Examining the relationship between commuting patterns,employment growth and unemployment in the NSW Greater Metropolitan Region

This paper employs the Labour Market Accounts framework to explore how employment growth and commuting patterns interacted to determine changes in the spatial distribution of unemployment in Statistical Local Areas within the NSW GMR over the period 1996–2001. Separate regression models (including control variables) for men and women provide estimates of the relative strength of the relationships between these labour market adjustment responses and the percentage local employment change. The results show that employment growth between 1996 and 2001 has elicited substantial changes in commuting behaviour. Men reveal greater in‐commuting and migration responsiveness to employment growth. Unemployment changes in local areas of the Greater Metropolitan Sydney region have been swamped by commuting responses, potentially posing problems for locally targeted employment strategies.     

Cash‐for‐care policy in Sweden: An appraisal of its consequences on female employment

In 2008, Sweden introduced a cash‐for‐care benefit consisting of a flat‐rate sum paid by municipalities to parents whose children were between the ages of one and three and who did not use publicly subsidised childcare. The main object of the reform was to increase parents’ ‘freedom to choose’, but the policy was criticised because of its potentially negative effects on gender equality and mothers’ employment. This study focuses on the effects of cash‐for‐care on female employment in Sweden. The study shows that the adoption of this policy had negative effects on female employment, although primarily in rural areas. Cash‐for‐care was abolished in Sweden in 2016. To evaluate the effects that the policy had on female employment during the time it was in place is important as it indicates what may happen if the policy is introduced again.     

Changes in the taxation of private pensions: Macroeconomic and welfare effects

This paper provides an applied general equilibrium analysis of several alternative taxation regimes applying to private pensions. The analysis focuses on the implications of this and other pension tax regimes for intergenerational equity, national living standards, labour supply, saving and social welfare. The method of analysis is simulation of an open economy overlapping generations CGE model. The model is calibrated to Australia and is used to examine the decision, announced by the Australian Government in its 2006 Budget, to exempt from tax all superannuation (the Australian term for superannuation) benefits received by recipients over 60 years of age.     

Self‐assessed consequences of unemployment on individual wellbeing and family relationships: A study of unemployed women and men in Finland

Weckström S. Self‐assessed consequences of unemployment on individual wellbeing and family relationships: a study of unemployed women and men in Finland The present study investigated how family situation and gender affect the experience of unemployment. The sample consisted of 494 Finnish women and 387 Finnish men who had been registered as unemployed for at least 3 months. The main method used in the study was analysis of covariance. Women assessed the consequences of unemployment on their individual wellbeing and on the parent–child relationship less negatively than men, but there was no corresponding gender difference concerning spousal relationship. Lone mothers experienced the change in individual wellbeing slightly more negatively than women in other family situations; this difference was in part related to financial strain. Financial strain and non‐financial work motivation predicted negative changes in individual wellbeing and in spousal relationship for both genders. Parent–child relationships were, however, independent from these variables. The way family relationships were affected was connected to changes in individual wellbeing.     

Financing retirement pensions: Pay-as-you-go and funded systems in the European Union

The techniques used to finance retirement pensions in the European Union are extremely varied, as are schemes'institutional frameworks. The standard distinction between pay-as-you-go and funded systems obscures the fact that there are four main types of schemes, each with very distinct methods of regulation and conditions of long-term viability. An analysis of the current procedures reveals the extent to which the schemes'ways of operating differ, and points to considerable variations in the way the social actors participate in the process of regulation. The adaptation of pension systems to new realities is dependent on factors which go far beyond a simple choice between two basic methods of financing.     

三论普通心理学体系中的矛盾及其构建

现行普通心理学把心理过程和个性放在一个维度上绘成体系表 ,是违背形式逻辑的。如果放在二维的框架内来理解 ,更符合心理学中心理过程与个性的实质逻辑关系。     

Contextualising institutional complementarity. How long‐term unemployment depends on employment protection legislation,active labour market policies and the economic climate

This study investigated if and how active labour market policies (ALMPs) and employment protection interact with each other in light of long‐term unemployment reduction. We argue that how well the interaction between both labour market institutions reduces long‐term unemployment depends on the level of economic growth. To improve analytical clarity, two types of ALMPs were differentiated, namely training and employment programmes. Using data on 20 European countries over 16 years, our results suggest that employment protection moderates the relationship between employment programmes and long‐term unemployment. The combination of high spending on employment programmes and less strict employment protection is associated with less long‐term unemployment. This moderation effect is stronger during an economic downturn. A moderation effect from employment protection on the relationship between training programmes and long‐term unemployment was not found, even when the economic climate was taken into account as a contextual factor.     

当前中国道德关系嬗变若干特点考察

当前中国道德关系的嬗变呈现出若干时代特征：熟人道德关系向陌生人道德关系拓展与回归、依附性道德关系向自主性道德关系发展与退缩、义务性道德关系向权利性道德关系凸显与兼容……理性审视中国道德关系的现代嬗变,将有助于其健康发展。     

The 1994 Reform Bill for public pensions in Japan: Its main contents and related discussion

In March 1994 the Japanese government submitted a bill to the National Diet to reform the public pension system. It proposes to increase the normal retirement age for the flat-rate basic benefits for employees from 60 to 65 years of age by stages (between 2001 and 2013 for men), while guaranteeing to pay the earnings-related benefits for them from age 60 without any reduction. It also proposes a much more generous earnings-test and an introduction of old-age employment benefits, both to encourage later retirement. Another main proposal is to switch the benefits indexation from a gross to a net wage basis. This paper gives a detailed explanation of the bill, discussing why such a reform bill is submitted, whether or not it can manage to control the cost of social security in the long term, and whether or not the reform measures can effectively generate jobs for the elderly. Pensions for women, as well as some measures to support both childbirth and childrearing, are also explored.     

The welfare state as a context for children's development: a study of the effects of unemployment and unemployment protection on reading literacy scores

Data were analysed from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) to examine whether the relationship between parental unemployment status and child reading literacy is modified by the level of unemployment protection provided by the nation. The sample consisted of 61,946 children, nested in 3,918 schools among 17 market economies. The results of multi-level analyses indicated that, after controlling for a range of individual, family and school covariates, children with unemployed fathers in all countries had significantly lower reading literacy scores than those of employed fathers (β = −8.84, SE = 2.01). The contextual effect of unemployment protection was not significant after accounting for fathers' employment status (β = −18.63, SE = 16.26). However, there was a significant negative interaction between unemployment protection and fathers' unemployment, yielding the unexpected suggestion that, in countries with higher levels of unemployment protection, children with unemployed fathers fare worse, both in relation to children with unemployed fathers in lower protection countries, and in comparison with children with employed fathers (β = −26.96, SE = 8.08). Possible explanations are advanced for this result, including the potential for a 'discouraged child effect' arising from the potential association between unemployment protection and higher local unemployment rates (though unemployment rates at the national level were not significant).     

中国失业保险制度的法制化建设

中国失业保险制度正处在进一步完善阶段.借鉴国外失业保险制度的成熟经验,建立符合我国国情的多渠道保险金筹集与双重失业保障相结合的失业保险制度,是我们努力的方向.我们要在坚持受益人权利与义务相统一、对失业者适度保险和对失业者积极保障原则的基础上,逐步构建中国失业保险法体系.