Les mutations de la profession d'huissier de justice depuis les années 1970

To determine the nature, scope and explanatory factors of important changes in the profession of bailiff (huissier de justice) since the 1970s, various scales of observation are combined around a morphological and a structural (or interactionist) analysis of this professional group. The morphological analysis assesses the changes in this group's major social and professional characteristics and thus accounts for its degree of heterogeneity. It also calls for analyzing careers (by using academic and lay categories to explain biographical itineraries) and everyday professional practices. Drawing on Everett C. Hughes work, the structural analysis brings to light the decisive role played by “political actors”, by this professional group's representatives and by its disputes with other legal professions for the purpose of preserving and demarcating its own field of activity given recent changes.     

Le diable et les prolétaires. Le travail dans les mines de Potosi, Bolivie

For miners in Potosi, Bolivia, mining is more than a victory for acquiring underground wealth thanks to hard work and human know-how. This intrusion into an underworld understood to be the dwelling-place of ancestors, devils and wild forces is a ritualized activity, both a pilgrimage and an initiation. Learning the job and doing the work are conditioned by the diabolic divinity of the mineral world indwelling the miners' bodies. Mine work is examined from the angle of workers, bodily experiences so as to explore both the quite intimate grounds of the occupational identity of miners and the imagery that, in the Andes, emerged with miners as a social category distinct from the peasantry.     

La constitution d'une élite du Welfare dans la France des années 1990

A neo-elitist interpretation of the relations between the governmental and administrative elites helps us understand new power relations at the top of the French state. Light is shed on the formation, during the last twenty years, of a “welfare state elite”, which has arisen around decision-making in the social service sector. An analysis of changes in social policies shows how an elite that has shared the same purposes in collective action has gradually asserted its identity as a group. With a very coherent view of public policies and of relations with the authorities exercising oversight (Cour des Comptes, IGAS), this elite has proven capable of exercising a strong influence over policy-making. Its institutionalization is corroborated by the long careers in this sector that lead to controlling professional know-how. In brief, a unified elite has arisen that might well leave lasting marks on the future of the French welfare state.     

Le nom et le corps. Personnalisation et collectivisation du travail chez les ingénieurs des Ponts et Chaussées autour de 1800

A tension between strong individualization and a holistic conception of activities characterizes most of the French state's major administrative corps. By concentrating on the civil engineering corps (Ponts et Chaussées) during the early 19th century, we can see how this tension was resolved. When the Ourcq Canal was to be built, a conflict during the Ponts et Chaussées Assembly, which was responsible for examining plans for public works and making decisions about them, brought to light two contradictory rationales: incarnation and delegation, two ways of relating the individual and collective aspects of civil engineering during the drawing up of plans and their examination. These two rationales, which come into conflict in controversial situations, are normally combined in a “moral economy” — the civilities that enable this corps to relate the individualistic aspirations of the engineer in charge of a project with the collective dimensions of supervision and integration in a whole. In conclusion, the relations between design and execution, between activity and passivity, are examined in order to show how similar the administrative corps’ tense relation with the state is to the individual engineer's relation with his corps.     

Les représentations professionnelles en question. Le cas des intermédiaires dans les fusions-acquisitions

One sector of finance, relatively unfamiliar to the public, has nevertheless been growing fast for the last 30 years. This sector, known as M&A (Mergers and Acquisitions), specialises in the sale or purchase of companies. The middlemen who carry out the transactions are not the owners of the companies they buy or sell. They perform a set of socially divided and organised tasks and possess specific expertise. This article seeks to analyse these financial middlemen as workers, and in particular to understand their professional representation of the companies that they help to buy or sell. We show that the people working in this sector share a commodified, quantitative and abstract representation of the companies bought and sold. Through an analysis of activity, professional rhetoric, socialisation processes and career dynamics, the article shows how the homogeneity of this representation is constructed and maintained.     

Le traitement syndical du racisme et de l'insécurité dans une entreprise de transports urbains

On-the-job racism is studied in the case of a public transportation firm that has to cope with insecurity in an urban area. In this company, the labor union has related security and racism in order to definitively integrate young persons hired to do “mediation work”. Eliminating this work from the list of jobs has had two positive effects; it avoids the risk of an “ethnic professionalization” and grants legitimacy to the relational know-how linked to the origins of young wage-earners. The option of labor union members in the firm did curb the escalation of conflicts between transportation personnel and young people in housing projects.     

