportunity recognition, search for solutions, development, and diffusion). The multicase study design includes three iconic firms from the outdoor sports industry and relies on archival data, observations, and 31 semidirective interviews with members of their innovation teams. Our results first show the important involvement of innovation communities during the innovation process. They also highlight the complementary use of those communities to manage their contributions, alongside their dark sides, better. Finally, we emphasize the crucial contribution of internal communities of practice in the firms’ open innovation strategies.     

Cost‐Reducing Innovation and the Role of Patent Intermediaries in Increasing Market Efficiency

Patent intermediaries have gained importance as non‐practicing entities in the innovation domain, buying innovations from an external provider and then licensing them to practicing firms. In this study, we analyze the competition between two identical incumbent firms and a patent intermediary for the acquisition and licensing of a cost‐reducing innovation developed by an external innovator. We show that the outcome of the IP acquisition and licensing game critically depends on the degree of the cost‐reducing innovation. Patent intermediaries win IP rights in patent markets if the innovation is incremental. They also win the IP rights when the innovation is moderate or radical, providing they have significant efficiency advantages over incumbent firms and the uncertainty about the degree of innovation is low. We also show that patent intermediaries serve to make markets more efficient. When the innovation is incremental or moderate, they help ensure a lower cost of production and a lower price for customers, and when the innovation is radical, they help increase the profits of the incumbent firms.     

基于协同效应的企业内外部RD与创新绩效研究

内部R＆D投资和外部技术并购作为提升创新能力的重要源泉均受到学术界和实务界的关注。从内在机理和外部表现分析内外部R＆D间存在的协同效应,并从正、反两个角度论述关联并购对协同效应的影响。基于医药企业技术含量高、R＆D投入强度大、属于重点推进并购重组行业的特征,以2002年至2010年在沪、深证券交易所上市的A股医药行业公司为研究样本,构建OLS回归模型,通过LR检验进行实证研究。研究结果表明,内外部R＆D的协同效应存在于医药行业企业,能够提升企业绩效,单纯的进行内部R＆D投资或者只进行外部技术并购,都不是提升企业价值的最优技术创新模式;与大型企业和国有企业相比,该协同效应主要存在于小型企业和非国有企业中;不同于已有研究关注的控股股东利益驱动下的关联交易,关联并购作为一种特殊的关联交易,其具有的信息优势有利于企业内外部R＆D协同效应的实现。     

The impact of external,internal, and dual relational embeddedness on the innovation performance of foreign subsidiaries: Evidence from a developing country

As parts of a global network, foreign-owned subsidiaries enjoy privileged access to knowledge sources both internal (within their multinational group) and external (involving other organizations in the host location), and this has proven especially relevant in their assumption of greater creative responsibilities that increase the technological capabilities of their multinational group. This study investigates whether external and internal relational embeddedness are mutually reinforcing (complementary) or whether they act separately in explaining superior innovation performance of foreign-owned subsidiaries in terms of a greater propensity to obtain radical innovations. The empirical analysis uses both direct and indirect tests to evaluate the complementarity, as well as a rich firm-level panel data on foreign subsidiaries, extracted from a census of Colombian manufacturing firms for the period 2008–2014. Our findings reveal that external relational embeddedness in isolation (without internal embeddedness) has a positive impact on performance only in terms of incremental innovation, while internal embeddedness alone (without external embeddedness) has no effect on the innovation performance of subsidiaries. However, we find that a complementary and dynamic relationship exists between external and internal linkages to spur radical innovation outcomes, which in turn are related to the competence-creating roles in foreign subsidiaries as prior literature has shown.     

