When is the Second One Coming? The Effect of Couple’s Subjective Well-Being Following the Onset of Parenthood

Parenthood has strong effects on people’s life. Some of these effects are positive and some negative and may influence the decision of having other children after the first. Demographic research has only marginally addressed the relationship between subjective well-being and fertility, and even less attention has been reserved to investigate how the subjective experience of the first parenthood may influence the decision to have a second child. Performing log-logistic hazard models using HILDA panel data (2001–2012), changes in couples’ objective life conditions and satisfaction within family and work domains after the first childbirth are related to the timing of the transition to the second parenthood. Results show that partners adopting traditional gender specialization in roles proceed quicker to the second child; however, experiencing dissatisfaction in reconciling, in the couple’s relationship and in the work domain negatively affects mothers’ probability of having a second child in the future.     

社会资本影响幸福感吗？——基于农村微观数据的经验分析

随着和谐社会建设步伐的加快,农村居民的幸福越来越受到关注。本文利用农村微观调查数据实证检验了社会资本与居民幸福之间的关系。研究发现：社会资本对我国农村居民的主观幸福感具有显著的正面影响。个体层面上的社会关系网络和组织信任都与幸福感正相关,关系和谐同样具有促进农民幸福的作用;社区层面的社会资本对农村居民主观福祉具有较强的外部性;社会关系网络主要对农村低收入群体幸福感有利。由此说明社会资本能够促进农村居民幸福,并且对社会经济状况较差的群体作用更强,这对促进民生幸福和建设农村和谐社会有着重要的启示。     

新媒体使用对主观幸福感的影响——基于深度访谈的质化研究

社会科学中对幸福感的研究多从心理学、社会学和伦理学学科视角出发,从传播学角度直接论述媒介使用对主观幸福感的影响的研究较少。通过深度访谈和焦点小组讨论等质化研究方法,考察了大众传播的媒介使用对使用者主观幸福感的影响。研究发现,媒介使用通过三种路径影响主观幸福感:人们通过媒介内容(信息)的主动使用与满足直接影响其主观幸福感;媒介作为中介变量能使大学生构建更广阔的主观现实(subjective-reality),通过参照系对比和后续行为,进而与主观幸福感发生勾连;大众传播媒介通过如"地方认同"、"国家认同"等象征性资源,整合社会凝聚力,人们的"认同"感知的变化会隐性地影响其主观幸福感。     

Work–Family Conflict Moderates the Relationship Between Childbearing and Subjective Well-Being

Many empirical studies find that parents are not as happy as non-parents or that parenthood exerts a negative effect on subjective well-being (SWB). We add to these findings by arguing that there is a key moderating factor that has been overlooked in previous research, i.e. the level of work–family conflict. We hypothesize that the birth of a child means an increase in the level of work–family tension, which may be substantial for some parents and relatively weak for others. To outline such an approach, we estimate fixed-effects models using panel data from the Household, Income and Labor Dynamics in Australia survey. We find that childbearing negatively affects SWB only when parents, mothers in particular, face a substantial work–family conflict, providing thus support for our hypothesis.     

It Takes Two to Tango: Couples’ Happiness and Childbearing

The existing literature has so far considered the role of the individual’s subjective well-being on fertility, neglecting the importance of the partner’s well-being. Using data from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) and event history models estimated separately by parity, we find that in a couple, women’s happiness matters more than that of the male partner in terms of having the first child. Specifically, we observe that couples in which either partner is happier than usual are more at risk of having the first child, but the effect is stronger with higher happiness of the woman. For the transition to the second child, we find that couples in which the woman declares to be happier or less happy than usual have a lower risk of childbirth. We, moreover, find support for a multiplicative effect of partners’ SWB on the decision to have a first child. Our results show that failing to acknowledge that the subjective well-being of both partners matters for the inherently joint decision making of childbearing can lead to an incomplete view of how subjective well-being affects fertility.     

