基于“不公厌恶”与“风险厌恶”的经理人持股激励契约

传统代理人激励模型建立在参与人自利性假设基础之上,本文引入"不公厌恶"和"风险厌恶"因素,由浅入深地研究激励因素、风险厌恶和不公厌恶三者对经理人最优持股契约的影响。发现经理人的风险厌恶倾向导致其减低持股比例,激励因素倾向于使经理人增加持股比例,而不公厌恶使得经理人持股比例在1/2左右。当经理人努力是不可缔约的且经理人是不公厌恶和风险厌恶时,为激励经理人进行智力投资,必须赋予其一定比例的股权,使委托人与代理人利益趋于一致,以降低由经理人不公厌恶产生的效用损失,进而降低委托代理成本。     

经理人权力、薪酬结构与企业业绩

经理人薪酬合约的安排,既是为了缓解代理问题,其本身也可能受到经理人权力的影响.本文实证检验了经理人权力对薪酬结构的影响,发现经理人权力越大时,越倾向于选择高额的货币化报酬,以替代在职消费.进一步看,本文结合经理人权力这一重要权变变量,探讨不同情况下,经理人薪酬结构安排对企业业绩的影响.结论表明,当经理人权力较大时,在职消费一定程度上能够协调公司的利益和经理人的私人利益相一致,对企业业绩发挥积极作用;但当经理人权力越大、同时货币薪酬对在职消费的替代性越强时,经理人越有可能滥用在职消费,降低企业业绩,导致在职消费激励效率低下的主要原因是其使用用途的不规范.不同于以往研究结论中一概而论地只关注在职消费激励的低效率,本文的研究结论部分支持了经理人权力和薪酬结构的相机治理原则.     

企业所有者与经理人委托代理关系中最优激励报酬机制研究——兼论企业产业类型与业绩报酬的关系

为解决企业委托代理关系中经理人的道德风险和逆向选择问题,企业所有者必须设立一套最优激励报酬机制来激励和约束经理人的行为,使其从自身的利益出发采取对企业最有利的行动。最优激励报酬机制由固定收益、信息租金、风险收益、激励收益和经理人市场价格五部分组成。经理人的业绩激励收益与企业的产业类型相关。     

经理声誉考虑、任务关联性和长期报酬激励的效果研究

为研究如何激励经理努力提高企业未来业绩,假设经理承担着两项任务:声誉激励其提高企业当前业绩,报酬激励其提高未来业绩;在多任务委托代理模型框架下,本文研究了声誉和长期报酬对经理提高未来业绩的激励效果.本文把企业业绩分为当期业绩和长期(即未来)业绩,并假设委托人目标是长期企业业绩最大化,而不是当期业绩最大化.同时本文对经理努力成本函数的假设有重大改进:给出了经理长期和短期努力的具体的成本函数形式,考虑了两种任务即努力间的关联性情况,假设长期努力和当期努力有不同的成本系数.目前相关模型的成本函数最多只能满足以上三个条件中的前两个.因此,运用本文多任务委托代理模型分析得出的结论更明确、直观,并且更符合实际.本文发现,经理不同努力的成本、两项任务之间的关联性对经理的努力行为选择有重要的影响,要激励经理提高企业长期业绩,应该减少经理长期努力的成本或者弱化当期激励.     

基于双重声誉的国企经理长期激励最优组合研究

本文在委托-代理理论框架下,以委托人的目标（企业长期业绩的最大化）为立足点,研究国企经理人的各种行为特征和长期激励的最优组合,建立了国企经理人双重声誉激励和股票期权激励的组合模型。本文充分结合了我国国企经理人的特点,把政治声誉模型化,在股票期权报酬形式下,研究了双重声誉（政治声誉和市场声誉）对经理人的长期激励效果,即经理人声誉影响系数最优水平和分享利润比例最优水平。并在此基础上系统分析了经理人的行为选择特征、最优激励程度以及声誉影响系数的影响因素,为经理人的长期激励提出了参考建议。     