Fixation du salaire minimum dans les pays en développement: carences et remèdes

Il est notoire que, dans une forte minorité de pays en développement, le salaire minimum est soit excessivement bas, soit excessivement élevé. L'auteur propose plusieurs méthodes de mesure en vue de comparer le niveau de ce salaire d'un pays à l'autre. Elle cherche ensuite à savoir si ce salaire minimum est effectif, c'est‐à‐dire s'il joue vraiment son rôle de salaire plancher sur le marché du travail. Elle examine ensuite les facteurs institutionnels qui expliquent ces valeurs extrêmes et conclut en suggérant des solutions pour fixer le salaire minimum à un niveau plus approprié et plus significatif.     

La technique et les Québécois francophones: étude du cas d'une société dominée*

This paper explores the unique features of the process of the appropriation of technology by French-speaking Quebeckers as typified by the case of Forano in Plessisville. The sociographic analysis of the evolution of technology at Forano proceeds in three stages, plotting the genesis of the new political economy of Quebec, characterized by a reversal of the historical pattern of economic domination and the emergence of a competitive economy. The author studies the reversal as a process of the appropriation of technology and technical expertise closely related to the declining significance of kinship relations and the growing role of government intervention. Cet article vise à porter au jour la nature spécifique de l'appropriation de la technique chez les Québécois francophones par l'analyse du cas de la Forano de Plessisville, particulièrernent propice à cette fin. L'étude sociographique de la technique en son sein est opérée à trois époques distinctes, constitutives de la genèse de la nouvelleeAconomie politique francophone aujourd'hui en vedette, caractérisée par un renversement d'une économie dominée en une économie désormais concurrentielle. Ce renversement est ici observé du point de vue de l'appropriation de la technique et de la connaissance technique dont les transformations sont relatives à la dissolution des rapports de parenté et de l'intervention de 1'État.     

Les députés, leurs assistants et les usages du crédit collaborateurs. Une sociologie du travail politique

This analysis of how the staffs of members of the French parliament are organized focuses on the tasks that deputies assign to their parliamentary assistants. The distribution of tasks among assistants suggests that the organization and division of labor should be understood mainly in relation to the pressures generated by elections in the home district. Most staff-members are assigned to this work, since a seat in the National Assembly very much depends on providing services to constituents. The staff is so involved in solving constituents’ “personal” problems of various sorts that its members are forced to devise strategies for regulating demand and providing often token responses. Developing relations with constituents even affects the staff's legislative tasks. For deputies, it is a way to reduce the “occupational” risks inherent in elective office. Deputies adapt to a voting system that pushes them to adopt a conception of representation closer to being a spokesperson for a district's inhabitants than being a representative of the Nation.     

Les obstacles et les limites du raisonnement mis à l‘œuvre en sciences sociales: un exemple*

There has been a trend in the past several years to question the legitimacy and validity of social science endeavours. Many view the endogenous historical development of disciplines like sociology as the actual ferment of a serious decline in the normativeness of social science-derived knowledge. The author of this article speaks out against a sociological epistemology trend that argues that explanatory pluralism undermines the credibility of this knowledge. Moreover, he takes a stand against another trend denouncing the instrumentalization of the social sciences, by showing that an enlightened awareness of the limits and obstacles of social science reasoning makes it possible to circumvent this instrumentalization and foster the fundamental nature of social knowledge. The author offers an epistemological reading of Francine Saillant's Cancer et culture to support his thesis. Depuis quelques années déjà, il est de mise de s'interroger sur la légitimité et la validité de l'entreprise des sciences sociales. Plusieurs voient dans le développement historique endogène de disciplines comme la sociologie le ferment même d'un sévère recul de la norma-tivité de la connaissance produite par les sciences sociales. L'auteur de cet article s'inscrit en faux contre une certaine tendance de l'épistémologie sociologique qui veut que le pluralisme explicatif nuise à la crédibilité de cette connaissance. Qui plus est, il prend le contre-pied d'une autre tendance qui s'insurge contre l'instru-mentalisation des sciences sociales en démontrant que la conscience éclairée des limites et des obstacles du raisonnement propre à ces sciences permet de contourner cette instrumentalisation et de nourrir l'aspect fondamental du savoir sur le social. L'auteur propose une lecture épistémologique de l'ouvrage Cancer et culture de Francine Saillant pour étayer sa thèse. Pour stupide que fût l'entendement d'un homme, il serait toujours supérieur à celui d'êtres irrationnels. Jorge Luis Borges, L'Immortel     

Les ouvriers en Europe centrale : la dissolution d’une catégorie sociale dans les statistiques