The Delayed Fertility Transition in North-East Italy

The transitional decline of fertility in Italy has never been studied using micro-data, with the exception of small areas. For the first time, we use individual retrospective fertility data collected for all the ever married women living in 20 % of households subjected to census in 1971 in the Veneto region (North-East Italy), a ‘late-comer’ area in the context of Western European fertility decline (TFR = 5.0 in 1871 and 1921, 2.5 in 1951 and 1971). In order to consider broad explanations of fertility decline, we combine individual retrospective data with other information available at two territorial levels (58 districts and 582 municipalities), using a three-level clustered regression model (district, municipality, woman). The main results are: (1) even if the (few) women with 8 + years of schooling born in the last decades of the nineteenth century already had a TFR around two, this value is not seen among women with low levels of education until those born 50 years later; (2) the link between fertility and secularization strengthens cohort after cohort, whereas the connections between fertility and industrialization and fertility and urbanization weaken; (3) throughout the period, the statistical inverse relationship between education and fertility is strong, both at the territorial and individual level.     

The Impact of Perceived Costs and Rewards of Childbearing on Entry into Parenthood: Evidence from a Panel Study

The impact of perceived costs and rewards of having a child on the actual timing of entry into parenthood is examined among women and men. To this end, data are used from a five-wave panel survey among Dutch young adults spanning 13 years. Expected costs and rewards are found to influence the timing of parenthood among both women and men. Anticipated costs to one’s career and to one’s level of individual autonomy and an anticipated increase in one’s sense of security affect the timing of entry into motherhood. Anticipated costs to one’s career and spending power, and anticipated rewards in terms of one’s sense of security and quality of the partner relationship affect the timing of entry into fatherhood.     

Anticipated (Grand-)Parental Childcare Support and the Decision to Become a Parent

Based on a cost-reduction argument, this study explored whether anticipated childcare support from their mothers influenced adult daughters’ decisions to have their first child. Using six waves of the German Family Panel (pairfam), discrete-time hazard models (N = 3155 women) were estimated for the transition to the decision to have the first child. Anticipated childcare support from the women’s mothers was approximated by the travelling distance between adult daughters and their mothers, a measure whose suitability was tested empirically. The results indicated that women in a position to anticipate having access to childcare support in the future decided to make the transition to parenthood earlier. This finding highlights both the strength of social interaction effects on fertility decision-making and the importance of intergenerational relationships for individual fertility histories already at their very beginning.     

道家老子“私”论

中国哲学研究不仅存在着对道家思想重视不够的倾向,而且对道家本身的概念也有忽视的现象。因此,以老子的"私"为切入口,通过"私"与"身"的联系,以及"身"与"我"、"吾"实际相同的使用例,我们清楚地认识到,不仅"私"的本义与我们现在使用的"偏"相异而表示我自己的意思,而且在人际关系里,"私"的价值追求取向是"与人己愈多",这一倾向与儒家形成鲜明的差异。     

Value changes and the dimensions of familism in the European community

It is argued in this article that family formation is conditioned not only by economic factors (more particularly, opportunity structures), but also by ideational changes: the economic factors produce period fluctuations that are superimposed on long-term (and often cohort-driven) ideational effects. Value orientations are explored and compared across countries and across age groups using the internationally-comparable data sets provided by the European Values Studies. The analysis indicates the existence of two latent dimensions with respect to familism: tolerance of non-conformism in family formation, and the meaning attached to parenthood. These two dimensions are not completely distinct from each other though, and both are related to religious and political variables (religiosity, ‘post-materialism’, nationalism, leftism, etc.). Theoretical links are made both with Easterlin's hypothesis which implies fluctuating fertility levels and with Simon's thesis concerning the importance of ‘civil religion’ in supporting fertility. The results are, however, largely in line with Ariès' thesis of two successive and quite distinct fertility transitions in the West, and suggest that fertility is very likely to remain at below-replacement levels.     