多任务委托代理模型下国企经理激励问题研究

运用多任务委托代理模型研究国企经理的最优激励合同后得出,若多工作任务努力的激励成本之间相互独立,那么激励相容条件下的各工作任务的最优业绩报酬也是相互独立的,且最优业绩报酬是绝对风险规避度、边际激励成本变化率和可观测变量方差的递减函数;而如果多工作任务激励成本是相互依存的,那么在激励相容条件下,政治性活动和满足上级偏好的最优激励合同为"门槛型激励合同",即只有当国企经理所创造的业绩超过一定的"门槛值"时,对其的激励才是正向的,否则将是负向的.并且定量地给出了国企经理的"门槛型激励条件".     

相对业绩与投资组合思想在期权激励契约设计中的应用

传统股票期权激励契约以股票价格来度量经理人的业绩,但股票价格实际上受到经理人不可控因素(系统风险)的影响,从而导致用股票价格来衡量经理人业绩时会出现反向激励现象,错误惩罚有能力的经理人或慷慨奖励无能的经理人。针对传统股票期权激励契约的缺陷,一些学者把期权激励契约的执行价格和一些指数相联系起来,消除了部分市场水平噪音对期权激励契约的影响。但这种绝对指数股票期权也没有改变指数期权激励契约的结构性缺陷,即不能完全消除市场和行业噪音对期权激励契约的影响。因此,本文借鉴相对业绩和投资组合思想,重新对股票期权的执行价格进行设计,即改变期权到期时权益结构或把执行价格设计成基准绩效投资组合形式,从而达到完全消除市场和行业噪音对期权激励契约的影响,提高期权报酬契约的绩效。     

薪酬委员会独立性与更高的经理人报酬—业绩敏感度——基于薪酬辩护假说的分析和检验

本文提出并初步实证检验了"薪酬辩护假说"。首先,本文论证提出了薪酬辩护假说,并基于它提出了薪酬辩护假说之子假说——当经理人有着薪酬辩护需求和较强能力影响公司薪酬政策制定时,在薪酬辩护净效用增加的情形下会通过经理人报酬—业绩敏感度的提高来为薪酬做"结果正当性"辩护。本文对此进行了检验,结果发现:在经理人薪酬辩护需求强烈的国有控股上市公司中,相对于经理人没有兼任薪酬委员会委员的企业,经理人兼任薪酬委员会委员的企业经理人报酬—业绩敏感度显著更高,且经理人兼任薪酬委员会委员与更高的报酬—业绩敏感度之关联主要出现在相对薪酬较高、相对业绩较好和公司所在地区市场化程度相对较低的公司之中,这说明经理人报酬—业绩敏感度之提高是出于经理人薪酬辩护之需,是经理人自利行为的表现。本文为经理人的薪酬辩护假说提供了初步的经验证据。需指出的是,虽然本文的假说推断和发现与主流代理理论预期不一致,但本文的研究并不意味着从经济后果来看,经理人兼任薪酬委员会委员的国有控股上市公司代理成本更高。     

委托代理理论在职业经理人激励研究中的应用

本文以信息不对称作为出发点,运用信息经济学和博弈论的相关理论,将经理人的激励分为物质激励和精神激励的基础,研究股东和职业经理人之间的共同利益,当经理人收到股东给予的股票期权作为报酬的一部分时,经理人为了实现自身利益的最大化,会更加努力工作,在一定程度上有效防止信息不对称带来的道德风险和逆向选择。通过建立数学模型,定量分析股东和职业经理人的长期收益最大化,达到激励经理人的效果,同时能够防止股东的权益受到侵害。     

显性激励和隐性激励对基金风险承担行为的影响

通过假设基金管理者的报酬合同为PBF合同,研究了显性激励和隐性激励对开放式基金的风险承担行为的影响.然后,以一个存在混合策略的博弈模型为基础,发现隐性激励使年中业绩领先的基金其下半年持有高风险资产的概率要高于年中业绩落后的基金.最后,分析了风险资产与市场组合的收益率之差、2个基金年中业绩之差、资产收益的波动率和2种激励的强度对基金选择高风险资产的影响.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.