In central Europe, the economic and symbolic status of blue-collar workers has considerably declined since the end of Communism. How visible were workers in official statistics and in sociological research under Communism and afterwards? Do workers as a social category gain visibility in scientific research when they have specific conditions of existence and a strong collective identity? For different reasons in Poland and Czechoslovakia, it is hard to talk about a working class under Communism even though authorities grounded their legitimacy on this class. After 1989, workers became invisible in both official statistics and sociology. Owing to the adoption of the International standard classification of occupations (ISCO) in central Europe and the use that national institutes of statistics have made of it in their publications, the boundary of the worker category has blurred. Since 1989, sociologists have shown little interest in workers for reasons that are discussed. A few case studies (mostly by Western academics) are mentioned to draw attention to the ambiguity surrounding this social category in sociology. A comparison between the ISCO and the french scheme Professions et Catégories socioprofessionnelles (PCS) shows the interest (and difficulty) that sociologists have in constructing nomenclatures that satisfy both them and statistical offices.     

Les transformations du marché du travail : un éclairage à partir de l’analyse des décalages entre offre et demande dans un système productif localisé

This new look at approaches to the labor market emphasizes that changes observed during the past twenty years are related to trends as much in supply as in demand. Analyzing both these sides is shown to be valuable for understanding the impact on labor market trends and shedding light on the tensions and contradictions between supply and demand. The mechanisms that have come into play during this period are analyzed in a local productive system, namely agribusiness in the lower Rhone valley in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur Region of France.     

Syndicalisme et délitement du salariat artistique : la CGT et les groupes mobilisés autour du régime de l’intermittence

In a context of strong growth and intense social struggles related to the employment conditions of media industry worker on short-term contracts in France, attention is drawn to the difficulties that the Confédération générale du travail (CGT) has had organizing performers and stage hands in show business (cinema, theater, etc.). This labor union must deal with a large number of young professionals who pay no mind to the rules and norms related to wage-earning and no longer consider them to be a common good. Working in small groups that produce shows, these professionals regard their occupation as a vocation, value the hyperflexibility of their working conditions, pay scant attention to the distinction between employer and employees, and tend to deny the specific characteristics of their jobs and skills while referring, instead, to a blurry set of qualifications.     

Différence et similitude: le marché du travail dans 1'esprit des adolescents et des adolescentes

This article recalls that the variance in the aspirations of young people and in their visions of the labour market is partically unexplained by socio-demographic variables. It argues that the young possess a common vision which goes beyond the routine of the social categories to which they belong. It suggests that the analysis which permits one to arrive at this result could serve to enrich the results of quantitative analysis. The article observes that the division of opinion among the young witnesses a great diversity in consciousness. But it shows that this heterogeneity could hide a deep structure, subtle but constraining, which assures not only the diversity of their knowledge but also its fluidity and homogeneity.
Cet article rappelle que la variance des aspirations des jeunes ou de leurs visions du marché du travail est partiellement inexpliquée par les variables socio-démographiques. II constate que les jeunes possedènt une vision commune qui dé le cadre des catégories sociales auxquelles ils appartiennent. II laisse entendre que l'analyse qui permet d'en arriver à ce constat pourrait servir à enrichir les résultats des analyses quantitatives. L'article observe que la répartition des opinions des jeunes témoigne d'une grande diversité des consciences. Mais il réalise que cette hétérogénéité pourrait cacher une structure profonde, souple mais limitative, qui assurerait aussi bien la diversité des consciences que leur fluidité et leur homogénéité.     

La question de la symétrie dans les enquêtes sur la violence dans le couple et les relations amoureuses*

The present discourse on symmetry of violence between partners originates in the results of surveys primarily using one type of instrument, the Conflict Tactics Scales (Straus, 1979). An examination of the critiques that have been formulated and of the justifications given by the authors of the instrument suggests that symmetry is a result of a specific representation of action constructed by the instrument. Comparing the protocols and results of four large surveys in Canada, England and the United States, the authors underline the importance of taking into account severity in the measurement of violence. Le theme de la symétrie de la violence dans le couple et les relations amoureuses se fonde sur les enquêtes réalisées principalement avec un instrument, le Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS) (Straus, 1979) ou d'instruments similaires. L'examen de l'argumentation méthodologique du CTS signale que celui‐ci construit une représentation particulière de Taction violente basée exclusivement sur le geste physique. À partir d'une comparaison des plus importantes enquêtes nationales sur le sujet, cet article soutient l'importance d'une mesure de la violence qui tienne compte de la gravité des situations.