The Payback of Effective Innovation Programs: Empirical Evidence from Firms that Have Won Innovation Awards

Despite the widely held belief of the importance of innovation, the connection between innovation and firm performance is empirically inconclusive, partially owing to the limitations of existing innovation measures, which tend to ignore the effectiveness of innovation programs. In this study, we use the winning of innovation awards as a proxy for the effective execution of innovation. We conducted event‐study analyses based on data from more than 1000 publicly traded firms that won innovation awards between 1998 and 2003. Our statistical tests provide strong evidence that the performance of award‐winning firms is significantly higher as compared with several sets of control firms. Over an 8‐year period, starting from 4 years before to 3 years after the year of winning the first innovation award, the test sample's mean (median) change in return on assets is nearly 33% (24%) higher than that of a control sample. The evidence also suggests that effective innovation programs can increase firms' revenue, cost efficiency, and market valuation. Over the period, the control‐adjusted mean (median) change in sales, cost per dollar of sales, and Tobin's Q are 39.28% (20.71%), −5.52% (−3.80%), and 23.70% (3.16%), respectively. Panel data regression analysis provides additional insights on the performance impact of effective innovation programs. The results show that award winners are not only financially more successful but also enjoy an indirect benefit through better R&D execution, which increases firm profitability in both the short term and long term.     

网络密度、高管注意力配置与企业绿色创新:制度压力的调节作用

本文整合社会网络理论、注意力基础观和新制度主义理论等,通过对282家制造企业的问卷调查,采用多元回归分析方法,探讨了网络密度和高管注意力配置的交互匹配对企业绿色创新的影响机制,以及制度压力在其中的调节作用。研究发现,在高密度网络中,高管采用注意力聚集策略对绿色创新有显著正向影响;而在低密度网络中,高管采用注意力分散策略对绿色创新有显著正向影响。规制压力和模仿压力均正向调节网络密度和高管注意力配置的交互作用对绿色创新的影响,但模仿压力的调节作用更强。通过构建不同制度压力情景下网络密度与高管注意力的交互作用对绿色创新影响的理论框架,本文推动社会网络理论、注意力基础观等成熟的理论成果从一般创新向绿色创新研究领域繁衍,为企业绿色创新加入与主流理论的对话做了努力,为企业在绿色创新过程中根据不同的制度压力,以及所嵌入的组织间网络密度情况,选择合适的注意力配置策略提供理论参考。     

Complements or substitutes? The contingent role of corporate reputation on the interplay between internal R&D and external knowledge sourcing

Existing research does not provide a clear answer to the question of whether internal knowledge development and external knowledge sourcing are complementary or substitutive innovation activities. This paper adopts a contingent approach for addressing this issue by examining whether and how the interactive effect of internal R&D efforts and external knowledge sourcing on product innovation performance may be affected by the firm’s corporate reputation. In doing so, a three-way interaction model is applied to a sample of 251 Spanish high-technology manufacturing firms. Interestingly, initial results support the substitutive argument: the positive effect of internal R&D on product innovation performance diminishes as the exposure to external knowledge increases. However, in well reputed companies, interaction becomes positive, revealing a complementary effect. Thus, the study extends the traditional approach focused on determining whether internal and external knowledge sourcing are complements or substitutes by showing that their interplay depends on other firm-specific characteristics. Moreover, identifying corporate reputation as a source of complementarity between both activities provides an additional explanation of how corporate reputation contributes to a more effective management of knowledge assets.     

Searching for innovation: Product,process, and business model innovations and search behavior in established firms

Prior research indicates that search practices are an important part of the innovation process. But where established firms search for different innovation types is not clear. Drawing on knowledge-based theory of innovation and using state-of-the-art statistical techniques (copula with Bayesian inference), we find that established firms predominantly rely on several external sources (broad external search) when introducing new business models, on internal and external sources with high intensity (deep search) when innovating processes, and on broad and deep external search when innovating products. We explain that broad external search is important for business model innovation (BMI) because increased exploration is needed when introducing new business models that rely on general rather than specialized technical or tacit business knowledge. We contribute to the innovation and business model literatures by nuancing the differences between innovation types (BMI, product, and process innovation) and the associated search behavior. It is important to consider these differences because they give us clues to understand how established firms can explore unfamiliar territories through BMI.     

Development of dual technology roadmap (TRM) for open innovation: Structure and typology

Today, innovation is no longer viewed as taking place within a single firm – but opening up the innovation process is still not a simple task. In open innovation, the mechanisms of incorporating external resources into the development process need to be carefully managed. This paper suggests a dual technology roadmap (TRM) that considers both internal and external firms. First, we introduce the concept of a dual TRM that considers partner resources as well as internal resources. Second, we suggest the structure of a dual TRM that uses dual planning objects. Third, three types of dual TRM are suggested, with three case examples.