农民的社会经济地位与子女数量之间关系的实证研究

长期以来,学术界对于社会经济地位和生育之间是相互促进还是相互阻碍的问题一直存在着争议,为探讨当代中国农民的社会经济地位（家境）与生育行为之间的关系,从农民的家庭社会经济地位对亲生子女数量的影响和亲生子女数量对农民后来的家庭社会经济地位的影响两个角度,构建了理论模型,在2015、2016年分别对湘中和豫东农村1418、1416个户主家庭进行了调查,以各个家庭的子女数量为因变量,自变量分别为各个家庭当前社会经济地位、户主父亲以前的家庭成分、户主性别、户主年龄、户主受教育年限等,对这些因素进行有序probit回归和研究。研究发现,无论在湖南农村还是河南农村,家境较好的家庭子女数量也较多,反之,家境较差的家庭子女数较少;假定子女数量真的影响当前家庭社会经济地位,回归分析表明,子女数量对当前社会经济地位存在着正面的影响。研究结果表明,在中国农村“越穷越生,越生越穷”的说法不符合事实,农民家庭社会经济地位和生育之间是相互促进的关系,家庭社会经济地位在某种程度上的代际转移是一股强大的力量。     

老年人主观幸福感与应付方式的关系研究——基于河南省许昌市的调研

随机选取190名许昌市城乡老人进行问卷调查、量表测量和随机访谈,结果显示,老年人主观幸福感水平较高。当老年人遇到问题时采取的应付方式依次是解决问题、求助、合理化、退避、幻想和自责,且存在着性别差异;主观幸福感高的老年人多采用成熟型的应付方式,采用不成熟型应付方式的老年人幸福感则较低。     

Social Interaction Effects on Fertility: Intentions and Behaviors

The existing literature shows that the social interactions in personal networks affect individuals’ reproductive attitudes and behavior through three mechanisms: social influence, social learning, and social support. In this article, we discuss the extent to which the socio-psychological model of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) takes these social mechanisms into account when used in modeling fertility intentions and behavior. We argue that by integrating all three social network mechanisms, the ability of the TPB to explain reproductive events could be enhanced in two respects. First, social influence explains why some beliefs and practices are reproduced at the individual level even in the face of macro-level changes, and social learning mechanisms are crucial to distinguish who finally adopts new behavioral beliefs and practices in response to changes at the macro level. Second, social support relationships represent a capital of services to complement institutional provision (informal child care) as well as a capital of knowledge which helps individuals navigate in a complex institutional environment, providing a crucial element to explain heterogeneity in the successful realization of fertility intentions across individuals. The integration of the three social network mechanisms into the TPB helps to address the connection between changes in what the theory indicates as background factors and variation in individual intentions and behavior. We develop specific hypotheses concerning the effect of social interactions on fertility intentions and their realization and conclude with a critical review of the existing surveys that could serve to test these hypotheses and their limits.     

主观幸福感影响因素研究新进展

梳理近年来国内外关于SWB影响因素的研究发现：在SWB的影响因素中,人格特质反映出了比在之前研究中体现出的更强的与SWB之间的相关性,在回归分析中表现了较强的预测性;在人格因素及其他因素对SWB的影响中,协方差分析中可见遗传因素显著的协方差贡献.未来研究的重点在于进一步讨论遗传因素影响人们形成人际环境和对外在环境做出反应的具体途径和方式.     

金钱对幸福感的影响边界及其机制

对国内外有关金钱与幸福感关系实证研究成果的文献进行分析,研究发现：金钱和主观幸福感（SWB）的关系是一条呈边际递减趋势的曲线;金钱和幸福感之间有显著但微弱的相关;收入增加并不能保证幸福感的增加;影响个体幸福感的主要是个人的金钱欲望和社会比较（收入排名,社会地位排名）、物质主义、适应水平、品味能力以及消费方式等;金钱作为一种社会资源,有时可以起到社会支持作用（如镇痛效应）,可以影响人的自尊水平,但也会增加对他人的排斥感,减少助人行为。     

子代情感支持选择对农村老年妇女主观幸福感的影响——基于安徽省的问卷调查分析

根据2011年“安徽省老年妇女养老问题农村地区调查”数据,应用Logistic回归方法,对农村地区老年妇女在情感支持方面不同子代角色的选择对其主观幸福感的影响进行了分析研究.研究结果显示:在情感支持方面选择儿媳和女儿的农村老年妇女主观幸福感发生比较高,选择儿子和女婿的则对其主观幸福感有负面影响.     

Static versus dynamic analysis of the interaction between female labour-force participation and fertility

Numerous studies have found a negative relationship between female labour-force participation and fertility. In theory, there could be three explanations of this finding: (i) causality runs from labour-force participation to fertility, (ii) causality runs from fertility to labour-force participation, (iii) causality runs both ways. Alternatively, the relationship may not be a causal one. In practice, empirical studies covering a wide range of Western countries at different times, and utilizing a great variety of methods and techniques, have shown all four possibilities to be plausible. This may be because outcomes differ from country to country for socio-cultural reasons, or from period to period for historical ones. If so, applying various methodologies to data for one country at a particular point in time should yield consistent results that all point in one direction only. If they did not outcomes would appear to be method-dependent. The single data set used in this study refers to the Netherlands in 1984 (ORIN project). The relationship between fertility and labour-force participation in this data set is investigated by means of three methodologies, ranging from ‘static’ to ‘dynamic’, i.e., differing according to the degree in which they take the temporal aspects of the decision-making process underlying this relationship into account: simultaneous logit analysis, Granger analysis and Markov analysis. Each main approach is applied in two different ways or on two different subgroups, for a total of six applications. In spite of diverging operationalizations of the basic variables, it turns out that four of these six analyses favour the inference that fertility decisions do have an impact on labour force participation decisions but not the other way around, whereas the other two confirm earlier findings (from data sets collected during the 1970s) that the relationship is reciprocal. Substantively, this might indicate that the pattern of covariance is changing. But ‘static’ simultaneous logit analysis is the only method to consistently point at this causal unidirectionality, while outcomes from Granger and Markov analysis depend on the modality applied. Methodologically, this means that the issue of method-dependency, at least in this area, remains largely unresolved.     

生育政策调整目标实现的困境及破解--基于女性个体发展视角的分析

女性的生育行为是我国生育政策调整的落脚点,然而单纯的生育政策调整并不能对当前女性生育行为产生实质性影响。独生子女时代形塑的生育价值观念、工业经济催生的工具主义生育理性,有效地抵消了生育政策调整的预期效果。社会主义市场经济条件下,深度参与劳动力市场的女性更重视个体发展和个人价值的实现,个人与社会的关系得到强化,而与家庭的关系趋于弱化,然而生育行为易导致其个人发展陷入困境。由此,生育政策调整若要实现预期目标,需要补偿女性因生育行为所产生的损失,从社会政策体系方面构建有利于女性生育的环境,否则只是单纯地放宽生育子女数量和适度延长产假,无法激励女性生育,更无法改变女性生育于自身个体发展方面的不利现状。     

从引证情况透析中国的民法学研究

学术论文的引证情况不仅反映研究主题的历史概况，更反映学界的交流与争鸣状况。通过分析《政法论坛》2001—2020年期间民法学论文引证状况发现：民法学论文的内外部引证数量不断增加，但与其他学科论文相比数量依然较低；主要引证法学尤其是民法学方面的文献，法学内部引证占据主要地位。这些情况表明我国民法学研究至今仍未打破自我封闭的学术藩篱。在未来的民法学研究中，为了开创民法学研究的新视角，寻找民法学研究的创新点，推动民法学的良性发展，应当打破部门法学分立格局，破除单一部门法的限制；打破学科间分立格局，促进学科间的交流借鉴；善用法学内部规范分析法的同时，注重运用外部学科特有的研究方法。     

ABSTRACTS OF MAJOR ARTICLES

The parent- child relationship is not only harmonious rural social ethics construction, but-also the foundation of rural endowment and even rural culture relationship construction important issues. The rural north -China in parental relationship to exist generally ＂relay＂ to, while ＂feedback＂ severity shortage, this is in some extent promote social development and at the same time caused heavy country ethics crisis, even affecting the whole village culture, the construction of the new socialist countryside propulsion. Therefore, the new era, we must strengthen the guidance and society, on the one hand, increase the intervention traditional filial piety culture propaganda, leading the harmony, fair parenthood building; on the other hand, speed up the construction of social security system, to fill in parent - child relationship caused by the rapid transition of endowment blank, so as to promote the healthy development of the whole society.